{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T05:13:03Z","timestamp":1793855583151,"version":"4.6.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783319508344","type":"print"},{"value":"9783319508351","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-50835-1_66","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,9]],"date-time":"2016-12-09T00:42:52Z","timestamp":1481244172000},"page":"735-746","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["OCR as a Service: An Experimental Evaluation of Google Docs OCR, Tesseract, ABBYY FineReader, and Transym"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Ahmad P.","family":"Tafti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmadreza","family":"Baghaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Assefi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid R.","family":"Arabnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeyun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peggy","family":"Peissig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"66_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, H.-Y., Hsu, C.-Y.: Optical character recognition with fast training neural network. In: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), pp. 1458\u20131461. IEEE (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT.2016.7474973"},{"issue":"1","key":"66_CR2","first-page":"7","volume":"3","author":"VV Patil","year":"2015","unstructured":"Patil, V.V., Sanap, R.V., Kharate, R.B.: Optical character recognition using artificial neural network. Int. J. Eng. Res. Gen. Sci. 3(1), 7 (2015)","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Res. Gen. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"66_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.18287\/2412-6179-2016-40-2-249-257","volume":"40","author":"VG Spitsyn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Spitsyn, V.G., Bolotova, Y.A., Phan, N.H., Bui, T.T.T.: Using a haar wavelet transform, principal component analysis and neural networks for OCR in the presence of impulse noise. Comput. Opt. 40(2), 249\u2013257 (2016)","journal-title":"Comput. Opt."},{"key":"66_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1142\/4648","volume-title":"Hidden Markov Models: Applications in Computer Vision","author":"H Bunke","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bunke, H., Caelli, T.: Hidden Markov Models: Applications in Computer Vision, vol. 45. World Scientific, River Edge (2001)"},{"issue":"2","key":"66_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2006.04.043","volume":"40","author":"MR Gupta","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gupta, M.R., Jacobson, N.P., Garcia, E.K.: OCR binarization and image pre-processing for searching historical documents. Pattern Recogn. 40(2), 389\u2013397 (2007)","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn."},{"key":"66_CR6","unstructured":"Jadhav, P., Kelkar, P., Patil, K., Thorat, S.: Smart traffic control system using image processing (2016)"},{"key":"66_CR7","unstructured":"Afli, H., Qiu, Z., Way, A., Sheridan, P.: Using SMT for OCR error correction of historical texts. In: Proceedings of LREC-2016, Portoro\u017e, Slovenia (2016, to appear)"},{"key":"66_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolak, O., Byrne, W., Resnik, P.: A generative probabilistic OCR model for NLP applications. In: Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology, vol. 1, pp. 55\u201362. Association for Computational Linguistics (2003)","DOI":"10.3115\/1073445.1073463"},{"key":"66_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolak, O., Resnik, P.: OCR post-processing for low density languages. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Human Language Technology and Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 867\u2013874. Association for Computational Linguistics (2005)","DOI":"10.3115\/1220575.1220684"},{"issue":"1","key":"66_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-006-0007-y","volume":"74","author":"T Deselaers","year":"2007","unstructured":"Deselaers, T., M\u00fcller, H., Clough, P., Ney, H., Lehmann, T.M.: The CLEF 2005 automatic medical image annotation task. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 74(1), 51\u201358 (2007)","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"issue":"Suppl1","key":"66_CR11","first-page":"13","volume":"8","author":"VC Kaggal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kaggal, V.C., Elayavilli, R.K., Mehrabi, S., Joshua, J.P., Sohn, S., Wang, Y., Li, D., Rastegar, M.M., Murphy, S.P., Ross, J.L., et al.: Toward a learning health-care system-knowledge delivery at the point of care empowered by big data and NLP. Biomed. Inf. Insights 8(Suppl1), 13 (2016)","journal-title":"Biomed. Inf. Insights"},{"key":"66_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pomares-Quimbaya, A., Gonzalez, R.A., Quintero, S., Mu\u00f1oz, O.M., Boh\u00f3rquez, W.R., Garc\u00eda, O.M., Londo\u00f1o, D.: A review of existing applications and techniques for narrative text analysis in electronic medical records (2016)","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-4666-9978-6.ch062"},{"key":"66_CR13","volume-title":"The History of OCR, Optical Character Recognition","author":"HF Herbert","year":"1982","unstructured":"Herbert, H.F.: The History of OCR, Optical Character Recognition. Recognition Technologies Users Association, Manchester Center (1982)"},{"issue":"8","key":"66_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1109\/34.57669","volume":"12","author":"CC Tappert","year":"1990","unstructured":"Tappert, C.C., Suen, C.Y., Wakahara, T.: The state of the art in online handwriting recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 12(8), 787\u2013808 (1990)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"66_CR15","unstructured":"Assefi, M., Liu, G., Wittie, M.P., Izurieta, C.: An experimental evaluation of apple siri and google speech recognition. In: Proccedings of the 2015 ISCA SEDE (2015)"},{"key":"66_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assefi, M., Wittie, M., Knight, A.: Impact of network performance on cloud speech recognition. In: 2015 24th International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks (ICCCN), pp. 1\u20136. IEEE (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCN.2015.7288417"},{"key":"66_CR17","volume-title":"SaaS Architecture, Adoption and Monetization of SaaS Projects using Best Practice Service Strategy, Service Design, Service Transition, Service Operation and Continual Service Improvement Processes","author":"R Hatch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hatch, R.: SaaS Architecture, Adoption and Monetization of SaaS Projects using Best Practice Service Strategy, Service Design, Service Transition, Service Operation and Continual Service Improvement Processes. Emereo Pty Ltd., London (2008)"},{"key":"66_CR18","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-27863-6_50","volume-title":"Advances in Visual Computing","author":"AP Tafti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tafti, A.P., Hassannia, H., Piziak, D., Yu, Z.: SeLibCV: a service library for computer vision researchers. In: Bebis, G., et al. (eds.) ISVC 2015. LNCS, vol. 9475, pp. 542\u2013553. Springer, Heidelberg (2015). doi: 10.1007\/978-3-319-27863-6_50"},{"issue":"4","key":"66_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1007\/s11704-015-4900-9","volume":"9","author":"X Xiaolan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xiaolan, X., Wenjun, W., Wang, Y., Yuchuan, W.: Software crowdsourcing for developing software-as-a-service. Front. Comput. Sci. 9(4), 554\u2013565 (2015)","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"66_CR20","unstructured":"Google docs (2012). http:\/\/docs.google.com"},{"key":"66_CR21","unstructured":"Tesseract OCR (2016). https:\/\/github.com\/tesseract-ocr"},{"key":"66_CR22","unstructured":"Tesseract.js, a pure javascript version of the tesseract OCR engine (2016). http:\/\/tesseract.projectnaptha.com\/"},{"key":"66_CR23","unstructured":"Abbyy OCR (2016). https:\/\/www.abbyy.com\/"},{"key":"66_CR24","unstructured":"Abbyy OCR online (2016). https:\/\/finereaderonline.com\/en-us\/Tasks\/Create"},{"key":"66_CR25","unstructured":"Transym (2016). http:\/\/www.transym.com\/"},{"key":"66_CR26","unstructured":"Online OCR (2016). http:\/\/www.onlineocr.net\/"},{"key":"66_CR27","unstructured":"Free OCR (2016). http:\/\/www.free-ocr.com\/"},{"key":"66_CR28","unstructured":"Mendelson, E.: Abbyy finereader 12 professional. Technical report, PC Magazine (2014)"},{"key":"66_CR29","unstructured":"Rice, S.V., Jenkins, F.R., Nartker, T.A.: The fourth annual test of OCR accuracy. Technical report, Technical Report 95 (1995)"},{"key":"66_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bautista, C.M., Dy, C.A., Ma\u00f1alac, M.I., Orbe, R.A., Cordel, M.: Convolutional neural network for vehicle detection in low resolution traffic videos. In: 2016 IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP), pp. 277\u2013281. IEEE (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/TENCONSpring.2016.7519418"},{"issue":"7553","key":"66_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539","volume":"521","author":"Y LeCun","year":"2015","unstructured":"LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y., Hinton, G.: Deep learning. Nature 521(7553), 436\u2013444 (2015)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"66_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, P., Karamchandani, S., Nadkar, T., Gulechha, N., Koli, K., Lad, K.: OCR-based chassis-number recognition using artificial neural networks. In: 2009 IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES), pp. 31\u201334. IEEE (2009)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICVES.2009.5400240"},{"issue":"7","key":"66_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2014.2366765","volume":"37","author":"Q Ye","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ye, Q., Doermann, D.: Text detection and recognition in imagery: a survey. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 37(7), 1480\u20131500 (2015)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"66_CR34","unstructured":"Google drive (2012). http:\/\/drive.google.com"},{"key":"66_CR35","unstructured":"Apache license, version 2.0 (2004). http:\/\/www.apache.org\/licenses\/LICENSE-2.0"},{"key":"66_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, R.: An overview of the tesseract OCR engine (2007)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2007.4376991"},{"issue":"2","key":"66_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/2151237X.2007.10129236","volume":"12","author":"D Bradley","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bradley, D., Roth, G.: Adaptive thresholding using the integral image. J. Graph. GPU Game Tools 12(2), 13\u201321 (2007)","journal-title":"J. Graph. GPU Game Tools"},{"key":"66_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasmussen, L.V., Peissig, P.L., McCarty, C.A., Starren, J.: Development of an optical character recognition pipeline for handwritten form fields from an electronic health record. J. Am. Med. Inf. Assoc. 19(e1), e90\u2013e95 (2012)","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2011-000182"},{"key":"66_CR39","unstructured":"Titlestad, G.: Use of document image processing in cancer registration: how and why? Medinfo. MEDINFO 8, 462 (1994)"},{"key":"66_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bussmann, H., Wester, C.W., Ndwapi, N., Vanderwarker, C., Gaolathe, T., Tirelo, G., Avalos, A., Moffat, H., Marlink, R.G.: Hybrid data capture for monitoring patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) in urban Botswana. Bull. World Health Org. 84(2), 127\u2013131 (2006)","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.04.019307"},{"key":"66_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hawker, C.D., McCarthy, W., Cleveland, D., Messinger, B.L.: Invention and validation of an automated camera system that uses optical character recognition to identify patient name mislabeled samples. Clin. Chem. 60(3), 463\u2013470 (2014)","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2013.215434"},{"issue":"2","key":"66_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2011-000456","volume":"19","author":"PL Peissig","year":"2012","unstructured":"Peissig, P.L., Rasmussen, L.V., Berg, R.L., Linneman, J.G., McCarty, C.A., Waudby, C., Chen, L., Denny, J.C., Wilke, R.A., Pathak, J., et al.: Importance of multi-modal approaches to effectively identify cataract cases from electronic health records. J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc. 19(2), 225\u2013234 (2012)","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"66_CR43","first-page":"751","volume":"180","author":"S Fenz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fenz, S., Heurix, J., Neubauer, T.: Recognition and privacy preservation of paper-based health records. Stud. Health Technol. Inf. 180, 751\u2013755 (2012)","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inf."},{"key":"66_CR44","unstructured":"Li, X., Hu, G., Teng, X., Xie, G.: Building structured personal health records from photographs of printed medical records. In: AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings, vol. 2015, p. 833. American Medical Informatics Association (2015)"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Advances in Visual Computing"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-319-50835-1_66","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]],"date-time":"2020-09-27T20:59:17Z","timestamp":1601240357000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-50835-1_66"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"ISBN":["9783319508344","9783319508351"],"references-count":44,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-50835-1_66","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}}}