{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T04:13:03Z","timestamp":1749615183288,"version":"3.41.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783319464534"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783319464541"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46454-1_50","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,15]],"date-time":"2016-09-15T09:15:09Z","timestamp":1473930909000},"page":"825-841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Robust Face Alignment Using a Mixture of Invariant Experts"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Oncel","family":"Tuzel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim K.","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salil","family":"Tambe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"50_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1006\/cviu.1995.1004","volume":"61","author":"TF Cootes","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cootes, T.F., Taylor, C.J., Cooper, D.H., Graham, J.: Active shape models-their training and application. Comput. Vis. Image Understand. 61(1), 38\u201359 (1995)","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Image Understand."},{"issue":"6","key":"50_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1109\/34.927467","volume":"23","author":"TF Cootes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cootes, T.F., Edwards, G.J., Taylor, C.J.: Active appearance models. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 23(6), 681\u2013685 (2001)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"50_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sauer, P., Cootes, T.F., Taylor, C.J.: Accurate regression procedures for active appearance models. In: BMVC, pp. 1\u201311 (2011)","DOI":"10.5244\/C.25.30"},{"issue":"4","key":"50_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2008.11.006","volume":"30","author":"J Sung","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sung, J., Kim, D.: Adaptive active appearance model with incremental learning. Pattern Recogn. Lett. 30(4), 359\u2013367 (2009)","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn. Lett."},{"key":"50_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzimiropoulos, G., Pantic, M.: Optimization problems for fast AAM fitting in-the-wild. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2013.79"},{"key":"50_CR6","first-page":"483","volume":"10","author":"S Romdhani","year":"1999","unstructured":"Romdhani, S., Gong, S., Psarrou, A., et al.: A multi-view nonlinear active shape model using kernel PCA. BMVC 10, 483\u2013492 (1999)","journal-title":"BMVC"},{"issue":"9","key":"50_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(02)00055-0","volume":"20","author":"TF Cootes","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cootes, T.F., Wheeler, G.V., Walker, K.N., Taylor, C.J.: View-based active appearance models. Image Vis. Comput. 20(9), 657\u2013664 (2002)","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"50_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asthana, A., Marks, T., Jones, M., Tieu, K., M.V., R.: Fully automatic pose-invariant face recognition via 3d pose normalization. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), pp. 937\u2013944, November 2011","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2011.6126336"},{"key":"50_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cootes, T.F., Wheeler, G.V., Walker, K.N., Taylor, C.J.: Coupled-view active appearance models. In: BMVC, pp. 52\u201361 (2000)","DOI":"10.5244\/C.14.6"},{"key":"50_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, C., Xiao, J., Matthews, I., Baker, S., Cohn, J.F., Kanade, T.: Fitting a single active appearance model simultaneously to multiple images. In: BMVC, pp. 1\u201310 (2004)","DOI":"10.5244\/C.18.46"},{"key":"50_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cristinacce, D., Cootes, T.F.: Feature detection and tracking with constrained local models. In: BMVC (2006)","DOI":"10.5244\/C.20.95"},{"key":"50_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cristinacce, D., Cootes, T.F.: Boosted regression active shape models. In: BMVC, pp. 1\u201310 (2007)","DOI":"10.5244\/C.21.79"},{"key":"50_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, F., Brandt, J., Lin, Z.: Exemplar-based graph matching for robust facial landmark localization. In: 2013 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), pp. 1025\u20131032. IEEE (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2013.131"},{"key":"50_CR14","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33712-3_4","volume-title":"Computer Vision \u2013 ECCV 2012","author":"BM Smith","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smith, B.M., Zhang, L.: Joint face alignment with non-parametric shape models. In: Fitzgibbon, A., Lazebnik, S., Perona, P., Sato, Y., Schmid, C. (eds.) ECCV 2012. LNCS, vol. 7574, pp. 43\u201356. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). doi: 10.1007\/978-3-642-33712-3_4"},{"key":"50_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzimiropoulos, G., Pantic, M.: Gauss-newton deformable part models for face alignment in-the-wild. In: 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 1851\u20131858. IEEE (2014)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.239"},{"key":"50_CR16","unstructured":"Tuzel, O., Porikli, F., Meer, P.: Learning on lie groups for invariant detection and tracking. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2008, CVPR 2008, pp. 1\u20138. IEEE (2008)"},{"key":"50_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, X., De la Torre, F.: Supervised descent method and its applications to face alignment. In: 2013 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 532\u2013539. IEEE (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2013.75"},{"key":"50_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asthana, A., Zafeiriou, S., Cheng, S., Pantic, M.: Incremental face alignment in the wild. In: 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 1859\u20131866. IEEE (2014)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.240"},{"issue":"11","key":"50_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2008.238","volume":"31","author":"X Liu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liu, X.: Discriminative face alignment. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell. 31(11), 1941\u20131954 (2009)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell."},{"key":"50_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazemi, V., Sullivan, J.: Face alignment with part-based modeling. In: Proceedings of the British Machine Vision Conference, p. 27:1. BMVA Press (2011)","DOI":"10.5244\/C.25.27"},{"issue":"2","key":"50_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-010-0380-4","volume":"91","author":"JM Saragih","year":"2011","unstructured":"Saragih, J.M., Lucey, S., Cohn, J.F.: Deformable model fitting by regularized landmark mean-shift. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 91(2), 200\u2013215 (2011)","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"50_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doll\u00e1r, P., Welinder, P., Perona, P.: Cascaded pose regression. In: 2010 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 1078\u20131085. IEEE (2010)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2010.5540094"},{"key":"50_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, S., Cao, X., Wei, Y., Sun, J.: Face alignment at 3000 fps via regressing local binary features. In: 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 1685\u20131692. IEEE (2014)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.218"},{"key":"50_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazemi, V., Sullivan, J.: One millisecond face alignment with an ensemble of regression trees. In: 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 1867\u20131874. IEEE (2014)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.241"},{"issue":"2","key":"50_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-013-0667-3","volume":"107","author":"X Cao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cao, X., Wei, Y., Wen, F., Sun, J.: Face alignment by explicit shape regression. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 107(2), 177\u2013190 (2014)","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"50_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzimiropoulos, G.: Project-out cascaded regression with an application to face alignment. In: The IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), June 2015","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298989"},{"key":"50_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, J., Lei, Z., Yi, D., Li, S.Z.: Learn to combine multiple hypotheses for accurate face alignment. In: 2013 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (ICCVW), pp. 392\u2013396. IEEE (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2013.126"},{"key":"50_CR28","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33786-4_21","volume-title":"Computer Vision \u2013 ECCV 2012","author":"TF Cootes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cootes, T.F., Ionita, M.C., Lindner, C., Sauer, P.: Robust and accurate shape model fitting using random forest regression voting. In: Fitzgibbon, A., Lazebnik, S., Perona, P., Sato, Y., Schmid, C. (eds.) ECCV 2012. LNCS, vol. 7578, pp. 278\u2013291. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). doi: 10.1007\/978-3-642-33786-4_21"},{"key":"50_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alabort-i Medina, J., Antonakos, E., Booth, J., Snape, P., Zafeiriou, S.: Menpo: A comprehensive platform for parametric image alignment and visual deformable models. In: Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Multimedia, MM 2014, pp. 679\u2013682. ACM, New York (2014)","DOI":"10.1145\/2647868.2654890"},{"key":"50_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, X., De la Torre, F.: Global supervised descent method. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), June 2015","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298882"},{"key":"50_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, S., Yan, S., Kassim, A.A.: Facial landmark detection via progressive initialization. In: The IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) Workshops, December 2015","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2015.130"},{"key":"50_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Kan, M., Shan, S., Chen, X.: Leveraging datasets with varying annotations for face alignment via deep regression network. In: The IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), December 2015","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.433"},{"key":"50_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, E., Fan, H., Cao, Z., Jiang, Y., Yin, Q.: Extensive facial landmark localization with coarse-to-fine convolutional network cascade. In: ICCV Workshop (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2013.58"},{"key":"50_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Shan, S., Kan, M., Chen, X.: Coarse-to-fine auto-encoder networks (CFAN) for real-time face alignment. In: ECCV (2014)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10605-2_1"},{"key":"50_CR35","unstructured":"Zhu, S., Li, C., Change Loy, C., Tang, X.: Face alignment by coarse-to-fine shape searching. In: CVPR (2015)"},{"key":"50_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burgos-Artizzu, X.P., Perona, P., Dollar, P.: Robust face landmark estimation under occlusion. In: The IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), December 2013","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2013.191"},{"key":"50_CR37","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10593-2_8","volume-title":"Computer Vision \u2013 ECCV 2014","author":"X Yu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yu, X., Lin, Z., Brandt, J., Metaxas, D.N.: Consensus of regression for occlusion-robust facial feature localization. In: Fleet, D., Pajdla, T., Schiele, B., Tuytelaars, T. (eds.) ECCV 2014. LNCS, vol. 8692, pp. 105\u2013118. Springer, Heidelberg (2014). doi: 10.1007\/978-3-319-10593-2_8"},{"issue":"11","key":"50_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1109\/78.650107","volume":"45","author":"A Rao","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rao, A., Miller, D., Rose, K., Gersho, A.: Mixture of experts regression modeling by deterministic annealing. IEEE Trans. Sig. Process. 45(11), 2811\u20132820 (1997)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sig. Process."},{"key":"50_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sagonas, C., Tzimiropoulos, G., Zafeiriou, S., Pantic, M.: A semi-automatic methodology for facial landmark annotation. In: Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR-Workshops), 5th Workshop on Analysis and Modeling of Faces and Gestures (AMFG2013), Portland Oregon, USA, June 2013","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2013.132"},{"key":"50_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sagonas, C., Tzimiropoulos, G., Zafeiriou, S., Pantic, M.: 300 faces in-the-wild challenge: the first facial landmark localization challenge. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV-Workshops), 300 Faces in-the-Wild Challenge (300-W), Sydney, Australia, December 2013","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2013.59"},{"key":"50_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, X., Ramanan, D.: Face detection, pose estimation, and landmark localization in the wild. In: 2012 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 2879\u20132886. IEEE (2012)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2012.6248014"},{"issue":"2","key":"50_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94","volume":"60","author":"DG Lowe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lowe, D.G.: Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 60(2), 91\u2013110 (2004)","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"50_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2015.11.003","volume":"47","author":"J \u010cech","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u010cech, J., Franc, V., U\u0159i\u010d\u00e1\u0159, M., Matas, J.: Multi-view facial landmark detection by using a 3D shape model. Image Vis. Comput. 47, 60\u201370 (2016)","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"50_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belhumeur, P.N., Jacobs, D.W., Kriegman, D., Kumar, N.: Localizing parts of faces using a consensus of exemplars. In: 2011 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 545\u2013552. IEEE (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2011.5995602"},{"key":"50_CR45","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33712-3_49","volume-title":"Computer Vision \u2013 ECCV 2012","author":"V Le","year":"2012","unstructured":"Le, V., Brandt, J., Lin, Z., Bourdev, L., Huang, T.S.: Interactive facial feature localization. In: Fitzgibbon, A., Lazebnik, S., Perona, P., Sato, Y., Schmid, C. (eds.) ECCV 2012. LNCS, vol. 7574, pp. 679\u2013692. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). doi: 10.1007\/978-3-642-33712-3_49"},{"key":"50_CR46","unstructured":"Yang, H., Jia, X., Loy, C.C., Robinson, P.: An empirical study of recent face alignment methods. CoRR abs\/1511.05049 (2015)"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Computer Vision \u2013 ECCV 2016"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-319-46454-1_50","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T19:01:20Z","timestamp":1749582080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-46454-1_50"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"ISBN":["9783319464534","9783319464541"],"references-count":46,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-46454-1_50","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0302-9743"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1611-3349"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 September 2016","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"ECCV","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"European Conference on Computer Vision","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Amsterdam","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"The Netherlands","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2016","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"8 October 2016","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"16 October 2016","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"14","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"eccv2016","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"http:\/\/www.eccv2016.org\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}