{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T23:40:27Z","timestamp":1770334827378,"version":"3.49.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783319682693","type":"print"},{"value":"9783319682709","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-68270-9_7","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,26]],"date-time":"2017-09-26T11:17:19Z","timestamp":1506424639000},"page":"125-144","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Model-Based Testing Without Models: The\u00a0TodoMVC Case Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Bainczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Schieweck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Steffen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Falk","family":"Howar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"7_CR1","unstructured":"Automata learning experience (2016). http:\/\/learnlib.github.io\/alex\/ . Accessed 23 Oct 2016"},{"key":"7_CR2","unstructured":"Todomvc (2016). http:\/\/todomvc.com\/ . Accessed 23 Oct 2016"},{"key":"7_CR3","unstructured":"Todomvc specification (2016). https:\/\/github.com\/tastejs\/todomvc\/blob\/master\/app-spec.md . Accessed 21 Oct 2016"},{"key":"7_CR4","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-16573-3_14","volume-title":"Testing Software and Systems","author":"F Aarts","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aarts, F., Jonsson, B., Uijen, J.: Generating models of infinite-state communication protocols using regular inference with abstraction. In: Petrenko, A., Sim\u00e3o, A., Maldonado, J.C. (eds.) ICTSS 2010. LNCS, vol. 6435, pp. 188\u2013204. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). doi: 10.1007\/978-3-642-16573-3_14"},{"issue":"1","key":"7_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-013-5405-0","volume":"96","author":"F Aarts","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aarts, F., Kuppens, H., Tretmans, J., Vaandrager, F., Verwer, S.: Improving active mealy machine learning for protocol conformance testing. Mach. Learn. 96(1), 189\u2013224 (2014)","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"7_CR6","unstructured":"Aarts, F., Kuppens, H., Tretmans, J., Vaandrager, F.W., Verwer, S.: Learning and testing the bounded retransmission protocol. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Grammatical Inference, ICGI 2012. University of Maryland, College Park, USA, 5\u20138 September 2012, pp. 4\u201318 (2012)"},{"key":"7_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alur, R., Madhusudan, P.: Visibly pushdown languages. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-sixth Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, STOC 2004, pp. 202\u2013211. ACM, New York, NY, USA (2004)","DOI":"10.1145\/1007352.1007390"},{"issue":"2","key":"7_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-5401(87)90052-6","volume":"75","author":"D Angluin","year":"1987","unstructured":"Angluin, D.: Learning regular sets from queries and counter examples. Inf. Comput. 75(2), 87\u2013106 (1987)","journal-title":"Inf. Comput."},{"key":"7_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Argyros, G., Stais, I., Kiayias, A., Keromytis, A.D.: Back in black: towards formal, black box analysis of sanitizers and filters. In: 2016 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), pp. 91\u2013109, May 2016","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2016.14"},{"key":"7_CR10","volume-title":"Selenium WebDriver Practical Guide","author":"S Avasarala","year":"2014","unstructured":"Avasarala, S.: Selenium WebDriver Practical Guide. Packt Publishing, Birmingham (2014). ISBN 9781782168850"},{"key":"7_CR11","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47169-3_51","volume-title":"Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification and Validation: Discussion, Dissemination, Applications","author":"A Bainczyk","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bainczyk, A., Schieweck, A., Isberner, M., Margaria, T., Neubauer, J., Steffen, B.: ALEX: mixed-mode learning of web applications at ease. In: Margaria, T., Steffen, B. (eds.) ISoLA 2016. LNCS, vol. 9953, pp. 655\u2013671. Springer, Cham (2016). doi: 10.1007\/978-3-319-47169-3_51"},{"key":"7_CR12","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12002-2_21","volume-title":"Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems","author":"A Belinfante","year":"2010","unstructured":"Belinfante, A.: JTorX: a tool for on-line model-driven test derivation and execution. In: Esparza, J., Majumdar, R. (eds.) TACAS 2010. LNCS, vol. 6015, pp. 266\u2013270. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). doi: 10.1007\/978-3-642-12002-2_21"},{"key":"7_CR13","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-31984-9_14","volume-title":"Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering","author":"T Berg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Berg, T., Grinchtein, O., Jonsson, B., Leucker, M., Raffelt, H., Steffen, B.: On the correspondence between conformance testing and regular inference. In: Cerioli, M. (ed.) FASE 2005. LNCS, vol. 3442, pp. 175\u2013189. Springer, Heidelberg (2005). doi: 10.1007\/978-3-540-31984-9_14"},{"issue":"88","key":"7_CR14","first-page":"28","volume":"2012","author":"A Bertolino","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bertolino, A., Calabr\u00f2, A., Merten, M., Steffen, B.: Never-stop learning: continuous validation of learned models for evolving systems through monitoring. ERCIM News 2012(88), 28\u201329 (2012)","journal-title":"ERCIM News"},{"key":"7_CR15","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45510-8_9","volume-title":"Modeling and Verification of Parallel Processes","author":"E Brinksma","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brinksma, E., Tretmans, J.: Testing transition systems: an annotated bibliography. In: Cassez, F., Jard, C., Rozoy, B., Ryan, M.D. (eds.) MOVEP 2000. LNCS, vol. 2067, pp. 187\u2013195. Springer, Heidelberg (2001). doi: 10.1007\/3-540-45510-8_9"},{"issue":"2","key":"7_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00165-016-0355-5","volume":"28","author":"S Cassel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cassel, S., Howar, F., Jonsson, B., Steffen, B.: Active learning for extended finite state machines. Formal Aspects Comput. 28(2), 233\u2013263 (2016)","journal-title":"Formal Aspects Comput."},{"issue":"10","key":"7_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1145\/2544173.2509552","volume":"48","author":"W Choi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Choi, W., Necula, G., Sen, K.: Guided GUI testing of android apps with minimal restart and approximate learning. SIGPLAN Not. 48(10), 623\u2013640 (2013)","journal-title":"SIGPLAN Not."},{"issue":"3","key":"7_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1978.231496","volume":"SE\u20134","author":"TS Chow","year":"1978","unstructured":"Chow, T.S.: Testing software design modeled by finite-state machines. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. SE\u20134(3), 178\u2013187 (1978)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"7_CR19","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-30885-7_32","volume-title":"Abstract State Machines, Alloy, B, VDM, and Z","author":"I Dinca","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dinca, I., Ipate, F., Mierla, L., Stefanescu, A.: Learn and test for event-B \u2013 A rodin plugin. In: Derrick, J., Fitzgerald, J., Gnesi, S., Khurshid, S., Leuschel, M., Reeves, S., Riccobene, E. (eds.) ABZ 2012. LNCS, vol. 7316, pp. 361\u2013364. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). doi: 10.1007\/978-3-642-30885-7_32"},{"key":"7_CR20","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-54577-5_10","volume-title":"Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems","author":"S Drews","year":"2017","unstructured":"Drews, S., D\u2019Antoni, L.: Learning symbolic automata. In: Legay, A., Margaria, T. (eds.) TACAS 2017. LNCS, vol. 10205, pp. 173\u2013189. Springer, Heidelberg (2017). doi: 10.1007\/978-3-662-54577-5_10"},{"key":"7_CR21","volume-title":"JavaScript: The Definitive Guide: Activate Your Web Pages (Definitive Guides)","author":"D Flanagan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Flanagan, D.: JavaScript: The Definitive Guide: Activate Your Web Pages (Definitive Guides), 6th edn. O\u2019Reilly Media, Sebastopol (2011)","edition":"6"},{"issue":"6","key":"7_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1109\/32.87284","volume":"17","author":"S Fujiwara","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fujiwara, S., von Bochmann, G., Khendek, F., Amalou, M., Ghedamsi, A.: Test selection based on finite state models. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 17(6), 591\u2013603 (1991)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"7_CR23","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45923-5_6","volume-title":"Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering","author":"A Hagerer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hagerer, A., Hungar, H., Niese, O., Steffen, B.: Model generation by moderated regular extrapolation. In: Kutsche, R.-D., Weber, H. (eds.) FASE 2002. LNCS, vol. 2306, pp. 80\u201395. Springer, Heidelberg (2002). doi: 10.1007\/3-540-45923-5_6"},{"key":"7_CR24","first-page":"1033","volume":"55","author":"A Hagerer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hagerer, A., Margaria, T., Niese, O., Steffen, B., Brune, G., Ide, H.-D.: Efficient regression testing of CTI-systems: testing a complex call-center solution. Ann. Rev. Commun. Int. Eng. Consortium (IEC) 55, 1033\u20131040 (2001)","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Commun. Int. Eng. Consortium (IEC)"},{"key":"7_CR25","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-18275-4_19","volume-title":"Verification, Model Checking, and Abstract Interpretation","author":"F Howar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Howar, F., Steffen, B., Merten, M.: Automata learning with automated alphabet abstraction refinement. In: Jhala, R., Schmidt, D. (eds.) VMCAI 2011. LNCS, vol. 6538, pp. 263\u2013277. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). doi: 10.1007\/978-3-642-18275-4_19"},{"key":"7_CR26","unstructured":"Isberner, M.: Foundations of active automata learning: an algorithmic perspective. Ph.D. thesis. TU Dortmund University, October 2015"},{"key":"7_CR27","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-38088-4_9","volume-title":"NASA Formal Methods","author":"M Isberner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Isberner, M., Howar, F., Steffen, B.: Inferring automata with state-local alphabet abstractions. In: Brat, G., Rungta, N., Venet, A. (eds.) NFM 2013. LNCS, vol. 7871, pp. 124\u2013138. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). doi: 10.1007\/978-3-642-38088-4_9"},{"key":"7_CR28","first-page":"1","volume":"96","author":"M Isberner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Isberner, M., Howar, F., Steffen, B.: Learning register automata: from languages to program structures. Mach. Learn. 96, 1\u201334 (2013)","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"7_CR29","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11164-3_26","volume-title":"Runtime Verification","author":"M Isberner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Isberner, M., Howar, F., Steffen, B.: The TTT algorithm: a redundancy-free approach to active automata learning. In: Bonakdarpour, B., Smolka, S.A. (eds.) RV 2014. LNCS, vol. 8734, pp. 307\u2013322. Springer, Cham (2014). doi: 10.1007\/978-3-319-11164-3_26"},{"key":"7_CR30","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-21690-4_32","volume-title":"Computer Aided Verification","author":"M Isberner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Isberner, M., Howar, F., Steffen, B.: The open-source learnlib. In: Kroening, D., P\u0103s\u0103reanu, C.S. (eds.) CAV 2015. LNCS, vol. 9206, pp. 487\u2013495. Springer, Cham (2015). doi: 10.1007\/978-3-319-21690-4_32"},{"key":"7_CR31","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-54862-8_41","volume-title":"Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems","author":"O Maler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maler, O., Mens, I.-E.: Learning regular languages over large alphabets. In: \u00c1brah\u00e1m, E., Havelund, K. (eds.) TACAS 2014. LNCS, vol. 8413, pp. 485\u2013499. Springer, Heidelberg (2014). doi: 10.1007\/978-3-642-54862-8_41"},{"issue":"6","key":"7_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2010.177","volume":"43","author":"T Margaria","year":"2010","unstructured":"Margaria, T., Steffen, B.: Simplicity as a driver for agile innovation. Computer 43(6), 90\u201392 (2010)","journal-title":"Computer"},{"issue":"5","key":"7_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1955.tb03788.x","volume":"34","author":"GH Mealy","year":"1955","unstructured":"Mealy, G.H.: A method for synthesizing sequential circuits. Bell Syst. Tech. J. 34(5), 1045\u20131079 (1955)","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"7_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meinke, K., Sindhu, M.A.: Lbtest: a learning-based testing tool for reactive systems. In: Sixth IEEE International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation, ICST 2013, Luxembourg, 18\u201322 March 2013, pp. 447\u2013454 (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICST.2013.62"},{"key":"7_CR35","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-19835-9_18","volume-title":"Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems","author":"M Merten","year":"2011","unstructured":"Merten, M., Steffen, B., Howar, F., Margaria, T.: Next generation learnlib. In: Abdulla, P.A., Leino, K.R.M. (eds.) TACAS 2011. LNCS, vol. 6605, pp. 220\u2013223. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). doi: 10.1007\/978-3-642-19835-9_18"},{"issue":"4","key":"7_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s10009-009-0120-7","volume":"11","author":"H Raffelt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Raffelt, H., Merten, M., Steffen, B., Margaria, T.: Dynamic testing via automata learning. Int. J. Softw. Tools Technol. Trans. (STTT) 11(4), 307\u2013324 (2009)","journal-title":"Int. J. Softw. Tools Technol. Trans. (STTT)"},{"issue":"5","key":"7_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s10009-009-0111-8","volume":"11","author":"H Raffelt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Raffelt, H., Steffen, B., Berg, T., Margaria, T.: LearnLib: a framework for extrapolating behavioral models. Int. J. Softw. Tools Technol. Trans. (STTT) 11(5), 393\u2013407 (2009)","journal-title":"Int. J. Softw. Tools Technol. Trans. (STTT)"},{"issue":"4","key":"7_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/stvr.1491","volume":"24","author":"M Shahbaz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shahbaz, M., Groz, R.: Analysis and testing of black-box component-based systems by inferring partial models. Softw. Test. Verif. Reliab. 24(4), 253\u2013288 (2014)","journal-title":"Softw. Test. Verif. Reliab."},{"key":"7_CR39","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21455-4_8","volume-title":"Formal Methods for Eternal Networked Software Systems","author":"B Steffen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Steffen, B., Howar, F., Merten, M.: Introduction to active automata learning from a practical perspective. In: Bernardo, M., Issarny, V. (eds.) SFM 2011. LNCS, vol. 6659, pp. 256\u2013296. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). doi: 10.1007\/978-3-642-21455-4_8"},{"key":"7_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timmer, M., Brinksma, E., Stoelinga, M.: Model-based testing. In: Software and Systems Safety - Specification and Verification, pp. 1\u201332. IOS Press (2011)","DOI":"10.3233\/978-1-60750-711-6-1"},{"key":"7_CR41","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21455-4_9","volume-title":"Formal Methods for Eternal Networked Software Systems","author":"J Tretmans","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tretmans, J.: Model-based testing and some steps towards test-based modelling. In: Bernardo, M., Issarny, V. (eds.) SFM 2011. LNCS, vol. 6659, pp. 297\u2013326. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). doi: 10.1007\/978-3-642-21455-4_9"},{"key":"7_CR42","unstructured":"Tretmans, J., Brinksma, E.: Torx: automated model-based testing. In: Hartman, A., Dussa-Ziegler, K. (ed.) First European Conference on Model-Driven Software Engineering, pp. 31\u201343, December 2003"},{"issue":"2","key":"7_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1145\/2967606","volume":"60","author":"F Vaandrager","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vaandrager, F.: Model learning. Commun. ACM 60(2), 86\u201395 (2017)","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"7_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Windm\u00fcller, S., Neubauer, J., Steffen, B., Howar, F., Bauer, O.: Active continuous quality control. In: Proceedings of the 16th International ACM Sigsoft Symposium on Component-based Software Engineering, CBSE 2013, pp. 111\u2013120. ACM New York, NY, USA (2013)","DOI":"10.1145\/2465449.2465469"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","ModelEd, TestEd, TrustEd"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-319-68270-9_7","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T22:11:06Z","timestamp":1750889466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-68270-9_7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"ISBN":["9783319682693","9783319682709"],"references-count":44,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-68270-9_7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}}}