{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T12:01:32Z","timestamp":1775044892992,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783319737058","type":"print"},{"value":"9783319737065","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-73706-5_15","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,5]],"date-time":"2018-01-05T10:55:40Z","timestamp":1515149740000},"page":"180-191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Automatic Classification of Abusive Language and Personal Attacks in Various Forms of Online Communication"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Bourgonje","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Moreno-Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ankit","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Rehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"15_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbn058","volume":"10","author":"B Andreopoulos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Andreopoulos, B., An, A., Wang, X., Schroeder, M.: A roadmap of clustering algorithms: finding a match for a biomedical application. Briefings in Bioinformatics 10(3), 297\u2013314 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bib\/bbn058 . ISSN 1477-4054","journal-title":"Briefings in Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"15_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/13600869.2010.522323","volume":"24","author":"J Banks","year":"2010","unstructured":"Banks, J.: Regulating hate speech online. Int. Rev. Law Comput. Technol. 24(3), 233\u2013239 (2010)","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Law Comput. Technol."},{"key":"15_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caruana, R., Niculescu-Mizil, A.: An empirical comparison of supervised learning algorithms. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 161\u2013168. ACM (2006)","DOI":"10.1145\/1143844.1143865"},{"key":"15_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139164771","volume-title":"Language and the Internet","author":"D Crystal","year":"2001","unstructured":"Crystal, D.: Language and the Internet. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2001)"},{"key":"15_CR5","unstructured":"D\u00f6ring, N.: Personal home pages on the web: a review of research. J. Comput.-Mediat. Commun. 7(3) (2002). http:\/\/www.ascusc.org\/jcmc\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"15_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2012.0231","volume":"17","author":"H Drei\u00dfing","year":"2014","unstructured":"Drei\u00dfing, H., Bailer, J., Anders, A., Wagner, H., Gallas, C.: Cyberstalking in a large sample of social network users: prevalence, characteristics, and impact upon victims. Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw. 17(2), 61\u201367 (2014)","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"15_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-322-91416-3_3","volume-title":"Sprachwandel durch Computer","author":"M Haase","year":"1997","unstructured":"Haase, M., Huber, M., Krumeich, A., Rehm, G.: Internetkommunikation und Sprachwandel. In: Weingarten, R. (ed.) Sprachwandel durch Computer, pp. 51\u201385. Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen (1997). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-322-91416-3_3"},{"issue":"1","key":"15_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030309","volume":"3","author":"LM Jones","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jones, L.M., Mitchell, K.J., Finkelhor, D.: Online harassment in context: trends from three youth internet safety surveys (2000, 2005, 2010). Psychol. Violence 3(1), 53 (2013)","journal-title":"Psychol. Violence"},{"issue":"1","key":"15_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.09.018","volume":"53","author":"RM Kowalski","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kowalski, R.M., Limber, S.P.: Psychological, physical, and academic correlates of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. J. Adolesc. Health 53(1), S13\u2013S20 (2013)","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"15_CR10","unstructured":"Kwok, I., Wang, Y.: Locate the hate: detecting tweets against blacks. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI 2013, pp. 1621\u20131622. AAAI Press (2013). http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=2891460.2891697"},{"key":"15_CR11","unstructured":"Marwick, A.E., Miller, R.W.: Online harassment, defamation, and hateful speech: a primer of the legal landscape. Fordham Center on Law and Information Policy Report, June 2014"},{"key":"15_CR12","unstructured":"Massaro, T.M.: Equality and freedom of expression: the hate speech dilemma. William Mary Law Rev. 32(211) (1991)"},{"key":"15_CR13","unstructured":"McCallum, A.K.: MALLET: a machine learning for language toolkit (2002). http:\/\/www.cs.umass.edu\/~mccallum\/mallet"},{"key":"15_CR14","unstructured":"Nand, P., Perera, R., Kasture, A.: \u201cHow bullying is this message?\u201d: a psychometric thermometer for bullying. In: Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers, Osaka, Japan, pp. 695\u2013706. The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee, December 2016. http:\/\/aclweb.org\/anthology\/C16-1067"},{"key":"15_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nobata, C., Tetreault, J., Thomas, A., Mehdad, Y., Chang, Y.: Abusive language detection in online user content. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on World Wide Web, WWW 2016, Republic and Canton of Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 145\u2013153. International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2872427.2883062 , ISBN 978-1-4503-4143-1","DOI":"10.1145\/2872427.2883062"},{"key":"15_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/10288.001.0001","volume-title":"This Is Why We Can\u2019t Have Nice Things: Mapping the Relationship Between Online Trolling and Mainstream Culture","author":"W Phillips","year":"2015","unstructured":"Phillips, W.: This Is Why We Can\u2019t Have Nice Things: Mapping the Relationship Between Online Trolling and Mainstream Culture. The MIT Press, Cambridge (2015)"},{"issue":"1","key":"15_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3233\/HIS-2006-3104","volume":"3","author":"R Ranawana","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ranawana, R., Palade, V.: Multi-classifier systems: review and a roadmap for developers. Int. J. Hybrid Intell. Syst. 3(1), 35\u201361 (2006). http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=1232855.1232859 , ISSN 1448-5869","journal-title":"Int. J. Hybrid Intell. Syst."},{"key":"15_CR18","unstructured":"Rehm, G., Sasaki, F.: Digitale Kuratierungstechnologien - Verfahren f\u00fcr die effiziente Verarbeitung, Erstellung und Verteilung qualitativ hochwertiger Medieninhalte. In: Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference of the German Society for Computational Linguistics and Language Technology, GSCL 2015, pp. 138\u2013139 (2015)"},{"key":"15_CR19","unstructured":"Reid, E.M.: Electropolis: communication and community on internet relay chat, Honours thesis, University of Melbourne, Department of History (1991). http:\/\/www.aluluei.com\/electropolis.htm"},{"key":"15_CR20","unstructured":"Ross, B., Rist, M., Carbonell, G., Cabrera, B., Kurowsky, N., Wojatzki, M.: Measuring the reliability of hate speech annotations: the case of the European refugee crisis. In: Bei\u00dfwenger, M., Wojatzki, M., Zesch, T. (eds.) Proceedings of NLP4CMC III: 3rd Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Computer-Mediated Communication, Bochumer Linguistische Arbeitsberichte, Bochum, vol. 17, pp. 6\u20139, September 2016"},{"key":"15_CR21","volume-title":"Sprache und Kommunikation im Internet - \u00dcberblick und Analysen","author":"J Runkehl","year":"1998","unstructured":"Runkehl, J., Schlobinski, P., Siever, T.: Sprache und Kommunikation im Internet - \u00dcberblick und Analysen. Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen (1998)"},{"key":"15_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, A., Wiegand, M.: A survey on hate speech detection using natural language processing. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media, Valencia, Spain, pp. 1\u201310. Association for Computational Linguistics, April 2017. http:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/W17-1101","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-1101"},{"key":"15_CR23","first-page":"439","volume-title":"Sprache im Alltag. Beitr\u00e4ge zu neuen Perspektiven der Linguistik","author":"A Storrer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Storrer, A.: Getippte Gespr\u00e4che oder dialogische Texte? Zur kommunikationstheoretischen Einordnung der Chat-Kommunikation. In: Lehr, A., Kammerer, M., Konerding, K.-P., Storrer, A., Thimm, C., Wolski, W. (eds.) Sprache im Alltag. Beitr\u00e4ge zu neuen Perspektiven der Linguistik, pp. 439\u2013466. de Gruyter, Berlin (2001). Herbert Ernst Wiegand zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet"},{"key":"15_CR24","unstructured":"Van Hee, C., Lefever, E., Verhoeven, B., Mennes, J., Desmet, B., De Pauw, G., Daelemans, W., Hoste, V.: Detection and fine-grained classification of cyberbullying events. In: Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, pp. 672\u2013680. INCOMA Ltd., Shoumen (2015). http:\/\/aclweb.org\/anthology\/R15-1086"},{"key":"15_CR25","unstructured":"Warner, W., Hirschberg, J.: Detecting hate speech on the world wide web. In: Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Language in Social Media, LSM 2012, Stroudsburg, PA, USA, pp. 19\u201326. Association for Computational Linguistics (2012). http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=2390374.2390377"},{"key":"15_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waseem, Z.: Are you a racist or am i seeing things? annotator influence on hate speech detection on Twitter. In: Proceedings of the First Workshop on NLP and Computational Social Science, Austin, Texas, pp. 138\u2013142. Association for Computational Linguistics, November 2016. http:\/\/aclweb.org\/anthology\/W16-5618","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W16-5618"},{"key":"15_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waseem, Z., Hovy, D.: Hateful symbols or hateful people? predictive features for hate speech detection on Twitter. In: Proceedings of the NAACL Student Research Workshop, San Diego, California, pp. 88\u201393. Association for Computational Linguistics, June 2016. http:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/N16-2013","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N16-2013"},{"key":"15_CR28","unstructured":"Wulczyn, E., Thain, N., Dixon, L.: Ex machina: personal attacks seen at scale. CoRR, abs\/1610.08914 (2016). http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1610.08914"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Language Technologies for the Challenges of the Digital Age"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-319-73706-5_15","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,8]],"date-time":"2019-10-08T22:18:35Z","timestamp":1570573115000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-73706-5_15"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"ISBN":["9783319737058","9783319737065"],"references-count":28,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-73706-5_15","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}}}