{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T01:08:01Z","timestamp":1782954481437,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783319191676","type":"print"},{"value":"9783319191683","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,12]],"date-time":"2015-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1447286400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/2.5"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19168-3_7","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,11]],"date-time":"2015-11-11T12:10:39Z","timestamp":1447243839000},"page":"167-195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Global Drivers of Land Degradation and Improvement"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Alisher","family":"Mirzabaev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ephraim","family":"Nkonya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jann","family":"Goedecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weston","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"7_CR1","unstructured":"Alexandratos, N. (Ed.). (1995). World agriculture: Towards 2010: An FAO study. Food & Agriculture Org."},{"issue":"3","key":"7_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-2743.2008.00169.x","volume":"24","author":"Z Bai","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bai, Z., Dent, D., Olsson, L., & Schaepman, M. (2008). Proxy global assessment of land degradation. Soil Use and Management, 24(3), 223\u2013234.","journal-title":"Soil Use and Management"},{"key":"7_CR3","volume-title":"Land degradation: Development and breakdown of terrestrial environments","author":"C Barrow","year":"1991","unstructured":"Barrow, C. (1991). Land degradation: Development and breakdown of terrestrial environments. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"7_CR4","unstructured":"Benin, S., Nkonya, E., Okecho, G., Pender, J., Nahdy, S., Mugarura, S., et al. (2007). Assessing the Impact of the National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS) in the Uganda rural livelihoods. IFPRI Discussion Paper 00724. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute."},{"issue":"5","key":"7_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1086\/262008","volume":"103","author":"T Besley","year":"1995","unstructured":"Besley, T. (1995). Property rights and investment incentives: Theory and evidence from Ghana. The Journal of Political Economy, 103(5), 903\u2013937.","journal-title":"The Journal of Political Economy"},{"key":"7_CR6","volume-title":"Globcover: Products description and validation report","author":"P Bicheron","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bicheron, P., Defourny, P., Brockmann, C., Schouten, L., Vancutsem, C., Huc, M., & Arino, O. (2008). Globcover: Products description and validation report. Toulouse: MEDIAS France."},{"key":"7_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonilla, C. A., & Johnson, O. I. (2012). Soil erodibility mapping and its correlation with soil properties in Central Chile.\u00a0Geoderma,\u00a0189, 116\u2013123.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2012.05.005"},{"key":"7_CR8","volume-title":"The conditions of agricultural growth: The economics of Agrarian change under population pressure","author":"E Boserup","year":"1965","unstructured":"Boserup, E. (1965). The conditions of agricultural growth: The economics of Agrarian change under population pressure. New York, USA: Aldine Press."},{"key":"7_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3878(01)00190-0","volume":"67","author":"F Brasselle","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brasselle, F., Brasselle, A., Gaspart, F., & Platteau, J. P. (2002). Land tenure security and investment incentives: Puzzling evidence from Burkina Faso. Journal of Development Economics, 67, 373\u2013418.","journal-title":"Journal of Development Economics"},{"key":"7_CR13","unstructured":"CIESIN. (2010). Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC) Raw data. Online at http:\/\/sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu\/ . Accessed 21 Mar 13."},{"key":"7_CR10","unstructured":"Clay, D. C., Byiringiro, F. U., Kangasniemi, J., Reardon, T., Sibomana, B., Uwamariya, L., & Tardif-Douglin, D. (1996). Promoting food security in Rwanda through sustainable agricultural productivity: Meeting the challenges of population pressure, land degradation, and poverty. Food Security International Development Policy Syntheses 11425. East Lansing: Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics."},{"key":"7_CR11","volume-title":"Reversing the spiral: The population, agriculture, and environment nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa","author":"KM Cleaver","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cleaver, K. M., & Schreiber, G. A. (1994). Reversing the spiral: The population, agriculture, and environment nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, USA: The World Bank."},{"key":"7_CR12","unstructured":"Collier, P. (2007). The bottom billion: Why the poorest countries are failing and what can be done about it. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"7_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.2307\/2234892","volume":"101","author":"A Janvry De","year":"1991","unstructured":"De Janvry, A., Fafchamps, M., & Sadoulet, E. (1991). Peasant household behavior with missing markets: Some paradoxes explained. The Economic Journal, 101, 1400\u20131417.","journal-title":"The Economic Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"7_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-4-5","volume":"4","author":"S Ebener","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ebener, S., Murray, C., Tandon, A., & Elvidge, C. C. (2005). From wealth to health: Modelling the distribution of income per capita at the sub-national level using night-time light imagery. International Journal of Health Geographics, 4(1), 5.","journal-title":"International Journal of Health Geographics"},{"issue":"2","key":"7_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(01)00040-5","volume":"56","author":"CD Elvidge","year":"2001","unstructured":"Elvidge, C. D., Imhoff, M. L., Baugh, K. E., Hobson, V. R., Nelson, I., Safran, J., & Tuttle, B. T. (2001). Night-time lights of the world: 1994\u20131995. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 56(2), 81\u201399.","journal-title":"ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing"},{"key":"7_CR17","volume-title":"State of the world\u2018s forests","author":"FAO","year":"2011","unstructured":"FAO. (2011). State of the world\u2018s forests. Rome, Italy: FAO."},{"key":"7_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jag.2009.08.003","volume":"12","author":"J Gao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gao, J., & Liu, Y. (2010). Determination of land degradation causes in Tongyu County, Northeast China via land cover change detection. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 12, 9\u201316.","journal-title":"International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation"},{"issue":"9","key":"7_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2","volume":"54","author":"HJ Geist","year":"2004","unstructured":"Geist, H. J., & Lambin, E. F. (2004). Dynamical causal patterns of desertification. BioScience, 54(9), 817\u2013829.","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"issue":"1","key":"7_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1006\/jeem.1996.0002","volume":"30","author":"Sverre Grepperud","year":"1996","unstructured":"Grepperud, S. (1996). Population Pressure and Land Degradation: The Case of Ethiopia. Journal of\u00a0Environmental Economics and Management 30 (1): 18\u201333.","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Economics and Management"},{"key":"7_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2007.06.007","volume":"64","author":"J Kabubo-Mariara","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kabubo-Mariara, J. (2007). Land conservation and tenure security in Kenya: Boserup\u2019s hypothesis revisited. Ecological Economics, 64, 25\u201335.","journal-title":"Ecological Economics"},{"key":"7_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2010). The worldwide governance indicators: Methodology and analytical issues. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5430. Available from http:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=1682130","DOI":"10.1596\/1813-9450-5430"},{"key":"7_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, Q. B., Nkonya, E., & Mirzabaev, A. (2014). Biomass productivity-based mapping of global land degradation hotspots. ZEF Discussion Papers 193.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2465799"},{"issue":"1","key":"7_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1659\/0276-4741(2002)022[0014:EDMBOL]2.0.CO;2","volume":"22","author":"H Liniger","year":"2002","unstructured":"Liniger, H., & Schwilch, G. (2002). Enhanced decision-making based on local knowledge: The WOCAT method of sustainable soil and water management. Mountain Research and Development, 22(1), 14\u201318.","journal-title":"Mountain Research and Development"},{"key":"7_CR25","volume-title":"Where the land is greener","author":"H Liniger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Liniger, H., & Critchley, W. (2007). Where the land is greener. Wageningen: Technical Center for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation."},{"key":"7_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.762","volume":"18","author":"D Lu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lu, D., Batistella, M., Mausel, P., & Moran, E. (2007). Mapping and monitoring land degradation risks in the Western Brazilian Amazon using multitemporal landsat TM\/ETM+ images. Land Degradation and Development, 18, 41\u201354.","journal-title":"Land Degradation and Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"7_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA9613","volume":"81","author":"S Michalopoulos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Michalopoulos, S., & Papaioannou, E. (2013). Pre-colonial ethnic institutions and contemporary African development. Econometrica, 81(1), 113\u2013152.","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"7_CR032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirzabaev, A., Nkonya, E., & von Braun, J. (2015). Economics of sustainable land management.\u00a0Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,\u00a015, 9\u201319.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2015.07.004"},{"key":"7_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2014.05.012","author":"E Nkonya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nkonya, E., & Anderson, W. (2014). Exploiting provisions of land economic productivity without degrading its natural capital. Journal of Arid Environments,. doi: 10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2014.05.012 .","journal-title":"Journal of Arid Environments"},{"key":"7_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nkonya, E., Gerber, N., Baumgartner, P., von Braun, J., De Pinto, A., Graw, V., et al. (2011). The economics of desertification, land degradation, and drought\u2014toward an integrated global assessment. ZEF-Discussion Papers on Development Policy No. 150. Center for Development Research (ZEF), Bonn, Germany.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1890668"},{"key":"7_CR28","unstructured":"Nkonya, E., Pender, J., Kaizzi, K., Kato, E., Mugarura, S., Ssali, H., & Muwonge, J. (2008). Linkages between land management, land degradation, and poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Uganda. IFPRI Research Report 159. Washington D.C., USA."},{"key":"7_CR29","volume-title":"From the ground up: Impacts of a pro-poor community-driven development project in Nigeria","author":"E Nkonya","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nkonya, E., Phillip, D., Mogues, T., Pender, J., & Kato, E. (2010). From the ground up: Impacts of a pro-poor community-driven development project in Nigeria. Washington, DC, USA: IFPRI Research Monograph."},{"key":"7_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nkonya, E., von Braun, J., Mirzabaev, A., Le, B., Kwon, H., Kirui, O., Gerber, N. (2013). Economics of land degradation initiative: Methods and approach for global and national assessments. ZEF-Discussion Papers on Development Policy No. 183. Center for Development Research (ZEF).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2343636"},{"issue":"1","key":"7_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2003.08.011","volume":"24","author":"GS Paudel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Paudel, G. S., & Thapa, G. B. (2004). Impact of social, institutional, and ecological factors on land management practices in mountain watersheds of Nepal. Applied Geography, 24(1), 35\u201355.","journal-title":"Applied Geography"},{"key":"7_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5150(98)00026-7","volume":"19","author":"J Pender","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pender, J., & Kerr, J. (1998). Determinants of farmers\u2018 indigenous soil and water conservation investments in semiarid India. Agricultural Economics, 19, 113\u2013125.","journal-title":"Agricultural Economics"},{"key":"7_CR36","unstructured":"Pender, J., Mirzabaev, A., & Kato, E. (2009). Economic analysis of sustainable land management options in Central Asia. Final report for the ADB.IFPRI\/ICARDA, 168. Washington DC, USA."},{"key":"7_CR35","first-page":"165","volume-title":"Strategies for sustainable land management in the East African highlands","author":"J Pender","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pender, J., Nkonya, E., Jagger, P., Sserunkuuma, D., & Ssali, H. (2006). Strategies to increase agricultural productivity and reduce land degradation in Uganda: An econometric analysis. In J. Pender & S. Ehui (Eds.), Strategies for sustainable land management in the East African highlands (pp. 165\u2013190). Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute."},{"key":"7_CR38","first-page":"623","volume-title":"Ecosystems and human well-being: Current state and trends","author":"UN Safriel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Safriel, U. N., & Adeel, Z. (2005). Dryland systems. In R. Hassan, R. Scholes, & N. Ash (Eds.), Ecosystems and human well-being: Current state and trends (Vol. 1, pp. 623\u2013662). Washington, DC: Island Press."},{"issue":"4","key":"7_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1162\/glep.2004.4.4.16","volume":"4","author":"M Sanwal","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sanwal, M. (2004). Trends in global environmental governance: The emergence of a mutual supportiveness approach to achieve sustainable development. Global Environmental Politics, 4(4), 16\u201322.","journal-title":"Global Environmental Politics"},{"issue":"4","key":"7_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-9192(00)00022-1","volume":"25","author":"S Scherr","year":"2000","unstructured":"Scherr, S. (2000). Downward spiral? Research evidence on the relationship between poverty and natural resource degradation. Food Policy, 25(4), 479\u2013498.","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"7_CR40","unstructured":"Scherr, S., & Hazell, P. (1994). Sustainable agricultural development strategies in fragile lands. Environment and Production Technology Division Discussion Paper, no. 1. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"7_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2007.12.016","volume":"72","author":"T Sternberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sternberg, T. (2008). Environmental challenges in Mongolia\u2019s dryland pastoral landscape. Journal of Arid Environments, 72, 1294\u20131304.","journal-title":"Journal of Arid Environments"},{"issue":"S07","key":"7_CR42","first-page":"5","volume":"8","author":"PC Sutton","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sutton, P. C., Elvidge, C. D., & Ghosh, T. (2007). Estimation of gross domestic product at sub-national scales using night time satellite imagery. International Journal of Ecological Economics & Statistics, 8(S07), 5\u201321.","journal-title":"International Journal of Ecological Economics & Statistics"},{"key":"7_CR43","volume-title":"More people, less erosion: Environmental recovery in Kenya","author":"M Tiffen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Tiffen, M., Mortimore, M., & Gichuki, F. (1994). More people, less erosion: Environmental recovery in Kenya. London, UK: Wiley and Sons."},{"key":"7_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uchida, H., & Nelson, A. (2010). Agglomeration index: Towards a new measure of urban concentration (No. 2010, 29). Working paper\/\/World Institute for Development Economics Research.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199590148.003.0003"},{"key":"7_CR45","unstructured":"USAID (United States Agency for International Development), ARD, Inc. (2008). Global Land Tenure Master Database. 2007. Unpublished data. Original graphics published in USAID and ARD, Inc. 2007. \u201cLand Tenure and Property Rights Tools and Regional Reports.\u201d Washington, DC: USAID EGAT\/Natural Resources Management\/Land Resources Management Team and Burlington, Vermont: ARD, Inc."},{"key":"7_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1201\/EBK1439800577-4","volume-title":"Food security and soil quality","author":"P Vlek","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vlek, P., Le, Q. B., & Tamene, L. (2010). Assessment of land degradation, its possible causes and threat to food security in Sub-Saharan Africa. In R. Lal & B. A. Stewart (Eds.), Food security and soil quality (pp. 57\u201386). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press."},{"key":"7_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von Braun, J., Gerber, N., Mirzabaev, A., & Nkonya, E. (2013). The economics of land degradation. ZEF Working Papers 109. Bonn, Germany.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2237977"},{"key":"7_CR48","unstructured":"Voortman, R. L., Sonneveld, B. G., & Keyzer, M. A. (2000). African land ecology: Opportunities and constraints for agricultural development. Center for International Development Working Paper 37. Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A."},{"key":"7_CR49","first-page":"27","volume-title":"Governing global desertification: Linking environmental degradation, poverty, and participation","author":"SA Way","year":"2006","unstructured":"Way, S. A. (2006). Examining the links between poverty and land degradation: From blaming the poor toward recognizing the rights of the poor. In P. Johnson, K. Mayrand, & M. Paquin (Eds.), Governing global desertification: Linking environmental degradation, poverty, and participation (pp. 27\u201341). Burlington, VT: Ashgate."},{"key":"7_CR50","volume-title":"Use and Misuse of the universal soil loss equation","author":"W Wischmeier","year":"1978","unstructured":"Wischmeier, W.H. (1976). Use and Misuse of the universal soil loss equation. Journal of Soil and Water\u00a0Conservation. 13 (1): 5\u20139."}],"container-title":["Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement \u2013 A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-319-19168-3_7","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T11:11:29Z","timestamp":1748689889000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-19168-3_7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,12]]},"ISBN":["9783319191676","9783319191683"],"references-count":51,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-19168-3_7","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,12]]}}}