{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T14:07:35Z","timestamp":1773842855224,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":95,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783319129211","type":"print"},{"value":"9783319129228","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-12922-8_2","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,27]],"date-time":"2015-03-27T04:08:17Z","timestamp":1427429297000},"page":"41-75","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Recent Development and Trends of Clinical-Based Gait Rehabilitation Robots"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Kin Huat","family":"Low","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"2_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144308","volume":"27","author":"V.R. Edgerton","year":"2004","unstructured":"Edgerton, V.R., Tillakaratne, N.J.K., Bigbee, A.J., de Leon, R.D., Roy, R.R.: Plasticity of the spinal neural circuitry after injury. Annual Review of Neuroscience\u00a027, 145\u2013167 (2004)","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2005.01.002","volume":"15","author":"S.L. Wolf","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wolf, S.L., Butler, A.J., Alberts, J.L., Kim, M.W.: Contemporary linkages between EMG, kinetics and stroke rehabilitation. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology\u00a015, 229\u2013239 (2005)","journal-title":"Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology"},{"key":"2_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5327.821","volume":"277","author":"R. Shadmehr","year":"1997","unstructured":"Shadmehr, R., Holcomb, H.H.: Neural Correlates of Motor Memory Consolidation. Science\u00a0277, 821\u2013825 (1997)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barnes, M.P., Dobkin, B.H., Bogousslavsky, J.: Recovery after stroke: Cambridge Univ. Pr. (2005)","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781316135297"},{"key":"2_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.R.: M ller, Neural plasticity and disorders of the nervous system: Cambridge Univ. Pr. (2006)","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511616228"},{"key":"2_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2004.21.1371","volume":"21","author":"K.D. Anderson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Anderson, K.D.: Targeting recovery: Priorities of the spinal cord-injured population. Journal of Neurotrauma\u00a021, 1371\u20131383 (2004)","journal-title":"Journal of Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00942.2003","volume":"96","author":"V. Dietz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dietz, V., Harkema, S.J.: Locomotor activity in spinal cord-injured persons. Journal of Applied Physiology\u00a096, 1954\u20131960 (2004)","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"2_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2950-2","volume":"216","author":"S.C. Yen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yen, S.C., Schmit, B.D., Landry, J.M., Roth, H., Wu, M.: Locomotor adaptation to resistance during treadmill training transfers to overground walking in human SCI. Experimental Brain Research\u00a0216, 473\u2013482 (2012)","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"2_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1177\/107385840100700514","volume":"7","author":"S.J. Harkema","year":"2001","unstructured":"Harkema, S.J.: Neural plasticity after human spinal cord injury: application of locomotor training to the rehabilitation of walking. The Neuroscientist\u00a07, 455\u2013468 (2001)","journal-title":"The Neuroscientist"},{"key":"2_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000202600.72018.39","volume":"66","author":"B. Dobkin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dobkin, B., Apple, D., Barbeau, H., Basso, M., Behrman, A., Deforge, D., Ditunno, J., Dudley, G., Elashoff, R., Fugate, L., Harkema, S., Saulino, M., Scott, M., Grp, S.: Weight-supported treadmill vs overground training for walking after acute incomplete SCI. Neurology\u00a066, 484\u2013492 (2006)","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(99)90126-0","volume":"80","author":"H. Barbeau","year":"1999","unstructured":"Barbeau, H., Ladouceur, M., Norman, K.E., Pepin, A., Leroux, A.: Walking after spinal cord injury: Evaluation, treatment, and functional recovery. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation\u00a080, 225\u2013235 (1999)","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"2_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.08.004","volume":"86","author":"M. Wirz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wirz, M., Zemon, D.H., Rupp, R., Scheel, A., Colombo, G., Dietz, V., Hornby, T.G.: Effectiveness of automated locomotor training in patients with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury: A multicenter trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation\u00a086, 672\u2013680 (2005)","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"2_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nooijen, C.F.J., ter Hoeve, N., Field-Fote, E.C.: Gait quality is improved by locomotor training in individuals with SCI regardless of training approach. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation\u00a06 (October 2009)","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-6-36"},{"key":"2_CR14","unstructured":"Wang, P.: Gait Locomotion Generation and Leg Muscle Evaluation for Overground Walking Rehabilitation Robots, PhD Thesis, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (2012)"},{"key":"2_CR15","unstructured":"Ottenbacher, K.J.: Evaluating clinical change: Strategies for occupational and physical therapists. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins (1986)"},{"key":"2_CR16","unstructured":"Gordon, K., Ferris, D., Roberton, M., Beres, J., Harkema, S.: The importance of using an appropriate body weight support system in locomotor training. Soc. Neurosci., 160 (2000)"},{"key":"2_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/80.7.688","volume":"80","author":"A.L. Behrman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Behrman, A.L., Harkema, S.J.: Locomotor training after human spinal cord injury: A series of case studies. Physical Therapy\u00a080, 688\u2013700 (2000)","journal-title":"Physical Therapy"},{"key":"2_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1163\/016918611X587214","volume":"25","author":"P. Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang, P., Low, K.H., Tow, A., Lim, P.H.: Initial System Evaluation of an Overground Rehabilitation Gait Training Robot (NaTUre-gaits). Advanced Robotics\u00a025, 1927\u20131948 (2011)","journal-title":"Advanced Robotics"},{"key":"2_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayashi, T., Kawamoto, H., Sankai, Y.: Control method of robot suit HAL working as operator\u2019s muscle using biological and dynamical information. In: 2005 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, pp. 3455\u20133460 (2005)","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2005.1545505"},{"key":"2_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouri, M., Stauffer, Y., Schmitt, C., Allemand, Y., Gnemmi, S., Clavel, R., Metrailler, P., Brodard, R.: The WalkTrainer (TM): a robotic system for walking rehabilitation. In: IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO), Kunming, China, pp. 1616\u20131621 (2006)","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBIO.2006.340186"},{"key":"2_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2007.903919","volume":"15","author":"J.F. Veneman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Veneman, J.F., Kruidhof, R., Hekman, E.E.G., Ekkelenkamp, R., Van Asseldonk, E.H.F., Van der Kooij, H.: Design and evaluation of the LOPES exoskeleton robot for interactive gait rehabilitation. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering\u00a015, 379\u2013386 (2007)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"key":"2_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peshkin, M., Brown, D.A., Santos-Munne, J.J., Makhlin, A., Lewis, E., Colgate, J.E., Patton, J., Schwandt, D.: KineAssist: a robotic overground gait and balance training device. In: IEEE 9th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR), Chicago, IL, USA, pp. 241\u2013246 (2005)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2005.1501094"},{"key":"2_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mokhtarian, A., Fattah, A., Agrawal, S.K.: A novel passive pelvic device for assistance during locomotion. In: IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Anchorage, Alaska, USA, pp. 2241\u20132246 (2010)","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2010.5509476"},{"key":"2_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2006.881556","volume":"14","author":"M. Frey","year":"2006","unstructured":"Frey, M., Colombo, G., Vaglio, M., Bucher, R., Jorg, M., Riener, R.: A novel mechatronic body weight support system. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering\u00a014, 311\u2013321 (2006)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"key":"2_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(95)80533-8","volume":"76","author":"K.E. Norman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Norman, K.E., Pepin, A., Ladouceur, M., Barbeau, H.: A treadmill apparatus and harness support for evaluation and rehabilitation of gait. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation\u00a076, 772\u2013778 (1995)","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"2_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1310\/BLJX-M89N-PTPY-JDKW","volume":"8","author":"D.M. Morris","year":"2001","unstructured":"Morris, D.M., Taub, E.: Constraint-induced therapy approach to restoring function after neurological injury. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation\u00a08, 16\u201330 (2001)","journal-title":"Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation"},{"key":"2_CR27","unstructured":"Lim, H.B.: Study and Implementation of a Gait Rehabilitation System with Capability for Mobility and Gait Pattern Generation. PhD Thesis, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (2012)"},{"key":"2_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2004.05.0059","volume":"42","author":"J.R. Nymark","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nymark, J.R., Balmer, S.J., Melis, E.H., Lemaire, E.D., Millar, S.: Electromyographic and kinematic nondisabled gait differences at extremely slow overground and treadmill walking speeds. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development\u00a042, 523\u2013534 (2005)","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development"},{"key":"2_CR29","unstructured":"Whittle, M.: Gait analysis: an introduction. Butterworth-Heinemann Medical (2002)"},{"key":"2_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Low, K.H.: Robot-assisted gait rehabilitation: From exoskeletons to gait systems. In: Proceedings of the 2011 Defense Science Research Conference and Expo (DSR 2011), Singapore, 10 pages (August 2011), doi:10.1109\/DSR.2011.6026886).","DOI":"10.1109\/DSR.2011.6026886"},{"key":"2_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2005.08.005","volume":"53","author":"T. Warabi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Warabi, T., Kato, M., Kiriyama, K., Yoshida, T., Kobayashi, N.: Treadmill walking and overground walking of human subjects compared by recording sole-floor reaction force. Neuroscience Research\u00a053, 343\u2013348 (2005)","journal-title":"Neuroscience Research"},{"key":"2_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-980X(97)00055-6","volume":"105","author":"H. Stolze","year":"1997","unstructured":"Stolze, H., Kuhtz-Buschbeck, J.P., Mondwurf, C., Boczek-Funcke, A., Johnk, K., Deuschl, G., Illert, M.: Gait analysis during treadmill and overground locomotion in children and adults. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology - Electromyography and Motor Control\u00a0105, 490\u2013497 (1997)","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology - Electromyography and Motor Control"},{"key":"2_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(01)00111-5","volume":"17","author":"L. Vogt","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vogt, L., Pfeifer, K., Banzer, W.: Comparison of angular lumbar spine and pelvis kinematics during treadmill and overground locomotion. Clinical Biomechanics\u00a017, 162\u2013165 (2002)","journal-title":"Clinical Biomechanics"},{"key":"2_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(99)90279-4","volume":"80","author":"S. Hesse","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hesse, S., Konrad, M., Uhlenbrock, D.: Treadmill walking with partial body weight support versus floor walking in hemiparetic subjects. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation\u00a080, 421\u2013427 (1999)","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"2_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01380.2006","volume":"104","author":"J.L. Song","year":"2008","unstructured":"Song, J.L., Hidler, J.: Biomechanics of overground vs. treadmill walking in healthy individuals. Journal of Applied Physiology\u00a0104, 747\u2013755 (2008)","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"2_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2006.07.003","volume":"26","author":"P.O. Riley","year":"2007","unstructured":"Riley, P.O., Paolini, G., Della Croce, U., Paylo, K.W., Kerrigan, D.C.: A kinematic and kinetic comparison of overground and treadmill walking in healthy subjects. Gait and Posture\u00a026, 17\u201324 (2007)","journal-title":"Gait and Posture"},{"key":"2_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2009.07.004","volume":"24","author":"B. Brouwer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brouwer, B., Parvataneni, K., Olney, S.J.: A comparison of gait biomechanics and metabolic requirements of overground and treadmill walking in people with stroke. Clinical Biomechanics\u00a024, 729\u2013734 (2009)","journal-title":"Clinical Biomechanics"},{"key":"2_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(98)00012-6","volume":"13","author":"F. Alton","year":"1998","unstructured":"Alton, F., Baldey, L., Caplan, S., Morrissey, M.C.: A kinematic comparison of overground and treadmill walking. Clinical Biomechanics\u00a013, 434\u2013440 (1998)","journal-title":"Clinical Biomechanics"},{"key":"2_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2009.2015179","volume":"17","author":"K.H. Seo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Seo, K.H., Lee, J.J.: The development of two mobile gait rehabilitation systems. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering\u00a017, 156\u2013166 (2009)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"key":"2_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1310\/tsr1502-131","volume":"15","author":"J. Patton","year":"2008","unstructured":"Patton, J., Brown, D.A., Peshkin, M., Santos-Munn, J.J., Makhlin, A., Lewis, E., Colgate, J.E., Schwandt, D.: KineAssist: Design and development of a robotic overground gait and balance therapy device. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation\u00a015, 131\u2013139 (2008)","journal-title":"Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation"},{"key":"2_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1310\/6GL4-UM7X-519H-9JYD","volume":"11","author":"D.P. Ferris","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ferris, D.P., Sawicki, G.S., Domingo, A.R.: Powered lower limb orthoses for gait rehabilitation. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation\u00a011, 34\u201349 (2005)","journal-title":"Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation"},{"key":"2_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2008.2008280","volume":"17","author":"S.K. Banala","year":"2009","unstructured":"Banala, S.K., Kim, S.H., Agrawal, S.K., Scholz, J.P.: Robot assisted gait training with active leg exoskeleton (ALEX). IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering\u00a017, 2\u20138 (2009)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"key":"2_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2006.871087","volume":"11","author":"A.B. Zoss","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zoss, A.B., Kazerooni, H., Chu, A.: Biomechanical design of the Berkeley Lower Extremity Exoskeleton (BLEEX). IEEE\/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics\u00a011, 128\u2013138 (2006)","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics"},{"key":"2_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X.P., Low, K.H.: Development and preliminary study of the NTU lower extremity exoskeleton. In: IEEE Conference on Cybernetics and Intelligent Systems, Singapore, pp. 1243\u20131247 (2004)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCIS.2004.1460769"},{"key":"2_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawamoto, H., Sankai, Y.: Comfortable power assist control method for walking aid by HAL-3. In: IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Hammamet, Tunisia, vol.\u00a04, p. 6 (2002)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSMC.2002.1173328"},{"key":"2_CR46","unstructured":"Bionics, B. (June 2012), http:\/\/berkeleybionics.com\/exoskeletons-rehab-mobility\/"},{"key":"2_CR47","unstructured":"AGRO (June), http:\/\/www.argomedtec.com\/"},{"key":"2_CR48","unstructured":"Bionics, R.: (June)"},{"key":"2_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ikeuchi, Y., Ashihara, J., Hiki, Y., Kudoh, H., Noda, T.: Walking assist device with bodyweight support system. In: IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), St. Louis, MO, USA, pp. 4073\u20134079 (2009)","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2009.5354543"},{"key":"2_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000035734.61539.F6","volume":"33","author":"C. Werner","year":"2002","unstructured":"Werner, C., Von Frankenberg, S., Treig, T., Konrad, M., Hesse, S.: Treadmill training with partial body weight support and an electromechanical gait trainer for restoration of gait in subacute stroke patients: A randomized crossover study. Stroke\u00a033, 2895\u20132901 (2002)","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02447435","volume":"25","author":"H. Barbeau","year":"1987","unstructured":"Barbeau, H., Wainberg, M., Finch, L.: Description and application of a system for locomotor rehabilitation. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing\u00a025, 341\u2013344 (1987)","journal-title":"Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing"},{"key":"2_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/85.12.1356","volume":"85","author":"A.L. Behrman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Behrman, A.L., Lawless-Dixon, A.R., Davis, S.B., Bowden, M.G., Nair, P., Phadke, C., Hannold, E.M., Plummer, P., Harkema, S.J.: Locomotor training progression and outcomes after incomplete spinal cord injury. Physical Therapy\u00a085, 1356\u20131371 (2005)","journal-title":"Physical Therapy"},{"key":"2_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, H.B., Luu, T.P., Hoon, K.H., Qu, X., Tow, A., Low, K.H.: Study of body weight shifting on robotic assisted gait rehabilitation with NaTUre-gaits. In: Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS2011), San Francisco, pp. 4923\u20134928 (September 2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2011.6048430"},{"key":"2_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galvez, J.A., Kerdanyan, G., Maneekobkunwong, S., Weber, R., Scott, M., Harkema, S.J., Reinkensmeyer, D.J.: Measuring human trainers\u2019 skill for the design of better robot control algorithms for gait training after spinal cord injury. In: Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE 9th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, Chicago, IL, vol.\u00a02005, pp. 231\u2013234 (2005)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2005.1501092"},{"key":"2_CR55","unstructured":"Luu, T.P.: Individual-Specific Gait Pattern Planning and Locomotion Control Strategy for Robotic Gait Rehabilitation. PhD Thesis, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (2014)"},{"key":"2_CR56","first-page":"330","volume":"105","author":"S. Hesse","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hesse, S., Mehrholz, J., Werner, C.: Robot-assisted upper and lower limb rehabilitation after stroke. Roboter- und Ger\u00e4tegest\u00fctzte Rehabilitation Nach Schlaganfall: Gehen und Arm-\/handfunktion\u00a0105, 330\u2013336 (2008)","journal-title":"Roboter- und Ger\u00e4tegest\u00fctzte Rehabilitation Nach Schlaganfall: Gehen und Arm-\/handfunktion"},{"key":"2_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2008.06.004","volume":"78","author":"S. Hesse","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hesse, S., Werner, C.: Connecting research to the needs of patients and clinicians. Brain Research Bulletin\u00a078, 26\u201334 (2009)","journal-title":"Brain Research Bulletin"},{"key":"2_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banala, S.K., Kulpe, A., Agrawal, S.K.: A powered leg orthosis for gait rehabilitation of motor-impaired patients. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Rome, pp. 4140\u20134145 (2007)","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2007.364115"},{"key":"2_CR59","unstructured":"Our Technology, http:\/\/www.warecentre.com\/_images\/_tech\/lokomat.jpg (accessed on July 2010)"},{"key":"2_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2008.925074","volume":"16","author":"E.H.F. Van Asseldonk","year":"2008","unstructured":"Van Asseldonk, E.H.F., Veneman, J.F., Ekkelenkamp, R., Buurke, J.H., Van Der Helm, F.C.T., Van Der Kooij, H.: The effects on kinematics and muscle activity of walking in a robotic gait trainer during zero-force control. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering\u00a016, 360\u2013370 (2008)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"key":"2_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2007.903922","volume":"15","author":"D. Aoyagi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Aoyagi, D., Ichinose, W.E., Harkema, S.J., Reinkensmeyer, D.J., Bobrow, J.E.: A robot and control algorithm that can synchronously assist in naturalistic motion during body-weight-supported gait training following neurologic injury. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering\u00a015, 387\u2013400 (2007)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"key":"2_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allemand, Y., Stauffer, Y., Clavel, R., Brodard, R.: Design of a new lower extremity orthosis for overground gait training with the WalkTrainer. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 11th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, Kyoto, Japan, pp. 550\u2013555 (2009)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2009.5209585"},{"key":"2_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussein, S., Schmidt, H., Hesse, S., Kruger, J.: Effect of different training modes on ground reaction forces during robot assisted floor walking and stair climbing. In: Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, ICORR 2009, Kyoto, Japan, pp. 845\u2013850 (2009)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2009.5209488"},{"key":"2_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2008.2008280","volume":"17","author":"S.K. Banala","year":"2009","unstructured":"Banala, S.K., Kim, S.H., Agrawal, S.K., Scholz, J.P.: Robot assisted gait training with active leg exoskeleton (ALEX). IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering\u00a017, 2\u20138 (2009)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"key":"2_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2008.927689","volume":"15","author":"H. Vallery","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vallery, H., Veneman, J., van Asseldonk, E., Ekkelenkamp, R., Buss, M., van Der Kooij, H.: Compliant actuation of rehabilitation robots. IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine\u00a015, 60\u201369 (2008)","journal-title":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine"},{"key":"2_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2005.04.0073","volume":"43","author":"D.J. Reinkensmeyer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reinkensmeyer, D.J., Aoyagi, D., Emken, J.L., Galvez, J.A., Ichinose, W., Kerdanyan, G., Maneekobkunwong, S., Minakata, K., Nessler, J.A., Weber, R., Roy, R.R., De Leon, R., Bobrow, J.E., Harkema, S.J., Reggie Edgerton, V.: Tools for understanding and optimizing robotic gait training. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development\u00a043, 657\u2013670 (2006)","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development"},{"key":"2_CR67","unstructured":"The Driven Gait Orthosis Lokomat, http:\/\/www.jneuroengrehab.com\/content\/4\/1\/1\/figure\/F1?highres=y (accessed on September 2010)"},{"key":"2_CR68","unstructured":"Robomedica, Inc., http:\/\/www.robomedica.com\/ (accessed on July 2010)"},{"key":"2_CR69","unstructured":"KineAssist, http:\/\/www.kineadesign.com\/ (accessed on July 2010)"},{"key":"2_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perry, J.: Gait Analysis - Normal and Pathological Function. SLACK Incorporated (1992)","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199211000-00023"},{"key":"2_CR71","volume-title":"Human Walking","author":"V.T. Inman","year":"1981","unstructured":"Inman, V.T., Ralston, H., Todd, F.: Human Walking, 1st edn. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore\/London (1981)","edition":"1"},{"key":"2_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00105-1","volume":"34","author":"R.R. Neptune","year":"2001","unstructured":"Neptune, R.R., Kautz, S.A., Zajac, F.E.: Contributions of the individual ankle plantar flexors to support, forward progression and swing initiation during walking. Journal of Biomechanics\u00a034, 1387\u20131398 (2001)","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"2_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.11.008","volume":"28","author":"J.F. Veneman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Veneman, J.F., Menger, J., van Asseldonk, E.H.F., van der Helm, F.C.T., van der Kooij, H.: Fixating the pelvis in the horizontal plane affects gait characteristics. Gait and Posture\u00a028, 157\u2013163 (2008)","journal-title":"Gait and Posture"},{"key":"2_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00143.2004","volume":"93","author":"A. Kaelin-Lane","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kaelin-Lane, A., Sawaki, L., Cohen, L.G.: Role of voluntary drive in encoding an elementary motor memory. Journal of Neurophysiology\u00a093, 1099\u20131103 (2005)","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg079","volume":"126","author":"M. Lotze","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lotze, M., Braun, C., Birbaumer, N., Anders, S., Cohen, L.G.: Motor learning elicited by voluntary drive. Brain\u00a0126, 866\u2013872 (2003)","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/00221309709595512","volume":"124","author":"L.G. Lippman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lippman, L.G., Rees, R.: Consequences of Error Production in a Perceptual-Motor Task. Journal of General Psychology\u00a0124, 133\u2013142 (1997)","journal-title":"Journal of General Psychology"},{"key":"2_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1996.0034","volume":"4","author":"C. Weiller","year":"1996","unstructured":"Weiller, C., Juptner, M., Fellows, S., Rijntjes, M., Leonhardt, G., Kiebel, S., Muller, S., Diener, H.C., Thilmann, A.F.: Brain representation of active and passive movements. NeuroImage\u00a04, 105\u2013110 (1996)","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200003000-00006","volume":"20","author":"C. Carel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Carel, C., Loubinoux, I., Boulanouar, K., Manelfe, C., Rascol, O., Celsis, P., Chollet, F.: Neural substrate for the effects of passive training on sensorimotor cortical representation: A study with functional magnetic resonance imaging in healthy subjects. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism\u00a020, 478\u2013484 (2000)","journal-title":"Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism"},{"key":"2_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.10.1989","volume":"122","author":"T. Mima","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mima, T., Sadato, N., Yazawa, S., Hanakawa, T., Fukuyama, H., Yonekura, Y., Shibasaki, H.: Brain structures related to active and passive finger movements in man. Brain\u00a0122, 1989\u20131997 (1999)","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/85.1.52","volume":"85","author":"T.G. Hornby","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hornby, T.G., Zemon, D.H., Campbell, D.: Robotic-assisted, body-weight-supported treadmill training in individuals following motor incomplete spinal cord injury. Physical Therapy\u00a085, 52\u201366 (2005)","journal-title":"Physical Therapy"},{"key":"2_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20050266","volume":"86","author":"J.F. Israel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Israel, J.F., Campbell, D.D., Kahn, J.H., Hornby, T.G.: Metabolic costs and muscle activity patterns during robotic- and therapist-assisted treadmill walking in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury. Physical Therapy\u00a086, 1466\u20131478 (2006)","journal-title":"Physical Therapy"},{"key":"2_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2004.09.016","volume":"20","author":"J.M. Hidler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hidler, J.M., Wall, A.E.: Alterations in muscle activation patterns during robotic-assisted walking. Clinical Biomechanics\u00a020, 184\u2013193 (2005)","journal-title":"Clinical Biomechanics"},{"key":"2_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2005.848628","volume":"13","author":"R. Riener","year":"2005","unstructured":"Riener, R., Lunenburger, L., Jezernik, S., Anderschitz, M., Colombo, G., Dietz, V.: Patient-cooperative strategies for robot-aided treadmill training: First experimental results. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering\u00a013, 380\u2013394 (2005)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"key":"2_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernhardt, M., Frey, M., Colombo, G., Riener, R.: Hybrid force-position control yields cooperative behaviour of the rehabilitation robot LOKOMAT. In: Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE 9th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, Chicago, IL, pp. 536\u2013539 (2005)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2005.1501159"},{"key":"2_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2010.2041245","volume":"15","author":"S.K. Banala","year":"2010","unstructured":"Banala, S.K., Agrawal, S.K., Kim, S.H., Scholz, J.P.: Novel gait adaptation and neuromotor training results using an active leg exoskeleton. IEEE\/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics\u00a015, 216\u2013225 (2010)","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics"},{"key":"2_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2008.915453","volume":"24","author":"A.M. Dollar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dollar, A.M., Herr, H.: Lower extremity exoskeletons and active orthoses: Challenges and state-of-the-art. IEEE Transactions on Robotics\u00a024, 144\u2013158 (2008)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Robotics"},{"key":"2_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2008.2008278","volume":"17","author":"H. Vallery","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vallery, H., Van Asseldonk, E.H.F., Buss, M., Van Der Kooij, H.: Reference trajectory generation for rehabilitation robots: Complementary limb motion estimation. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering\u00a017, 23\u201330 (2009)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"key":"2_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riener, R., Lunenburger, L., Colombo, G.: Cooperative strategies for robot-aided gait neuro-rehabilitation. In: Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings, San Francisco, CA, vol.\u00a026 VII, pp. 4822\u20134825 (2004)","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2004.1404334"},{"key":"2_CR89","volume-title":"Human Walking","author":"J. Rose","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rose, J., Gamble, J.G.: Human Walking, 3rd edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia (2006)","edition":"3"},{"key":"2_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197961050-00017","volume":"61","author":"D.C. Boone","year":"1979","unstructured":"Boone, D.C., Azen, S.P.: Normal range of motion of joints in male subjects. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - Series A\u00a061, 756\u2013759 (1979)","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - Series A"},{"key":"2_CR91","unstructured":"Levangie, P.K., Norkin, C.C.: Joint Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Analysis, 4th edn. F A Davis Company (2005)"},{"key":"2_CR92","volume-title":"The Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Gait: Normal, Elderly and Pathological","author":"D.A. Winter","year":"1991","unstructured":"Winter, D.A.: The Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Gait: Normal, Elderly and Pathological, 2nd edn. Waterloo Biomechanics, Ontario (1991)","edition":"2"},{"key":"2_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.12.013","volume":"34","author":"P. Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang, P., Low, K.H., McGregor, A.H., Tow, A.: Detection of abnormal muscle activations during walking following spinal cord injury (SCI). Research in Developmental Disabilities\u00a034, 1226\u20131235 (2013)","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"2_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.08.028","volume":"39","author":"T.P. Luu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Luu, T.P., Low, K.H., Qu, X., Lim, H.B., Hoon, K.H.: An individual-specific gait pattern prediction model based on generalized regression neural networks. Gait and Posture\u00a039, 443\u2013448 (2014)","journal-title":"Gait and Posture"},{"key":"2_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luu, T.P., Low, K.H., Qu, X., Lim, H.B., Hoon, K.H.: Hardware Development and Locomotion Control Strategy for an Over-Ground Gait Trainer: NaTUre-Gaits. IEEE Journal of Translational Engineering in Health and Medicine 2014, 9 pages, doi:10.1109\/JTEHM.2014.2303807","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2014.2303807"}],"container-title":["Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics","Intelligent Assistive Robots"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-319-12922-8_2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T17:14:45Z","timestamp":1747847685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-12922-8_2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"ISBN":["9783319129211","9783319129228"],"references-count":95,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-12922-8_2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1610-7438","1610-742X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1610-7438","type":"print"},{"value":"1610-742X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}}}