{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T04:15:43Z","timestamp":1749010543875,"version":"3.41.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783319289694"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783319289717"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-28971-7_18","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,25]],"date-time":"2016-05-25T04:53:14Z","timestamp":1464151994000},"page":"479-505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Context-Based Fusion of Physical and Human Data for Level 5 Information Fusion"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Erik","family":"Blasch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riad I.","family":"Hammoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haibin","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Genshe","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"18_CR1","volume-title":"High-Level Information Fusion Management and Systems Design","author":"E Blasch","year":"2012","unstructured":"E. Blasch, E. Bosse, D. Lambert, High-Level Information Fusion Management and Systems Design (Artech House, Norwood, 2012)"},{"key":"18_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Blasch, Sensor, user, mission (SUM) resource management and their interaction with level 2\/3 fusion, in International Conference on Info Fusion, 2006","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIF.2006.301791"},{"key":"18_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Blasch, D.A. Lambert, P. Valin, M.M. Kokar, J. Llinas, S. Das, C.-Y. Chong, E. Shahbazian, High level information fusion (HLIF) survey of models, issues, and grand challenges, in IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, vol. 27, No. 9, Sept. 2012","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2012.6366088"},{"key":"18_CR4","unstructured":"P. Foo, G. Ng, High-level information fusion: an overview. J. Adv. Inf. Fusion 8(1) (2013)"},{"key":"18_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Kahler, E. Blasch, Sensor management fusion using operating conditions, in Proceedings of IEEE National Aerospace Electronics Conference, 2008","DOI":"10.1109\/NAECON.2008.4806559"},{"volume-title":"Situation awareness analysis and measurement","year":"2000","key":"18_CR6","unstructured":"M.R. Endsley, D.J. Garland (eds.), Situation awareness analysis and measurement (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, 2000)"},{"key":"18_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Blasch, S. Plano, Level 5: user refinement to aid the fusion process, in Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 5099, 2003","DOI":"10.1117\/12.486899"},{"key":"18_CR8","unstructured":"A. Steinberg, C. Bowman, et al., Adaptive context assessment and context management, in International Conference on Information Fusion, 2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"18_CR9","first-page":"122","volume":"1","author":"E Blasch","year":"2006","unstructured":"E. Blasch, I. Kadar, J. Salerno, M.M. Kokar, S. Das et al., Issues and challenges in situation assessment (Level 2 Fusion). J. Adv. Inf. Fusion 1(2), 122\u2013139 (2006)","journal-title":"J. Adv. Inf. Fusion"},{"issue":"1","key":"18_CR10","first-page":"14","volume":"3","author":"C Yang","year":"2008","unstructured":"C. Yang, E. Blasch, Fusion of tracks with road constraints. J. Adv. Inf. Fusion 3(1), 14\u201332 (2008)","journal-title":"J. Adv. Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"18_CR11","unstructured":"Y. Bar-Shalom, P.K. Willett, X. Tian, Tracking and Data Fusion (YBS Publishing, 2011)"},{"key":"18_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Mallick, V. Krishnamurthy, B.-N. Vo, Integrated Tracking, Classification, and Sensor Management, Theory and Applications (Wiley, New York, 2012)","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118450550"},{"key":"18_CR13","unstructured":"E. Blasch, Derivation of a Belief Filter for High Range Resolution Radar Simultaneous Target Tracking and Identification, Ph.D. Dissertation, Wright State University, 1999"},{"key":"18_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Blasch, S. Plano, JDL Level 5 Fusion model \u2018user refinement\u2019 issues and applications in group Tracking, in Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 4729, 2002","DOI":"10.1117\/12.477612"},{"key":"18_CR15","unstructured":"E.T. Senlap, Coordination of sensor platforms for tracking and identifying objects: performance measures, in International Conference on Information Fusion, 2013"},{"key":"18_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Blasch, Z. Wang, H. Ling, K. Palaniappan, G. Chen, D. Shen, A. Aved, G. Seetharaman, Video-based activity analysis using the L1 tracker on VIRAT data, in IEEE Applied Imagery Pattern Recognition Workshop, 2013","DOI":"10.1109\/AIPR.2013.6749311"},{"key":"18_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Blasch, G. Seetharaman, K. Palaniappan, H. Ling, G. Chen, Wide-area motion imagery (WAMI) exploitation tools for enhanced situation awareness, in IEEE Applied Imagery Pattern Recognition Workshop, 2012","DOI":"10.1109\/AIPR.2012.6528198"},{"key":"18_CR18","unstructured":"A. Hoogs, J. Mundy, G. Cross, Multi-modal fusion for video understanding, in IEEE Applied Imagery Pattern Recognition Workshop, 2001"},{"key":"18_CR19","unstructured":"A. Hoogs, J. Rittscher, G. Stein, J. Schmiederer, Video content annotation using visual analysis and a large semantic knowledgebase, in IEEE CVPR, 2003"},{"key":"18_CR20","unstructured":"N. Denis, E. Jones, Spatio-temporal pattern detection using dynamic bayesian networks, in IEEE Conference on Decision & Control, 2003"},{"key":"18_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.T. Chan, A. Hoogs, J. Schmiederer, M. Petersen, Detecting rare events in video using semantic primitives with HMM, in International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2004","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2004.1333726"},{"key":"18_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.T. Chan, A. Hoogs, Z. Sun, J. Schmiederer, R. Bhotika, G. Doretto, Event recognition with fragmented object tracks, in International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2006","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2006.513"},{"key":"18_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Basharat, A. Gritai, M. Shah, Learning object motion patterns for anomaly detection and improved object detection, in IEEE CVPR, 2008","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2008.4587510"},{"key":"18_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Swears, A. Hoogs, A.G.A. Perera, Learning motion patterns in surveillance video using HMM clustering, in IEEE WMCV, 2008","DOI":"10.1109\/WMVC.2008.4544063"},{"key":"18_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Blasch, C. Banas, M. Paul, B. Bussjager, et al., Pattern activity clustering and evaluation (PACE), in Proc. SPIE, vol. 8402, 2012","DOI":"10.1117\/12.919027"},{"key":"18_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K.K. Reddy, N. Cuntoor, et al., Human action recognition in large-scale datasets using histogram of spatiotemporal gradients, in IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal-Based Surveillance, 2012","DOI":"10.1109\/AVSS.2012.40"},{"key":"18_CR27","unstructured":"P. Liang, et al., Multiple kernel learning for vehicle detection in wide area motion imagery, in International Conference on Information Fusion, 2012"},{"key":"18_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Yuan, X. Li, W. Hu, H. Ling, S. Maybank, 3D R transform on spatio-temporal interest points for action recognition, in IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2013","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2013.99"},{"key":"18_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Gao, H. Ling, et al., Pattern of life from WAMI objects tracking based on visual context-aware tracking and infusion network models, in Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 8745, 2013","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2015612"},{"key":"18_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N.F. Sandell, R. Savell, D. Twardowski, G. Cybenko, HBML: a representation language for quantitative behavioral modeling in the human terrain, in Social Computing and Behavioral Modeling, eds. by H. Liu, J.J. Salerno, M.J. Young (Springer, Berlin, 2009)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0056-2_23"},{"key":"18_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Wang, Z. Zhu, R. Hammoud, Audio-visual feature fusion for vehicles classification in a surveillance system, in IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2013","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2013.64"},{"key":"18_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. Kim, S. Oh, B. Byun, A.G.A. Perera, C.-H. Lee, Explicit performance metric optimization for fusion-based video retrieval, in European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2012","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33885-4_40"},{"key":"18_CR33","unstructured":"J. Garcia Herro, L. Snidaro, I. Visentini, Exploiting context as a binding element for multi-level fusion, in International Conference on Information Fusion, 2012"},{"key":"18_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Blasch, J. Garcia Herrero, L. Snidaro, J. Llinas, G. Seetharaman, K. Palaniappan, Overview of contextual tracking approaches in information fusion, in Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 8747, 2013","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2016312"},{"key":"18_CR35","unstructured":"M.A. Pravia, O. Babko-Malaya, M.K. Schneider, et al., Lessons learned in the creation of a data set for hard-soft information fusion, in International Conference on Information Fusion, 2009"},{"key":"18_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.L. Graham, D.L. Hall, J. Rimlan, A synthetic dataset for evaluating soft and hard fusion algorithms, in Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 8062, 2011","DOI":"10.1117\/12.884042"},{"key":"18_CR37","unstructured":"A. Panasyuk, et al., Extraction of semantic activities from Twitter data, in Semantic Technology for Intelligence, Defense, and Security, 2013"},{"key":"18_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Wu, W.M. Pottenger, A semi-supervised active learning algorithm for information extraction from textual data. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Tech. 56(3), 258\u2013271 (2005)","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20119"},{"issue":"7","key":"18_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2010.160","volume":"23","author":"MC Ganiz","year":"2011","unstructured":"M.C. Ganiz, C. George, W.M. Pottenger, Higher order Na\u00efve Bayes: a novel non-iid approach to text classification. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 23(7), 1022\u20131034 (2011)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."},{"key":"18_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Liu, E. Blasch, Y. Chen, D. Shen, G. Chen, Scalable sentiment classification for big data analysis using Naive Bayes classifier, in IEEE International Conference on Big Data, Oct. 2013","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData.2013.6691740"},{"key":"18_CR41","unstructured":"C. Nelson, H. Keiler H., W.M. Pottenger, Modeling Microtext with higher order learning, in AAAI Spring Symposium, 2013"},{"key":"18_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"www.intuidex.com . Accessed 13 March 2014","DOI":"10.32964\/TJ13.3"},{"key":"18_CR43","unstructured":"A. Preece, D. Pizzocaro, D. Braines, D. Mott, G. de Mel, T. Pham, Integrating hard and soft information sources for D2D using controlled natural language, in International Confernece on Information Fusion, 2012"},{"key":"18_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E.A. Smith, Effects based operations: applying network centric warfare in peace, crisis, and war, Command and Control research Programs (CCRP), 2003","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA457292"},{"key":"18_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Blasch, et al., DFIG Level 5 (User Refinement) issues supporting situational assessment reasoning, in International Conference on Information Fusion, 2005","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIF.2005.1591830"},{"key":"18_CR46","unstructured":"O. Straka, J. Dun\u00edk, M. \u0160imandl, Randomized unscented Kalman Filter in target tracking, in International Conference on Information Fusion, 2012"},{"key":"18_CR47","unstructured":"P. Liang, H. Ling, E. Blasch, G. Seetharaman, D. Shen, G. Chen, Vehicle detection in wide area aerial surveillance using temporal context, in International Conference on Information Fusion, 2013"},{"key":"18_CR48","unstructured":"P.C.G. Costa, K.B. Laskey, E. Blasch, A.-L. Jousselme, Towards unbiased evaluation of uncertainty reasoning: the URREF ontology, in International Conference on Information Fusion, 2012"},{"key":"18_CR49","unstructured":"J. Dezert, D. Han, Z.-G. Liu, J.-M. Tacnet, Hierarchical DSmP transformation for decision-making under uncertainty, in International Conference on Information Fusion, 2012"},{"key":"18_CR50","unstructured":"A. Josang, P.C.G. Costa, et al., Determining model correctness for situations of belief fusion, in International Conference on Information Fusion, 2013"},{"key":"18_CR51","unstructured":"E. Blasch, K.B. Laskey, A.-L. Joussselme, V. Dragos, P.C.G. Costa, J. Dezert, URREF reliability versus credibility in information fusion (STANAG 2511), in International Conference on Information Fusion, 2013"},{"key":"18_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Blasch, P. Valin, E. Boss\u00e9, Measures of effectiveness for high-level fusion, in International Conference on Information Fusion, 2010","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIF.2010.5711858"},{"key":"18_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Blasch, R. Breton, P. Valin, Information fusion measures of effectiveness (MOE) for decision support, in Proceedings of SPIE, 8050, April 2011","DOI":"10.1117\/12.883988"},{"key":"18_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Ling, L. Bai, et al., Robust infrared vehicle tracking across target pose change using L1 regularization, in International Conference on Information Fusion, 2010","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIF.2010.5711902"},{"key":"18_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X. Mei, H. Ling, et al., Minimum error bounded efficient L1 tracker with occlusion detection, in IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2011.5995421"},{"key":"18_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X. Zhang, W. Li, W. Hu, H. Ling, et al., Block covariance based L1 tracker with a subtle template dictionary, in Pattern Recognition (2012)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2012.08.015"},{"key":"18_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X. Mei, H. Ling, Y. Wu, E. Blasch, L. Bai, Efficient minimum error bounded particle resampling L1 tracker with occlusion detection, IEEE Trans. Image Process. (T-IP) 22(7), 2661\u20132675 (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2013.2255301"},{"key":"18_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Blasch, Enhanced air operations using JView for an air-ground fused situation awareness UDOP, in AIAA\/IEEE Digital Avionics Systems Conference, Syracuse, NY, Oct. 2013","DOI":"10.1109\/DASC.2013.6712597"},{"key":"18_CR59","unstructured":"R.T. Antony, J.A. Karakowski, First-principle approach to functionally decomposing the JDL fusion model: emphasis on soft target data, in International Conference on Information Fusion, 2008"},{"key":"18_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.T. Antony, J.A. Karakowski, Homeland security application of the Army Soft Target Exploitation and Fusion (STEF) system, in Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 7666, 2010","DOI":"10.1117\/12.852508"},{"issue":"3","key":"18_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4018\/IJMSTR.2014070101","volume":"2","author":"EP Blasch","year":"2014","unstructured":"E.P. Blasch, S.K. Rogers, H. Holloway, J. Tierno, E.K. Jones, R.I. Hammoud, QuEST for information fusion in multimedia reports. Int. J. Monit. Surveill. Technol. Res. (IJMSTR) 2(3), 1\u201330 (2014)","journal-title":"Int. J. Monit. Surveill. Technol. Res. (IJMSTR)"},{"key":"18_CR62","first-page":"19843","volume":"14","author":"RI Hammoud","year":"2014","unstructured":"R.I. Hammoud, C.S. Sahin, E.P. Blasch, B.J. Rhodes, T. Wang, Automatic association of chats and video tracks for activity learning and recognition in aerial video surveillance. Sens. Spec. Issue Target Track. FLIR Imagery 14, 19843\u201319860 (2014)","journal-title":"Sens. Spec. Issue Target Track. FLIR Imagery"},{"key":"18_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.I. Hammoud, et al., Multi-source multi-modal activity recognition in aerial video surveillance, in IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2014), 2014","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2014.44"},{"key":"18_CR64","unstructured":"E. Blasch Introduction to level 5 fusion: the role of the user, Chap. 19, in Handbook of Multisensor Data Fusion, 2nd edn., by M.E. Liggins, D. Hall, J. Llinas (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2008)"},{"key":"18_CR65","unstructured":"E. Blasch, A. Steinberg, S. Das, J. Llinas, et al., Revisiting the JDL model for information Exploitation, in International Conference on Information Fusion, 2013"},{"key":"18_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Kahler, E. Blasch, Sensor management fusion using operating conditions, in Proceedings of IEEE National Aerospace Electronics Conference (NAECON), July 2008","DOI":"10.1109\/NAECON.2008.4806559"},{"issue":"1","key":"18_CR67","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"G Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"G. Chen, D. Shen, C. Kwan, J. Cruz et al., Game theoretic approach to threat prediction and situation awareness. J. Adv. Inf. Fusion 2(1), 1\u201314 (2007)","journal-title":"J. Adv. Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"18_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Blasch, Z. Liu, LANDSAT satellite image fusion metric assessment, in Proceedings of IEEE National Aerospace Electronics Conference, 2011","DOI":"10.1109\/NAECON.2011.6183109"}],"container-title":["Advances in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","Context-Enhanced Information Fusion"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-319-28971-7_18","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T19:22:43Z","timestamp":1748978563000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-28971-7_18"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"ISBN":["9783319289694","9783319289717"],"references-count":68,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-28971-7_18","relation":{},"ISSN":["2191-6586","2191-6594"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2191-6586"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2191-6594"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 May 2016","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}}]}}