{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T15:42:49Z","timestamp":1785512569689,"version":"3.56.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783319636870","type":"print"},{"value":"9783319636887","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-63688-7_12","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,28]],"date-time":"2017-07-28T01:19:44Z","timestamp":1501204784000},"page":"357-388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":949,"title":["Ouroboros: A Provably Secure Proof-of-Stake Blockchain Protocol"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Aggelos","family":"Kiayias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernardo","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Oliynykov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"12_CR1","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10879-7_31","volume-title":"Security and Cryptography for Networks","author":"G Ateniese","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ateniese, G., Bonacina, I., Faonio, A., Galesi, N.: Proofs of space: when space is of the essence. In: Abdalla, M., de Prisco, R. (eds.) SCN 2014. LNCS, vol. 8642, pp. 538\u2013557. Springer, Cham (2014). doi:\n                      10.1007\/978-3-319-10879-7_31"},{"issue":"2","key":"12_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00145-009-9040-7","volume":"23","author":"Y Aumann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aumann, Y., Lindell, Y.: Security against covert adversaries: efficient protocols for realistic adversaries. J. Cryptol. 23(2), 281\u2013343 (2010)","journal-title":"J. Cryptol."},{"key":"12_CR3","unstructured":"Bentov, I., Gabizon, A., Mizrahi, A.: Cryptocurrencies without proof of work. CoRR, abs\/1406.5694 (2014)"},{"issue":"3","key":"12_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1145\/2695533.2695545","volume":"42","author":"I Bentov","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bentov, I., Lee, C., Mizrahi, A., Rosenfeld, M.: Proof of activity: extending bitcoin\u2019s proof of work via proof of stake [extended abstract]. SIGMETRICS Perform. Eval. Rev. 42(3), 34\u201337 (2014)","journal-title":"SIGMETRICS Perform. Eval. Rev."},{"key":"12_CR5","unstructured":"Bentov, I., Pass, R., Shi, E.: The sleepy model of consensus. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive 2016:918 (2016)"},{"key":"12_CR6","unstructured":"Bentov, I., Pass, R., Shi, E.: Snow white: provably secure proofs of stake. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive 2016:919 (2016)"},{"issue":"1","key":"12_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s00145-010-9082-x","volume":"25","author":"A Boldyreva","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boldyreva, A., Palacio, A., Warinschi, B.: Secure proxy signature schemes for delegation of signing rights. J. Cryptol. 25(1), 57\u2013115 (2012)","journal-title":"J. Cryptol."},{"key":"12_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danezis, G., Meiklejohn, S.: Centrally banked cryptocurrencies. In: 23rd Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium, NDSS 2016, San Diego, California, USA, 21\u201324 February 2016. The Internet Society (2016)","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2016.23187"},{"key":"12_CR9","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-48000-7_29","volume-title":"Advances in Cryptology \u2013 CRYPTO 2015","author":"S Dziembowski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dziembowski, S., Faust, S., Kolmogorov, V., Pietrzak, K.: Proofs of space. In: Gennaro, R., Robshaw, M. (eds.) CRYPTO 2015. LNCS, vol. 9216, pp. 585\u2013605. Springer, Heidelberg (2015). doi:\n                      10.1007\/978-3-662-48000-7_29"},{"key":"12_CR10","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45472-5_28","volume-title":"Financial Cryptography and Data Security","author":"I Eyal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eyal, I., Sirer, E.G.: Majority is not enough: Bitcoin mining is vulnerable. In: Christin, N., Safavi-Naini, R. (eds.) FC 2014. LNCS, vol. 8437, pp. 436\u2013454. Springer, Heidelberg (2014). doi:\n                      10.1007\/978-3-662-45472-5_28"},{"key":"12_CR11","unstructured":"Ford, B.: Delegative democracy (2002). \n                      http:\/\/www.brynosaurus.com\/deleg\/deleg.pdf"},{"key":"12_CR12","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-46803-6_10","volume-title":"Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT 2015","author":"J Garay","year":"2015","unstructured":"Garay, J., Kiayias, A., Leonardos, N.: The Bitcoin backbone protocol: analysis and applications. In: Oswald, E., Fischlin, M. (eds.) EUROCRYPT 2015. LNCS, vol. 9057, pp. 281\u2013310. Springer, Heidelberg (2015). doi:\n                      10.1007\/978-3-662-46803-6_10"},{"key":"12_CR13","unstructured":"Kiayias, A., Panagiotakos, G.: Speed-security tradeoffs in blockchain protocols. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2015\/1019 (2015). \n                      http:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2015\/1019"},{"key":"12_CR14","unstructured":"Kiayias, A., Russell, A., David, B., Oliynykov, R.: Ouroboros: a provably secure proof-of-stake blockchain protocol. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2016\/889 (2017). \n                      http:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2016\/889"},{"key":"12_CR15","unstructured":"Micali, S.: ALGORAND: the efficient and democratic ledger. CoRR, abs\/1607.01341 (2016)"},{"key":"12_CR16","unstructured":"Moran, T., Orlov, I.: Proofs of space-time and rational proofs of storage. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2016\/035 (2016). \n                      http:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2016\/035"},{"key":"12_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511814075","volume-title":"Randomized Algorithms","author":"R Motwani","year":"1995","unstructured":"Motwani, R., Raghavan, P.: Randomized Algorithms. Cambridge University Press, New York (1995)"},{"key":"12_CR18","unstructured":"Nakamoto, S.: Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system (2008). \n                      http:\/\/bitcoin.org\/bitcoin.pdf"},{"key":"12_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511800481","volume-title":"Algorithmic Game Theory","author":"N Nisan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nisan, N., Roughgarden, T., Tardos, E., Vazirani, V.V.: Algorithmic Game Theory. Cambridge University Press, New York (2007)"},{"key":"12_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Dwyer, K.J., Malone, D.: Bitcoin mining and its energy footprint. ISSC 2014\/CIICT 2014, Limerick, 26\u201327 June 2014","DOI":"10.1049\/cp.2014.0699"},{"key":"12_CR21","unstructured":"Park, S., Pietrzak, K., Kwon, A., Alwen, J., Fuchsbauer, G., Gazi, P.: Spacemint: a cryptocurrency based on proofs of space. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive 2015:528 (2015)"},{"key":"12_CR22","unstructured":"Pass, R., Seeman, L., Shelat, A.: Analysis of the blockchain protocol in asynchronous networks. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive 2016:454 (2016)"},{"key":"12_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pass, R., Shi, E.: Fruitchains: a fair blockchain. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive 2016:916 (2016)","DOI":"10.1145\/3087801.3087809"},{"key":"12_CR24","unstructured":"Russell, A., Moore, C., Kiayias, A., Quader, S.: Forkable strings are rare. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2017\/241, March 2017. \n                      http:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2017\/241"},{"key":"12_CR25","unstructured":"Sapirshtein, A., Sompolinsky, Y., Zohar, A.: Optimal selfish mining strategies in bitcoin. CoRR, abs\/1507.06183 (2015)"},{"key":"12_CR26","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-48405-1_10","volume-title":"Advances in Cryptology \u2014 CRYPTO\u2019 99","author":"B Schoenmakers","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schoenmakers, B.: A simple publicly verifiable secret sharing scheme and its application to electronic voting. In: Wiener, M. (ed.) CRYPTO 1999. LNCS, vol. 1666, pp. 148\u2013164. Springer, Heidelberg (1999). doi:\n                      10.1007\/3-540-48405-1_10"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Advances in Cryptology \u2013 CRYPTO 2017"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-319-63688-7_12","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,8]],"date-time":"2020-08-08T00:04:53Z","timestamp":1596845093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-63688-7_12"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"ISBN":["9783319636870","9783319636887"],"references-count":26,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-63688-7_12","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 July 2017","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"CRYPTO","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Annual International Cryptology Conference","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Santa Barbara","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"USA","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2017","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"20 August 2017","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"24 August 2017","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"37","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"crypto2017","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/www.iacr.org\/conferences\/crypto2017\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}