{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T15:12:57Z","timestamp":1747753977244,"version":"3.40.3"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":86,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783319257532"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783319257549"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25754-9_1","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,21]],"date-time":"2015-11-21T09:12:37Z","timestamp":1448097157000},"page":"3-14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Rough Set Approach to Incomplete Data"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Jerzy W.","family":"Grzymala-Busse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"1_CR1","volume-title":"Classification and Regression Trees","author":"L Breiman","year":"1984","unstructured":"Breiman, L., Friedman, J.H., Olshen, R.A., Stone, C.J.: Classification and Regression Trees. Wadsworth & Brooks, Monterey (1984)"},{"key":"1_CR2","unstructured":"Chan, C.C., Grzymala-Busse, J.W.: On the attribute redundancy and the learning programs ID3, PRISM, and LEM2. Technical report, Department of Computer Science, University of Kansas (1991)"},{"key":"1_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, P.G., Grzymala-Busse, J.W.: Experiments on probabilistic approximations. In: Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Granular Computing, pp. 144\u2013149 (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/GRC.2011.6122583"},{"key":"1_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, P.G., Grzymala-Busse, J.W.: Consistency of incomplete data. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Data Technologies and Applications, pp. 80\u201387 (2013)","DOI":"10.5220\/0004490300800087"},{"key":"1_CR5","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-08644-6_11","volume-title":"Rough Sets and Current Trends in Computing","author":"PG Clark","year":"2014","unstructured":"Clark, P.G., Grzymala-Busse, J.W.: A comparison of two versions of the MLEM2 rule induction algorithm extended to probabilistic approximations. In: Cornelis, C., Kryszkiewicz, M., \u015al\u0229zak, D., Ruiz, E.M., Bello, R., Shang, L. (eds.) RSCTC 2014. LNCS, vol. 8536, pp. 109\u2013119. Springer, Heidelberg (2014)"},{"key":"1_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3233\/FI-2014-1049","volume":"55","author":"PG Clark","year":"2014","unstructured":"Clark, P.G., Grzymala-Busse, J.W., Hippe, Z.S.: An analysis of probabilistic approximations for rule induction from incomplete data sets. Fundam. Informaticae 55, 365\u2013379 (2014)","journal-title":"Fundam. Informaticae"},{"key":"1_CR7","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-34624-8_11","volume-title":"Foundations of Intelligent Systems","author":"PG Clark","year":"2012","unstructured":"Clark, P.G., Grzymala-Busse, J.W., Kuehnhausen, M.: Local probabilistic approximations for incomplete data. In: Chen, L., Felfernig, A., Liu, J., Ra\u015b, Z.W. (eds.) ISMIS 2012. LNCS, vol. 7661, pp. 93\u201398. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)"},{"key":"1_CR8","unstructured":"Clark, P.G., Grzymala-Busse, J.W., Kuehnhausen, M.: Mining incomplete data with many missing attribute values. A comparison of probabilistic and rough set approaches. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Applications, pp. 12\u201317 (2013)"},{"key":"1_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2014.05.007","volume":"280","author":"PG Clark","year":"2014","unstructured":"Clark, P.G., Grzymala-Busse, J.W., Rzasa, W.: Mining incomplete data with singleton, subset and concept approximations. Inf. Sci. 280, 368\u2013384 (2014)","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"1_CR10","first-page":"14","volume":"9","author":"KA Cyran","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cyran, K.A.: Modified indiscernibility relation in the theory of rough sets with real-valued attributes: application to recognition of fraunhofer diffraction patterns. Trans. Rough Sets 9, 14\u201334 (2008)","journal-title":"Trans. Rough Sets"},{"key":"1_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2013.04.023","volume":"241","author":"J Dai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dai, J.: Rough set approach to incomplete numerical data. Inf. Sci. 241, 43\u201357 (2013)","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"1_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2012.02.032","volume":"198","author":"J Dai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dai, J., Xu, Q.: Approximations and uncertainty measures in incomplete information systems. Inf. Sci. 198, 62\u201380 (2012)","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"1_CR13","first-page":"176","volume":"3","author":"J Dai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dai, J., Xu, Q., Wang, W.: A comparative study on strategies of rule induction for incomplete data based on rough set approach. Int. J. Adv. Comput. Technol. 3, 176\u2013183 (2011)","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Technol."},{"key":"1_CR14","unstructured":"Dardzinska, A., Ras, Z.W.: Chasing unknown values in incomplete information systems. In: Workshop Notes, Foundations and New Directions of Data Mining, in Conjunction with the 3-rd International Conference on Data Mining, pp. 24\u201330 (2003)"},{"key":"1_CR15","unstructured":"Dardzinska, A., Ras, Z.W.: On rule discovery from incomplete information systems. In: Workshop Notes, Foundations and New Directions of Data Mining, in Conjunction with the 3-rd International Conference on Data Mining, pp. 24\u201330 (2003)"},{"key":"1_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-4919-9_20","volume-title":"Decision Making: Recent developments and Worldwide Applications","author":"S Greco","year":"2000","unstructured":"Greco, S., Matarazzo, B., Slowinski, R.: Dealing with missing data in rough set analysis of multi-attribute and multi-criteria decision problems. In: Zanakis, H., Doukidis, G., Zopounidis, Z. (eds.) Decision Making: Recent developments and Worldwide Applications, pp. 295\u2013316. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (2000)"},{"key":"1_CR17","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-54563-8_100","volume-title":"Methodologies for Intelligent Systems","author":"JW Grzymala-Busse","year":"1991","unstructured":"Grzymala-Busse, J.W.: On the unknown attribute values in learning from examples. In: Ra\u015b, Z.W., Zemankova, M. (eds.) ISMIS 1991. LNCS, vol. 542, pp. 368\u2013377. Springer, Heidelberg (1991)"},{"key":"1_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-7975-9_1","volume-title":"Intelligent Decision Support","author":"JW Grzymala-Busse","year":"1992","unstructured":"Grzymala-Busse, J.W.: LERS\u2013a system for learning from examples based on rough sets. In: Slowinski, R. (ed.) Intelligent Decision Support, pp. 3\u201318. Handbook of Applications and Advances of the Rough Set Theory. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992)"},{"key":"1_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3233\/FI-1997-3113","volume":"31","author":"JW Grzymala-Busse","year":"1997","unstructured":"Grzymala-Busse, J.W.: A new version of the rule induction system LERS. Fundamenta Informaticae 31, 27\u201339 (1997)","journal-title":"Fundamenta Informaticae"},{"key":"1_CR20","unstructured":"Grzymala-Busse, J.W.: MLEM2: A new algorithm for rule induction from imperfect data. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Information Processing and Management of Uncertainty in Knowledge-Based Systems, pp. 243\u2013250 (2002)"},{"key":"1_CR21","unstructured":"Grzymala-Busse, J.W.: Rough set strategies to data with missing attribute values. In: Notes of the Workshop on Foundations and New Directions of Data Mining, in Conjunction with the Third International Conference on Data Mining, pp. 56\u201363 (2003)"},{"key":"1_CR22","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-25929-9_29","volume-title":"Rough Sets and Current Trends in Computing","author":"JW Grzyma\u0142a-Busse","year":"2004","unstructured":"Grzyma\u0142a-Busse, J.W.: Characteristic relations for incomplete data: a generalization of the indiscernibility relation. In: Tsumoto, S., S\u0142owi\u0144ski, R., Komorowski, J., Grzyma\u0142a-Busse, J.W. (eds.) RSCTC 2004. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 3066, pp. 244\u2013253. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)"},{"key":"1_CR23","first-page":"78","volume":"1","author":"JW Grzymala-Busse","year":"2004","unstructured":"Grzymala-Busse, J.W.: Data with missing attribute values: generalization of indiscernibility relation and rule induction. Trans. Rough Sets 1, 78\u201395 (2004)","journal-title":"Trans. Rough Sets"},{"key":"1_CR24","unstructured":"Grzymala-Busse, J.W.: Three approaches to missing attribute values\u2013a rough set perspective. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Foundation of Data Mining, in Conjunction with the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Data Mining, pp. 55\u201362 (2004)"},{"key":"1_CR25","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1007\/11548669_26","volume-title":"Rough Sets, Fuzzy Sets, Data Mining, and Granular Computing","author":"JW Grzyma\u0142a-Busse","year":"2005","unstructured":"Grzyma\u0142a-Busse, J.W.: Incomplete data and generalization of indiscernibility relation, definability, and approximations. In: Slezak, D., Wang, G., Szczuka, M.S., D\u00fcntsch, I., Yao, Y. (eds.) RSFDGrC 2005. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 3641, pp. 244\u2013253. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)"},{"key":"1_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grzymala-Busse, J.W.: A comparison of traditional and rough set approaches to missing attribute values in data mining. In: Proceedings of the 10-th International Conference on Data Mining, Detection, Protection and Security, Royal Mare Village, Crete, pp. 155\u2013163 (2009)","DOI":"10.2495\/DATA090161"},{"key":"1_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grzymala-Busse, J.W.: Mining data with missing attribute values: A comparison of probabilistic and rough set approaches. In: Proceedings of the 4-th International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Knowledge Engineering, pp. 153\u2013158 (2009)","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814295062_0024"},{"key":"1_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grzymala-Busse, J.W.: Rough set and CART approaches to mining incomplete data. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Soft Computing and Pattern Recognition, IEEE Computer Society, pp. 214\u2013219 (2010)","DOI":"10.1109\/SOCPAR.2010.5685860"},{"key":"1_CR29","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21916-0_6","volume-title":"Foundations of Intelligent Systems","author":"JW Grzymala-Busse","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grzymala-Busse, J.W.: A comparison of some rough set approaches to mining symbolic data with missing attribute values. In: Kryszkiewicz, M., Rybinski, H., Skowron, A., Ra\u015b, Z.W. (eds.) ISMIS 2011. LNCS, vol. 6804, pp. 52\u201361. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)"},{"key":"1_CR30","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-24425-4_20","volume-title":"Rough Sets and Knowledge Technology","author":"JW Grzyma\u0142a-Busse","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grzyma\u0142a-Busse, J.W.: Generalized parameterized approximations. In: Yao, J.T., Ramanna, S., Wang, G., Suraj, Z. (eds.) RSKT 2011. LNCS, vol. 6954, pp. 136\u2013145. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)"},{"key":"1_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2013.04.007","volume":"132","author":"JW Grzymala-Busse","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grzymala-Busse, J.W., Clark, P.G., Kuehnhausen, M.: Generalized probabilistic approximations of incomplete data. Int. J. Approximate Reasoning 132, 180\u2013196 (2014)","journal-title":"Int. J. Approximate Reasoning"},{"key":"1_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-25465-X_3","volume-title":"Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Handbook","author":"JW Grzymala-Busse","year":"2005","unstructured":"Grzymala-Busse, J.W., Grzymala-Busse, W.J.: Handling missing attribute values. In: Maimon, O., Rokach, L. (eds.) Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Handbook, pp. 37\u201357. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)"},{"key":"1_CR33","first-page":"31","volume":"6","author":"JW Grzymala-Busse","year":"2007","unstructured":"Grzymala-Busse, J.W., Grzymala-Busse, W.J.: An experimental comparison of three rough set approaches to missing attribute values. Trans. Rough Sets 6, 31\u201350 (2007)","journal-title":"Trans. Rough Sets"},{"key":"1_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grzymala-Busse, J.W., Grzymala-Busse, W.J.: Improving quality of rule sets by increasing incompleteness of data sets. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Software and Data Technologies, pp. 241\u2013248 (2008)","DOI":"10.5220\/0001881902410248"},{"key":"1_CR35","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-88425-5_17","volume-title":"Rough Sets and Current Trends in Computing","author":"JW Grzymala-Busse","year":"2008","unstructured":"Grzymala-Busse, J.W., Grzymala-Busse, W.J.: Inducing better rule sets by adding missing attribute values. In: Chan, C.-C., Grzymala-Busse, J.W., Ziarko, W.P. (eds.) RSCTC 2008. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 5306, pp. 160\u2013169. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)"},{"key":"1_CR36","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Handbook","author":"JW Grzymala-Busse","year":"2010","unstructured":"Grzymala-Busse, J.W., Grzymala-Busse, W.J.: Handling missing attribute values. In: Maimon, O., Rokach, L. (eds.) Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Handbook, 2nd edn, pp. 33\u201351. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)","edition":"2"},{"issue":"2","key":"1_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/int.10012","volume":"17","author":"JW Grzymala-Busse","year":"2002","unstructured":"Grzymala-Busse, J.W., Grzymala-Busse, W.J., Goodwin, L.K.: A comparison of three closest fit approaches to missing attribute values in preterm birth data. Int. J. Intell. Syst. 17(2), 125\u2013134 (2002)","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"1_CR38","unstructured":"Grzymala-Busse, J.W., Grzymala-Busse, W.J., Hippe, Z.S., Rzasa, W.: An improved comparison of three rough set approaches to missing attribute values. In: Proceedings of the 16-th International Conference on Intelligent Information Systems, pp. 141\u2013150 (2008)"},{"key":"1_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grzymala-Busse, J.W., Hippe, Z.S.: Mining data with numerical attributes and missing attribute values\u2013a rough set approach. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Granular Computing, pp. 144\u2013149 (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/GRC.2011.6122596"},{"key":"1_CR40","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45554-X_46","volume-title":"Rough Sets and Current Trends in Computing","author":"JW Grzyma\u0142a-Busse","year":"2001","unstructured":"Grzyma\u0142a-Busse, J.W., Hu, M.: A comparison of several approaches to missing attribute values in data mining. In: Ziarko, W.P., Yao, Y. (eds.) RSCTC 2000. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 2005, p. 378. Springer, Heidelberg (2001)"},{"key":"1_CR41","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1007\/11908029_27","volume-title":"Rough Sets and Current Trends in Computing","author":"JW Grzymala-Busse","year":"2006","unstructured":"Grzymala-Busse, J.W., Rzasa, W.: Local and global approximations for incomplete data. In: Greco, S., Hata, Y., Hirano, S., Inuiguchi, M., Miyamoto, S., Nguyen, H.S., S\u0142owi\u0144ski, R. (eds.) RSCTC 2006. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 4259, pp. 244\u2013253. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)"},{"key":"1_CR42","first-page":"21","volume":"8","author":"JW Grzymala-Busse","year":"2008","unstructured":"Grzymala-Busse, J.W., Rzasa, W.: Local and global approximations for incomplete data. Trans. Rough Sets 8, 21\u201334 (2008)","journal-title":"Trans. Rough Sets"},{"key":"1_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3233\/FI-2010-265","volume":"100","author":"JW Grzymala-Busse","year":"2010","unstructured":"Grzymala-Busse, J.W., Rzasa, W.: A local version of the MLEM2 algorithm for rule induction. Fundamenta Informaticae 100, 99\u2013116 (2010)","journal-title":"Fundamenta Informaticae"},{"key":"1_CR44","unstructured":"Grzymala-Busse, J.W., Wang, A.Y.: Modified algorithms LEM1 and LEM2 for rule induction from data with missing attribute values. In: Proceedings of the 5-th International Workshop on Rough Sets and Soft Computing in conjunction with the Third Joint Conference on Information Sciences, pp. 69\u201372 (1997)"},{"key":"1_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1002\/int.20482","volume":"26","author":"JW Grzymala-Busse","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grzymala-Busse, J.W., Yao, Y.: Probabilistic rule induction with the LERS data mining system. Int. J. Intell. Syst. 26, 518\u2013539 (2011)","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"1_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59140-051-6.ch006","volume-title":"Data Mining: Opportunities and Challenges","author":"JW Grzymala-Busse","year":"2003","unstructured":"Grzymala-Busse, J.W., Ziarko, W.: Data mining based on rough sets. In: Wang, J. (ed.) Data Mining: Opportunities and Challenges, pp. 142\u2013173. Idea Group Publ, Hershey (2003)"},{"key":"1_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2012.01.009","volume":"193","author":"L Guan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Guan, L., Wang, G.: Generalized approximations defined by non-equivalence relations. Inf. Sci. 193, 163\u2013179 (2012)","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"1_CR48","unstructured":"Hong, T.P., Tseng, L.H., Chien, B.C.: Learning coverage rules from incomplete data based on rough sets. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, pp. 3226\u20133231 (2004)"},{"key":"1_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0957-4174(02)00016-7","volume":"22","author":"TP Hong","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hong, T.P., Tseng, L.H., Wang, S.L.: Learning rules from incomplete training examples by rough sets. Expert Syst. Appl. 22, 285\u2013293 (2002)","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"1_CR50","unstructured":"Kryszkiewicz, M.: Rough set approach to incomplete information systems. In: Proceedings of the Second Annual Joint Conference on Information Sciences, pp. 194\u2013197 (1995)"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"1_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(98)10065-8","volume":"113","author":"M Kryszkiewicz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kryszkiewicz, M.: Rules in incomplete information systems. Inf. Sci. 113(3\u20134), 271\u2013292 (1999)","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"1_CR52","first-page":"1","volume":"54","author":"R Latkowski","year":"2003","unstructured":"Latkowski, R.: On decomposition for incomplete data. Fundamenta Informaticae 54, 1\u201316 (2003)","journal-title":"Fundamenta Informaticae"},{"key":"1_CR53","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-25929-9_30","volume-title":"rough sets and current trends in computing","author":"R Latkowski","year":"2004","unstructured":"Latkowski, R., Miko\u0142ajczyk, M.: Data decomposition and decision rule joining for classification of data with missing values. In: Tsumoto, S., S\u0142owi\u0144ski, R., Komorowski, J., Grzyma\u0142a-Busse, J.W. (eds.) RSCTC 2004. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 3066, pp. 254\u2013263. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)"},{"key":"1_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2004.03.032","volume":"168","author":"Y Leung","year":"2006","unstructured":"Leung, Y., Wu, W., Zhang, W.: Knowledge acquisition in incomplete information systems: a rough set approach. Eur. J. Ope. Res. 168, 164\u2013180 (2006)","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ope. Res."},{"key":"1_CR55","first-page":"37","volume":"4","author":"D Li","year":"2005","unstructured":"Li, D., Deogun, I., Spaulding, W., Shuart, B.: Dealing with missing data: algorithms based on fuzzy set and rough set theories. Trans. Rough Sets 4, 37\u201357 (2005)","journal-title":"Trans. Rough Sets"},{"key":"1_CR56","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-79721-0_12","volume-title":"Rough Sets and Knowledge Technology","author":"H Li","year":"2008","unstructured":"Li, H., Yao, Y., Zhou, X., Huang, B.: Two-phase rule induction from incomplete data. In: Wang, G., Li, T., Grzymala-Busse, J.W., Miao, D., Skowron, A., Yao, Y. (eds.) RSKT 2008. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 5009, pp. 47\u201354. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)"},{"issue":"5","key":"1_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2007.01.002","volume":"20","author":"T Li","year":"2007","unstructured":"Li, T., Ruan, D., Geert, W., Song, J., Xu, Y.: A rough sets based characteristic relation approach for dynamic attribute generalization in data mining. Knowl. Based Syst. 20(5), 485\u2013494 (2007)","journal-title":"Knowl. Based Syst."},{"key":"1_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, T., Ruan, D., Song, J.: Dynamic maintenance of decision rules with rough set under characteristic relation. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, pp. 3713\u20133716 (2007)","DOI":"10.1109\/WICOM.2007.918"},{"key":"1_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2009.04.002","volume":"179","author":"Z Meng","year":"2009","unstructured":"Meng, Z., Shi, Z.: A fast approach to attribute reduction in incomplete decision systems with tolerance relation-based rough sets. Inf. Sci. 179, 2774\u20132793 (2009)","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"1_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2012.04.004","volume":"204","author":"Z Meng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Meng, Z., Shi, Z.: Extended rough set-based attribute reduction in inconsistent incomplete decision systems. Inf. Sci. 204, 44\u201369 (2012)","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"1_CR61","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/11548669_34","volume-title":"rough sets, fuzzy sets, data mining, and granular computing","author":"M Nakata","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nakata, M., Sakai, H.: Rough sets handling missing values probabilistically interpreted. In: Slezak, D., Wang, G., Szczuka, M.S., D\u00fcntsch, I., Yao, Y. (eds.) RSFDGrC 2005. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 3641, pp. 325\u2013334. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)"},{"key":"1_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakata, M., Sakai, H.: Applying rough sets to information tables containing missing values. In: Proceedings of the 39-th International Symposium on Multiple-Valued Logic, pp. 286\u2013291 (2009)","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMVL.2009.1"},{"key":"1_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01001956","volume":"11","author":"Z Pawlak","year":"1982","unstructured":"Pawlak, Z.: Rough sets. Int. J. Comput. Inf. Sci. 11, 341\u2013356 (1982)","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"1_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-3534-4","volume-title":"Rough Sets: Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning about Data","author":"Z Pawlak","year":"1991","unstructured":"Pawlak, Z.: Rough Sets: Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning about Data. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1991)"},{"key":"1_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1145\/219717.219791","volume":"38","author":"Z Pawlak","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pawlak, Z., Grzymala-Busse, J.W., Slowinski, R., Ziarko, W.: Rough sets. Commun. ACM 38, 89\u201395 (1995)","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"1_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2006.06.006","volume":"177","author":"Z Pawlak","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pawlak, Z., Skowron, A.: Rough sets: some extensions. Inf. Sci. 177, 28\u201340 (2007)","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"1_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80032-4","volume":"29","author":"Z Pawlak","year":"1988","unstructured":"Pawlak, Z., Wong, S.K.M., Ziarko, W.: Rough sets: probabilistic versus deterministic approach. Int. J. Man-Mach. Stud. 29, 81\u201395 (1988)","journal-title":"Int. J. Man-Mach. Stud."},{"key":"1_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-006-0058-6","volume":"16","author":"H Peng","year":"2007","unstructured":"Peng, H., Zhu, S.: Handling of incomplete data sets using ICA and SOM in data mining. Neural Comput. Appl. 16, 167\u2013172 (2007)","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"1_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, Y.S., Wei, L., Sun, H.J., Song, Y.Q., Sun, Q.S.: Characteristic relations in generalized incomplete information systems. In: International Workshop on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp. 519\u2013523 (2008)","DOI":"10.1109\/WKDD.2008.59"},{"key":"1_CR70","first-page":"189","volume":"3","author":"YS Qi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Qi, Y.S., Sun, H., Yang, X.B., Song, Y., Sun, Q.: Approach to approximate distribution reduct in incomplete ordered decision system. J. Inf. Comput. Sci. 3, 189\u2013198 (2008)","journal-title":"J. Inf. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"1_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.datak.2007.12.002","volume":"65","author":"Y Qian","year":"2008","unstructured":"Qian, Y., Dang, C., Liang, J., Zhang, H., Ma, J.: On the evaluation of the decision performance of an incomplete decision table. Data Knowl. Eng. 65, 373\u2013400 (2008)","journal-title":"Data Knowl. Eng."},{"key":"1_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2010.02.004","volume":"23","author":"Y Qian","year":"2010","unstructured":"Qian, Y., Li, D., Wang, F., Ma, N.: Approximation reduction in inconsistent incomplete decision tables. Knowl. Based Syst. 23, 427\u2013433 (2010)","journal-title":"Knowl. Based Syst."},{"key":"1_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2004.11.004","volume":"40","author":"D \u015al\u0229zak","year":"2005","unstructured":"\u015al\u0229zak, D., Ziarko, W.: The investigation of the bayesian rough set model. Int. J. Approx. Reason. 40, 81\u201391 (2005)","journal-title":"Int. J. Approx. Reason."},{"key":"1_CR74","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-79721-0_71","volume-title":"Rough Sets and Knowledge Technology","author":"J Song","year":"2008","unstructured":"Song, J., Li, T., Ruan, D.: A new decision tree construction using the cloud transform and rough sets. In: Wang, G., Li, T., Grzymala-Busse, J.W., Miao, D., Skowron, A., Yao, Y. (eds.) RSKT 2008. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 5009, pp. 524\u2013531. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)"},{"key":"1_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, J., Li, T., Wang, Y., Qi, J.: Decision tree construction based on rough set theory under characteristic relation. In: Proceedings of the ISKE 2007, the 2-nd International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Knowledge Engineering Conference, pp. 788\u2013792 (2007)","DOI":"10.2991\/iske.2007.249"},{"key":"1_CR76","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-48061-7_11","volume-title":"New Directions in Rough Sets, Data Mining, and Granular-Soft Computing","author":"J Stefanowski","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stefanowski, J., Tsouki\u00e0s, A.: On the extension of rough sets under incomplete information. In: Zhong, N., Skowron, A., Ohsuga, S. (eds.) RSFDGrC 1999. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 1711, pp. 73\u201382. Springer, Heidelberg (1999)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/0824-7935.00162","volume":"17","author":"J Stefanowski","year":"2001","unstructured":"Stefanowski, J., Tsoukias, A.: Incomplete information tables and rough classification. Computat. Intell. 17(3), 545\u2013566 (2001)","journal-title":"Computat. Intell."},{"key":"1_CR78","unstructured":"Wang, G.: Extension of rough set under incomplete information systems. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, pp. 1098\u20131103 (2002)"},{"key":"1_CR79","unstructured":"Wong, S.K.M., Ziarko, W.: INFER\u2013an adaptive decision support system based on the probabilistic approximate classification. In: Proceedings of the 6-th International Workshop on Expert Systems and their Applications, pp. 713\u2013726 (1986)"},{"key":"1_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-25935-7","volume-title":"Incomplete Information System and Rough Set Theory: Model and Attribute Reduction","author":"X Yang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yang, X., Yang, J.: Incomplete Information System and Rough Set Theory: Model and Attribute Reduction. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)"},{"key":"1_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2011.03.007","volume":"24","author":"X Yang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yang, X., Zhang, M., Dou, H., Yang, J.: Neighborhood systems-based rough sets in incomplete information systems. Knowl. Based Syst. 24, 858\u2013867 (2011)","journal-title":"Knowl. Based Syst."},{"key":"1_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2007.05.019","volume":"49","author":"YY Yao","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yao, Y.Y.: Probabilistic rough set approximations. Int. J. Approx. Reason. 49, 255\u2013271 (2008)","journal-title":"Int. J. Approx. Reason."},{"key":"1_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7373(92)90069-W","volume":"37","author":"YY Yao","year":"1992","unstructured":"Yao, Y.Y., Wong, S.K.M.: A decision theoretic framework for approximate concepts. Int. J. Man Mach. Stud. 37, 793\u2013809 (1992)","journal-title":"Int. J. Man Mach. Stud."},{"key":"1_CR84","unstructured":"Yao, Y.Y., Wong, S.K.M., Lingras, P.: A decision-theoretic rough set model. In: Ras, Z.W., Zemankova, M., Emrich, M.L. (eds.) Methodologies for Intelligent Systems, North-Holland, pp. 388\u2013395 (1990)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0000(93)90048-2","volume":"46","author":"W Ziarko","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ziarko, W.: Variable precision rough set model. J. Comput. Syst. Sci. 46(1), 39\u201359 (1993)","journal-title":"J. Comput. Syst. Sci."},{"key":"1_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2007.06.014","volume":"49","author":"W Ziarko","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ziarko, W.: Probabilistic approach to rough sets. Int. J. Approx. Reason. 49, 272\u2013284 (2008)","journal-title":"Int. J. Approx. Reason."}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Rough Sets and Knowledge Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-319-25754-9_1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T16:03:50Z","timestamp":1729094630000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-25754-9_1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"ISBN":["9783319257532","9783319257549"],"references-count":86,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-25754-9_1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0302-9743"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1611-3349"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 November 2015","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"RSKT","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Rough Sets and Knowledge Technology","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Tianjin","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"China","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2015","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"20 November 2015","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"23 November 2015","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"10","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"rskt2015","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}