{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:30:34Z","timestamp":1772119834757,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783319544069","type":"print"},{"value":"9783319544076","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-54407-6_37","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,14]],"date-time":"2017-03-14T02:04:07Z","timestamp":1489457047000},"page":"552-566","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Distinguishing Posed and Spontaneous Smiles by Facial Dynamics"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Bappaditya","family":"Mandal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nizar","family":"Ouarti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"37_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2008.52","volume":"31","author":"Z Zeng","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zeng, Z., Pantic, M., Roisman, G.I., Huang, T.S.: A survey of affect recognition methods: audio, visual, and spontaneous expressions. PAMI 31, 39\u201358 (2009)","journal-title":"PAMI"},{"key":"37_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195179644.001.0001","volume-title":"What the Face Reveals: Basic and Applied Studies of Spontaneous Expression Using the Facial Action Coding System","author":"P Ekman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ekman, P., Rosenberg, E.: What the Face Reveals: Basic and Applied Studies of Spontaneous Expression Using the Facial Action Coding System, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, New York (2005)","edition":"2"},{"key":"37_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AFFC.2012.11","volume":"3","author":"M Hoque","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hoque, M., McDuff, D., Picard, R.: Exploring temporal patterns in classifying frustrated and delighted smiles. IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput. 3, 323\u2013334 (2012)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"37_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s10919-008-0059-5","volume":"33","author":"Z Ambadar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ambadar, Z., Cohn, J., Reed, L.: All smiles are not created equal: morphology and timing of smiles perceived as amused, polite, and embarrassed\/nervous. J. Nonverbal Behav. 33, 17\u201334 (2009)","journal-title":"J. Nonverbal Behav."},{"key":"37_CR5","volume-title":"Telling Lies: Cues To Deceit in the Marketplace, Politics, and Marriage","author":"P Ekman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ekman, P.: Telling Lies: Cues To Deceit in the Marketplace, Politics, and Marriage. WW. Norton & Company, New York (1992)"},{"key":"37_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400007136","volume":"8","author":"J Hadwin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hadwin, J., Baron-Cohen, S., Howlin, P., Hill, K.: Can we teach children with autism to understand emotion, belief, or pretense? Dev. Psychopathol. 8, 345\u2013365 (1996)","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"37_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41070-016-0005-6","volume":"2","author":"Q Xu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xu, Q., Ching, S., Mandal, B., Li, L., Lim, J.H., Mukawa, M., Tan, C.: Socio glass: social interaction assistance with face recognition on google glass. J. Sci. Phone Apps Mob. Devices 2, 1\u20134 (2016)","journal-title":"J. Sci. Phone Apps Mob. Devices"},{"key":"37_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25958-1_7","volume-title":"Advances in Face Detection and Facial Image Analysis","author":"B Mandal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mandal, B., Lim, R.Y., Dai, P., Sayed, M.R., Li, L., Lim, J.H.: Trends in machine and human face recognition. In: Kawulok, M., Celebi, M.E., Smolka, B. (eds.) Advances in Face Detection and Facial Image Analysis, pp. 145\u2013187. Springer, Cham (2016). doi: 10.1007\/978-3-319-25958-1_7"},{"key":"37_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2015.07.121","volume":"184","author":"B Mandal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mandal, B., Wang, Z., Li, L., Kassim, A.A.: Performance evaluation of local descriptors and distance measures on benchmarks and first-person-view videos for face identification. Neurocomputing 184, 107\u2013116 (2016)","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"37_CR10","volume-title":"The Facial Action Coding System: A Technique for the Measurement of Facial Movement","author":"P Ekman","year":"1978","unstructured":"Ekman, P., Friesen, W.: The Facial Action Coding System: A Technique for the Measurement of Facial Movement. Consulting Psychologists Press Inc., San Francisco (1978)"},{"key":"37_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017844","volume":"9","author":"EG Krumhuber","year":"2009","unstructured":"Krumhuber, E.G., Manstead, A.S.: Can duchenne smiles be feigned? new evidence on felt and false smiles. Emotion 9, 807\u2013820 (2009)","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"37_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1981.tb02919.x","volume":"18","author":"P Ekman","year":"1981","unstructured":"Ekman, P., Hager, J., Friesen, W.: The symmetry of emotional and deliberate facial actions. Psychophysiology 18, 101\u2013106 (1981)","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"37_CR13","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33712-3_38","volume-title":"Computer Vision \u2013 ECCV 2012","author":"H Dibeklio\u011flu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dibeklio\u011flu, H., Salah, A.A., Gevers, T.: Are you really smiling at me? spontaneous versus posed enjoyment smiles. In: Fitzgibbon, A., Lazebnik, S., Perona, P., Sato, Y., Schmid, C. (eds.) ECCV 2012. LNCS, vol. 7574, pp. 525\u2013538. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). doi: 10.1007\/978-3-642-33712-3_38"},{"key":"37_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s10919-008-0058-6","volume":"33","author":"K Schmidt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schmidt, K., Bhattacharya, S., Denlinger, R.: Comparison of deliberate and spontaneous facial movement in smiles and eyebrow raises. J. Nonverbal Behav. 33, 35\u201345 (2009)","journal-title":"J. Nonverbal Behav."},{"key":"37_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1142\/S021969130400041X","volume":"2","author":"J Cohn","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cohn, J., Schmidt, K.: The timing of facial motion in posed and spontaneous smiles. Int. J. Wavelets, Multiresolut. Inf. Process. 2, 1\u201312 (2004)","journal-title":"Int. J. Wavelets, Multiresolut. Inf. Process."},{"key":"37_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10919-005-0003-x","volume":"30","author":"K Schmidt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schmidt, K., Ambadar, Z., Cohn, J., Reed, I.: Movement differences between deliberate and spontaneous facial expressions: zygomaticus major action in smiling. J. Nonverbal Behav. 30, 37\u201352 (2006)","journal-title":"J. Nonverbal Behav."},{"key":"37_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valstar, M.F., Pantic, M., Ambadar, Z., Cohn, J.F.: Spontaneous vs. posed facial behavior: automatic analysis of brow actions. In: Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, pp. 162\u2013170 (2006)","DOI":"10.1145\/1180995.1181031"},{"key":"37_CR18","unstructured":"Tao, H., Huang, T.: Explanation-based facial motion tracking using a piecewise b\u00e9zier volume deformation model. In: Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, vol. 1, pp. 611\u2013617 (1999)"},{"key":"37_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandal, B., Ouarti, N.: Spontaneous vs. posed smiles - can we tell the difference? In: International Conference on Computer Vision and Image Processing (CVIP), vol. 460, pp. 261\u2013271. Roorkee, India (2016)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-2107-7_24"},{"key":"37_CR20","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16634-6_31","volume-title":"Computer Vision \u2013 ACCV 2014 Workshops","author":"B Mandal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mandal, B., Chia, S.-C., Li, L., Chandrasekhar, V., Tan, C., Lim, J.-H.: A wearable face recognition system on google glass for assisting social interactions. In: Jawahar, C.V., Shan, S. (eds.) ACCV 2014. LNCS, vol. 9010, pp. 419\u2013433. Springer, Cham (2015). doi: 10.1007\/978-3-319-16634-6_31"},{"key":"37_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandal, B., Li, L., Chandrasekhar, V., Lim, J.H.: Whole space subclass discriminant analysis for face recognition. In: IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Quebec, Canada, pp. 329\u2013333 (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2015.7350814"},{"key":"37_CR22","unstructured":"OpenCV: Open source computer vision (2014). http:\/\/opencv.org\/"},{"key":"37_CR23","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-23232-9_6","volume-title":"Towards Autonomous Robotic Systems","author":"X Yu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yu, X., Han, W., Li, L., Shi, J.Y., Wang, G.: An eye detection and localization system for natural human and robot interaction without face detection. In: Gro\u00df, R., Alboul, L., Melhuish, C., Witkowski, M., Prescott, T.J., Penders, J. (eds.) TAROS 2011. LNCS, vol. 6856, pp. 54\u201365. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). doi: 10.1007\/978-3-642-23232-9_6"},{"key":"37_CR24","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16628-5_42","volume-title":"Computer Vision \u2013 ACCV 2014 Workshops","author":"B Mandal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mandal, B., Zhikai, W., Li, L., Kassim, A.A.: Evaluation of descriptors and distance measures on benchmarks and first-person-view videos for face identification. In: Jawahar, C.V., Shan, S. (eds.) ACCV 2014. LNCS, vol. 9008, pp. 585\u2013599. Springer, Cham (2015). doi: 10.1007\/978-3-319-16628-5_42"},{"key":"37_CR25","unstructured":"Tomasi, C., Kanade, T.: Detection and tracking of point features. Carnegie Mellon University Technical Report CMU-CS-91-132 (1991)"},{"key":"37_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandal, B., Eng, H.L.: 3-parameter based eigenfeature regularization for human activity recognition. In: 35th IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp. 954\u2013957 (2010)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2010.5495295"},{"key":"37_CR27","unstructured":"FERET: Feret normalization (2005). http:\/\/www.cs.colostate.edu\/evalfacerec\/data\/normalization.html"},{"key":"37_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandal, B., Jiang, X.D., Kot, A.: Verification of human faces using predicted eigenvalues. In: 19th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), Tempa, Florida, USA, pp. 1\u20134 (2008)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2008.4761698"},{"key":"37_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, X.D., Mandal, B., Kot, A.: Face recognition based on discriminant evaluation in the whole space. In: IEEE 32nd International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP 2007), Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, pp. 245\u2013248 (2007)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2007.366218"},{"key":"37_CR30","first-page":"65","volume":"31","author":"HY Wu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wu, H.Y., Rubinstein, M., Shih, E., Guttag, J., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Eulerian video magnification for revealing subtle changes in the world. ACM Trans. Graph. 31, 65 (2012)","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"37_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wadhwa, N., Rubinstein, M., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Phase-based video motion processing. ACM Trans. Graph. 32 (2013)","DOI":"10.1145\/2461912.2461966"},{"key":"37_CR32","unstructured":"Li, X., Hong, X., Moilanen, A., Huang, X., Pfister, T., Zhao, G., Pietik\u00e4inen, M.: Reading hidden emotions: spontaneous micro-expression spotting and recognition. CoRR abs\/1511.00423 (2015)"},{"key":"37_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69905-7_27","volume":"5099","author":"V Ojansivu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ojansivu, V., Heikkil\u00e4, J.: Blur insensitive texture classification using local phase quantization. Image Signal Process. 5099, 236\u2013243 (2008)","journal-title":"Image Signal Process."},{"key":"37_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahonen, T., Rahtu, E., Ojansivu, V., Heikkil\u00e4, J.: Recognition of blurred faces using local phase quantization. In: 19th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, pp. 1\u20134 (2008)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2008.4761847"},{"key":"37_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalal, N., Triggs, B.: Histograms of oriented gradients for human detection. In: IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, vol. 1, pp. 886\u2013893 (2005)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2005.177"},{"key":"37_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.167","volume":"32","author":"PF Felzenszwalb","year":"2009","unstructured":"Felzenszwalb, P.F., Girshick, R.B., McAllester, D., Ramanan, D.: Object detection with discriminatively trained part based models. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 32, 1627\u20131645 (2009)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"37_CR37","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45103-X_50","volume-title":"Image Analysis","author":"G Farneb\u00e4ck","year":"2003","unstructured":"Farneb\u00e4ck, G.: Two-frame motion estimation based on polynomial expansion. In: Bigun, J., Gustavsson, T. (eds.) SCIA 2003. LNCS, vol. 2749, pp. 363\u2013370. Springer, Heidelberg (2003). doi: 10.1007\/3-540-45103-X_50"},{"key":"37_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, G., Yang, Y., Yi, D., Kittler, J., Christmas, W.J., Li, S.Z., Hospedales, T.M.: When face recognition meets with deep learning: an evaluation of convolutional neural networks for face recognition. CoRR abs\/1504.02351 (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2015.58"},{"key":"37_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parkhi, O.M., Vedaldi, A., Zisserman, A.: Deep face recognition. In: Proceedings of the British Machine Vision Conference (BMVC), vol. 41, no. 1\u201341, p. 12 (2015)","DOI":"10.5244\/C.29.41"},{"key":"37_CR40","first-page":"273","volume":"20","author":"C Cortes","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cortes, C., Vapnik, V.: Support-vector networks. Mach. Learn. 20, 273\u2013297 (1995)","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"37_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2015.2394777","volume":"17","author":"H Dibeklioglu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dibeklioglu, H., Salah, A., Gevers, T.: Recognition of genuine smiles. IEEE Trans. Multimedia 17, 279\u2013294 (2015)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multimedia"},{"key":"37_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfister, T., Li, X., Zhao, G., Pietikainen, M.: Differentiating spontaneous from posed facial expressions within a generic facial expression recognition framework. In: ICCV Workshop, pp. 868\u2013875 (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2011.6130343"},{"key":"37_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dibeklioglu, H., Valenti, R., Salah, A., Gevers, T.: Eyes do not lie: spontaneous versus posed smiles. In: ACM Multimedia, pp. 703\u2013706 (2010)","DOI":"10.1145\/1873951.1874056"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Computer Vision \u2013 ACCV 2016 Workshops"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-319-54407-6_37","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]],"date-time":"2019-09-19T17:48:20Z","timestamp":1568915300000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-54407-6_37"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"ISBN":["9783319544069","9783319544076"],"references-count":43,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-54407-6_37","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}}}