{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T15:21:32Z","timestamp":1772205692034,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783319973036","type":"print"},{"value":"9783319973043","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-97304-3_48","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,26]],"date-time":"2018-07-26T18:34:06Z","timestamp":1532630046000},"page":"629-642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Intent Detection for Spoken Language Understanding Using a Deep Ensemble Model"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Mauajama","family":"Firdaus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shobhit","family":"Bhatnagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asif","family":"Ekbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pushpak","family":"Bhattacharyya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"48_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, K., et al.: Learning phrase representations using RNN encoder-decoder for statistical machine translation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1406.1078 (2014)","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1179"},{"key":"48_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collobert, R., Weston, J.: A unified architecture for natural language processing: deep neural networks with multitask learning. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 160\u2013167. ACM (2008)","DOI":"10.1145\/1390156.1390177"},{"issue":"2","key":"48_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9:1","DOI":"10.1145\/1967293.1967296","volume":"10","author":"A Ekbal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ekbal, A., Saha, S.: Weighted vote-based classifier ensemble for named entity recognition: a genetic algorithm-based approach. ACM Trans. Asian Lang. Inf. Process. 10(2), 9:1\u20139:37 (2011)","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Asian Lang. Inf. Process."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"48_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(97)00040-X","volume":"23","author":"AL Gorin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gorin, A.L., Riccardi, G., Wright, J.H.: How may I help you? Speech Commun. 23(1\u20132), 113\u2013127 (1997)","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"key":"48_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, D., Tur, G., Yih, W.t., Zweig, G.: Joint semantic utterance classification and slot filling with recursive neural networks. In: 2014 IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop (SLT), pp. 554\u2013559. IEEE (2014)","DOI":"10.1109\/SLT.2014.7078634"},{"key":"48_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haffner, P., Tur, G., Wright, J.H.: Optimizing SVMs for complex call classification. In: 2003 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Proceedings (ICASSP 2003), vol. 1, p. I. IEEE (2003)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2003.1198860"},{"key":"48_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hakkani-T\u00fcr, D., Tur, G., Chotimongkol, A.: Using syntactic and semantic graphs for call classification. In: Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Feature Engineering for Machine Learning in Natural Language Processing (2005)","DOI":"10.3115\/1610230.1610235"},{"issue":"3","key":"48_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1177055.1177056","volume":"3","author":"D Hakkani-T\u00fcr","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hakkani-T\u00fcr, D., Riccardi, G., Tur, G.: An active approach to spoken language processing. ACM Trans. Speech Lang. Process. (TSLP) 3(3), 1\u201331 (2006)","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Speech Lang. Process. (TSLP)"},{"key":"48_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hakkani-T\u00fcr, D., et al.: Multi-domain joint semantic frame parsing using bi-directional RNN-LSTM. In: INTERSPEECH, pp. 715\u2013719 (2016)","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2016-402"},{"key":"48_CR10","unstructured":"Hashemi, H.B., Asiaee, A., Kraft, R.: Query intent detection using convolutional neural networks. In: International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, Workshop on Query Understanding (2016)"},{"key":"48_CR11","unstructured":"He, Y., Young, S.: A data-driven spoken language understanding system. In: 2003 IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding, ASRU 2003, pp. 583\u2013588. IEEE (2003)"},{"issue":"8","key":"48_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735","volume":"9","author":"S Hochreiter","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hochreiter, S., Schmidhuber, J.: Long short-term memory. Neural Comput. 9(8), 1735\u20131780 (1997)","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"issue":"7","key":"48_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2008.925143","volume":"16","author":"M Jeong","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jeong, M., Lee, G.G.: Triangular-chain conditional random fields. IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process. 16(7), 1287\u20131302 (2008)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process."},{"key":"48_CR14","unstructured":"Karpathy, A., Johnson, J., Fei-Fei, L.: Visualizing and understanding recurrent networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1506.02078 (2015)"},{"key":"48_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.K., Tur, G., Celikyilmaz, A., Cao, B., Wang, Y.Y.: Intent detection using semantically enriched word embeddings. In: 2016 IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop (SLT), pp. 414\u2013419. IEEE (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/SLT.2016.7846297"},{"key":"48_CR16","unstructured":"Kingma, D., Ba, J.: Adam: a method for stochastic optimization. arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.6980 (2014)"},{"key":"48_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, B., Lane, I.: Attention-based recurrent neural network models for joint intent detection and slot filling. arXiv preprint arXiv:1609.01454 (2016)","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2016-1352"},{"key":"48_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, B., Lane, I.: Joint online spoken language understanding and language modeling with recurrent neural networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1609.01462 (2016)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W16-3603"},{"key":"48_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luan, Y., Watanabe, S., Harsham, B.: Efficient learning for spoken language understanding tasks with word embedding based pre-training. In: Sixteenth Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association (2015)","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2015-56"},{"key":"48_CR20","unstructured":"Pedersen, T.: A simple approach to building ensembles of naive Bayesian classifiers for word sense disambiguation. In: Proceedings of the 1st North American chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics Conference, pp. 63\u201369. Association for Computational Linguistics (2000)"},{"key":"48_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pennington, J., Socher, R., Manning, C.: Glove: global vectors for word representation. In: Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), pp. 1532\u20131543 (2014)","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1162"},{"key":"48_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Price, P.J.: Evaluation of spoken language systems: the ATIS domain. In: Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Hidden Valley, Pennsylvania, 24\u201327 June 1990 (1990)","DOI":"10.3115\/116580.116612"},{"key":"48_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravuri, S., Stoicke, A.: A comparative study of neural network models for lexical intent classification. In: 2015 IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding (ASRU), pp. 368\u2013374. IEEE (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/ASRU.2015.7404818"},{"key":"48_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravuri, S.V., Stolcke, A.: Recurrent neural network and LSTM models for lexical utterance classification. In: INTERSPEECH, pp. 135\u2013139 (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2016.7472844"},{"key":"48_CR25","unstructured":"Sang, E.F.: Noun phrase recognition by system combination. In: Proceedings of the 1st North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics Conference, pp. 50\u201355. Association for Computational Linguistics (2000)"},{"key":"48_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarikaya, R., Hinton, G.E., Ramabhadran, B.: Deep belief nets for natural language call-routing. In: 2011 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp. 5680\u20135683. IEEE (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2011.5947649"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"48_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007649029923","volume":"39","author":"RE Schapire","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schapire, R.E., Singer, Y.: Boostexter: a boosting-based system for text categorization. Mach. Learn. 39(2\u20133), 135\u2013168 (2000)","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"issue":"1","key":"48_CR28","first-page":"1929","volume":"15","author":"N Srivastava","year":"2014","unstructured":"Srivastava, N., Hinton, G.E., Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Salakhutdinov, R.: Dropout: a simple way to prevent neural networks from overfitting. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 15(1), 1929\u20131958 (2014)","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"48_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1561\/2200000013","volume":"4","author":"C Sutton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sutton, C., McCallum, A., et al.: An introduction to conditional random fields. Found. Trends\u00ae Mach. Learn. 4(4), 267\u2013373 (2012)","journal-title":"Found. Trends\u00ae Mach. Learn."},{"key":"48_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tur, G.: Model adaptation for spoken language understanding. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP 2005), vol. 1, p. I-41. IEEE (2005)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2005.1415045"},{"key":"48_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tur, G., Hakkani-T\u00fcr, D., Heck, L., Parthasarathy, S.: Sentence simplification for spoken language understanding. In: 2011 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp. 5628\u20135631. IEEE (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2011.5947636"},{"key":"48_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Halteren, H., Zavrel, J., Daelemans, W.: Improving data driven wordclass tagging by system combination. In: Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, vol. 1, pp. 491\u2013497. Association for Computational Linguistics (1998)","DOI":"10.3115\/980845.980928"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"48_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2307\/2332510","volume":"34","author":"BL Welch","year":"1947","unstructured":"Welch, B.L.: The generalization of \u2018student\u2019s\u2019 problem when several different population variances are involved. Biometrika 34(1\/2), 28\u201335 (1947)","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"48_CR34","unstructured":"Wu, J.: Introduction to convolutional neural networks. National Key Lab for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, China (2017)"},{"key":"48_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, P., Sarikaya, R.: Convolutional neural network based triangular CRF for joint intent detection and slot filling. In: 2013 IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding (ASRU), pp. 78\u201383. IEEE (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/ASRU.2013.6707709"},{"key":"48_CR36","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Wang, H.: A joint model of intent determination and slot filling for spoken language understanding. In: IJCAI, pp. 2993\u20132999 (2016)"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","PRICAI 2018: Trends in Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-319-97304-3_48","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,28]],"date-time":"2022-08-28T07:38:17Z","timestamp":1661672297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-97304-3_48"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"ISBN":["9783319973036","9783319973043"],"references-count":36,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-97304-3_48","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}}}