{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T16:25:01Z","timestamp":1776183901887,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783319934167","type":"print"},{"value":"9783319934174","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-93417-4_48","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,2]],"date-time":"2018-06-02T04:28:31Z","timestamp":1527913711000},"page":"745-760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":344,"title":["Detecting Hate Speech on Twitter Using a Convolution-GRU Based Deep Neural Network"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8587-8618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6522-5196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Tepper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"48_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badjatiya, P., Gupta, S., Gupta, M., Varma, V.: Deep learning for hate speech detection in tweets. In: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion, pp. 759\u2013760 (2017)","DOI":"10.1145\/3041021.3054223"},{"key":"48_CR2","unstructured":"BBCNews: Countering hate speech online. http:\/\/eeagrants.org\/News\/2012\/. Accessed July 2017"},{"key":"48_CR3","unstructured":"BBCNews: Finsbury park attack: son of hire boss held over Facebook post. http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-wales-40347813. Accessed May 2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"48_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/poi3.85","volume":"7","author":"P Burnap","year":"2015","unstructured":"Burnap, P., Williams, M.L.: Cyber hate speech on Twitter: an application of machine classification and statistical modeling for policy and decision making. Policy Internet 7(2), 223\u2013242 (2015)","journal-title":"Policy Internet"},{"key":"48_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00104","volume":"4","author":"JP Chiu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chiu, J.P., Nichols, E.: Named entity recognition with bidirectional LSTM-CNNs. Trans. Assoc. Comput. Linguist. 4, 357\u2013370 (2016)","journal-title":"Trans. Assoc. Comput. Linguist."},{"key":"48_CR6","unstructured":"Chung, J., Gulcehre, C., Cho, K., Bengio, Y.: Empirical evaluation of gated recurrent neural networks on sequence modeling. In: NIPS 2014 Deep Learning and Representation Learning Workshop (2014)"},{"key":"48_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davidson, T., Warmsley, D., Macy, M., Weber, I.: Automated hate speech detection and the problem of offensive language. In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Web and Social Media. AAAI (2017)","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v11i1.14955"},{"issue":"3","key":"48_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18:1","DOI":"10.1145\/2362394.2362400","volume":"2","author":"K Dinakar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dinakar, K., Jones, B., Havasi, C., Lieberman, H., Picard, R.: Common sense reasoning for detection, prevention, and mitigation of cyberbullying. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 2(3), 18:1\u201318:30 (2012)","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"48_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Djuric, N., Zhou, J., Morris, R., Grbovic, M., Radosavljevic, V., Bhamidipati, N.: Hate speech detection with comment embeddings. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on World Wide Web, pp. 29\u201330. ACM (2015)","DOI":"10.1145\/2740908.2742760"},{"key":"48_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gamb\u00e4ck, B., Sikdar, U.K.: Using convolutional neural networks to classify hate-speech. In: Proceedings of the First Workshop on Abusive Language Online, pp. 85\u201390. Association for Computational Linguistics (2017)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-3013"},{"issue":"10","key":"48_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.14257\/ijmue.2015.10.4.21","volume":"10","author":"ND Gitari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gitari, N.D., Zuping, Z., Damien, H., Long, J.: A lexicon-based approach for hate speech detection. Int. J. Multimed. Ubiquit. Eng. 10(10), 215\u2013230 (2015)","journal-title":"Int. J. Multimed. Ubiquit. Eng."},{"key":"48_CR12","unstructured":"Guardian: Anti-muslim hate crime surges after Manchester and London Bridge attacks. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com. Accessed July 2017"},{"key":"48_CR13","unstructured":"Guardian: Zuckerberg on refugee crisis: \u2018hate speech has no place on Facebook\u2019. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com. Accessed July 2017"},{"key":"48_CR14","unstructured":"Kingma, D.P., Ba, J.: Adam: a method for stochastic optimization. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference for Learning Representations (2015)"},{"key":"48_CR15","unstructured":"McCaffrey, J.D.: Why you should use cross-entropy error instead of classification error or mean squared error for neural network classifier training. https:\/\/jamesmccaffrey.wordpress.com. Accessed Jan 2018"},{"key":"48_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehdad, Y., Tetreault, J.: Do characters abuse more than words? In: Proceedings of the SIGDIAL 2016 Conference, Los Angeles, USA, pp. 299\u2013303. Association for Computational Linguistics (2016)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W16-3638"},{"key":"48_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nobata, C., Tetreault, J., Thomas, A., Mehdad, Y., Chang, Y.: Abusive language detection in online user content. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on World Wide Web, pp. 145\u2013153 (2016)","DOI":"10.1145\/2872427.2883062"},{"key":"48_CR18","unstructured":"Okeowo, A.: Hate on the rise after Trump\u2019s election. http:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/. Accessed July 2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"48_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3390\/s16010115","volume":"16","author":"FJ Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, F.J., Roggen, D.: Deep convolutional and LSTM recurrent neural networks for multimodal wearable activity recognition. Sensors 16(1), 115 (2016)","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"48_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J.H., Fung, P.: One-step and two-step classification for abusive language detection on Twitter. In: ALW1: 1st Workshop on Abusive Language Online, Vancouver, Canada. Association for Computational Linguistics (2017)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-3006"},{"key":"48_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, A., Wiegand, M.: A survey on hate speech detection using natural language processing. In: International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media, pp. 1\u201310. Association for Computational Linguistics (2017)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-1101"},{"issue":"C","key":"48_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.12.088","volume":"268","author":"E Tsironi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tsironi, E., Barros, P., Weber, C., Wermter, S.: An analysis of convolutional long short-term memory recurrent neural networks for gesture recognition. Neurocomputing 268(C), 76\u201386 (2017)","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"48_CR23","unstructured":"Vigna, F.D., Cimino, A., Dell\u2019Orletta, F., Petrocchi, M., Tesconi, M.: Hate me, hate me not: hate speech detection on Facebook. In: Proceedings of the First Italian Conference on Cybersecurity, pp. 86\u201395 (2017)"},{"key":"48_CR24","unstructured":"Warner, W., Hirschberg, J.: Detecting hate speech on the world wide web. In: Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Language in Social Media, LSM 2012, pp. 19\u201326. Association for Computational Linguistics (2012)"},{"key":"48_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waseem, Z.: Are you a racist or am i seeing things? Annotator influence on hate speech detection on Twitter. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on NLP and Computational Social Science, pp. 138\u2013142. Association for Computational Linguistics (2016)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W16-5618"},{"key":"48_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waseem, Z., Hovy, D.: Hateful symbols or hateful people? Predictive features for hate speech detection on Twitter. In: Proceedings of the NAACL Student Research Workshop, pp. 88\u201393. Association for Computational Linguistics (2016)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N16-2013"},{"key":"48_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang, G., Fan, B., Wang, L., Hong, J., Rose, C.: Detecting offensive tweets via topical feature discovery over a large scale Twitter corpus. In: Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, pp. 1980\u20131984. ACM (2012)","DOI":"10.1145\/2396761.2398556"},{"key":"48_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, H., Li, H., Squicciarini, A., Rajtmajer, S., Griffin, C., Miller, D., Caragea, C.: Content-driven detection of cyberbullying on the Instagram social network. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI 2016, pp. 3952\u20133958. AAAI Press (2016)","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2017\/552"},{"issue":"2","key":"48_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2005.00503.x","volume":"67","author":"H Zou","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zou, H., Hastie, T.: Regularization and variable selection via the elastic net. J. Roy. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Stat. Methodol. 67(2), 301\u2013320 (2005)","journal-title":"J. Roy. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Stat. Methodol."}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","The Semantic Web"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-319-93417-4_48","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T23:14:10Z","timestamp":1751670850000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-93417-4_48"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"ISBN":["9783319934167","9783319934174"],"references-count":29,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-93417-4_48","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 June 2018","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"ESWC","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"European Semantic Web Conference","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Heraklion","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Greece","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2018","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"3 June 2018","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"7 June 2018","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"15","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"esws2018","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/2018.eswc-conferences.org\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}