{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T16:04:16Z","timestamp":1743005056799,"version":"3.40.3"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783319994949"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783319994956"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99495-6_3","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,13]],"date-time":"2018-08-13T14:29:35Z","timestamp":1534170575000},"page":"27-39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effective Character-Augmented Word Embedding for Machine Reading Comprehension"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Zhuosheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yafang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"3_CR1","unstructured":"Bai, H., Zhao, H.: Deep enhanced representation for implicit discourse relation recognition. In: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 2018) (2018)"},{"key":"3_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, D., Zhao, H.: Neural word segmentation learning for Chinese. In: Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2016), pp. 409\u2013420 (2016)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1039"},{"key":"3_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, D., Zhao, H., Zhang, Z., Xin, Y., Wu, Y., Huang, F.: Fast and accurate neural word segmentation for Chinese. In: Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2017), pp. 608\u2013615 (2017)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-2096"},{"key":"3_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, K., Merrienboer, B.V., Gulcehre, C., Bahdanau, D., Bougares, F., Schwenk, H., Bengio, Y.: Learning phrase representations using rnn encoder-decoder for statistical machine translation. In: Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP 2014), pp. 1724\u20131734 (2014)","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1179"},{"key":"3_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, Y., Chen, Z., Wei, S., Wang, S., Liu, T., Hu, G.: Attention-over-attention neural networks for reading comprehension. In: Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2017), pp. 1832\u20131846 (2017)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-1055"},{"key":"3_CR6","unstructured":"Cui, Y., Liu, T., Chen, Z., Ma, W., Wang, S., Hu, G.: Dataset for the first evaluation on chinese machine reading comprehension. In: Calzolari (Conference Chair), N., Choukri, K., Cieri, C., Declerck, T., Goggi, S., Hasida, K., Isahara, H., Maegaard, B., Mariani, J., Mazo, H., Moreno, A., Odijk, J., Piperidis, S., Tokunaga, T. (eds.) Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018). European Language Resources Association (ELRA) (2018)"},{"key":"3_CR7","unstructured":"Cui, Y., Liu, T., Chen, Z., Wang, S., Hu, G.: Consensus attention-based neural networks for Chinese reading comprehension. In: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 2016), pp. 1777\u20131786 (2016)"},{"key":"3_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhingra, B., Liu, H., Yang, Z., Cohen, W.W., Salakhutdinov, R.: Gated-attention readers for text comprehension. In: Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2017), pp. 1832\u20131846 (2017)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-1168"},{"key":"3_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, S., Li, Z., Zhao, H., Bai, H., Liu, G.: Syntax for semantic role labeling, to be, or not to be. In: Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2018) (2018)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-1192"},{"key":"3_CR10","unstructured":"Hermann, K.M., Kocisky, T., Grefenstette, E., Espeholt, L., Kay, W., Suleyman, M., Blunsom, P.: Teaching machines to read and comprehend. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS 2015), pp. 1693\u20131701 (2015)"},{"key":"3_CR11","unstructured":"Hill, F., Bordes, A., Chopra, S., Weston, J.: The goldilocks principle: reading children\u2019s books with explicit memory representations. arXiv preprint arXiv:1511.02301 (2015)"},{"key":"3_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Li, Z., Zhang, Z., Zhao, H.: Moon IME: neural-based Chinese Pinyin aided input method with customizable association. In: Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2018), System Demonstration (2018)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-4024"},{"key":"3_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joshi, M., Choi, E., Weld, D.S., Zettlemoyer, L.: TriviaQA: a large scale distantly supervised challenge dataset for reading comprehension. In: ACL, pp. 1601\u20131611 (2017)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-1147"},{"key":"3_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadlec, R., Schmid, M., Bajgar, O., Kleindienst, J.: Text understanding with the attention sum reader network. In: Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2016), pp. 908\u2013918 (2016)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1086"},{"key":"3_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y., Jernite, Y., Sontag, D., Rush, A.M.: Character-aware neural language models. In: Proceedings of the Thirtieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI 2016), pp. 2741\u20132749 (2016)","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v30i1.10362"},{"key":"3_CR16","unstructured":"Kingma, D., Ba, J.: Adam: a method for stochastic optimization. arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.6980 (2014)"},{"key":"3_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lample, G., Ballesteros, M., Subramanian, S., Kawakami, K., Dyer, C.: Neural architectures for named entity recognition. arXiv preprint arXiv:1603.01360 (2016)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N16-1030"},{"key":"3_CR18","unstructured":"Ling, W., Trancoso, I., Dyer, C., Black, A.W.: Character-based neural machine translation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1511.04586 (2015)"},{"key":"3_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luong, M.T., Manning, C.D.: Achieving open vocabulary neural machine translation with hybrid word-character models. arXiv preprint arXiv:1604.00788 (2016)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1100"},{"key":"3_CR20","unstructured":"Mikolov, T., Chen, K., Corrado, G., Dean, J.: Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. arXiv preprint arXiv:1301.3781 (2013)"},{"key":"3_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyamoto, Y., Cho, K.: Gated word-character recurrent language model. In: Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP 2016), pp. 1992\u20131997 (2016)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1209"},{"key":"3_CR22","unstructured":"Munkhdalai, T., Yu, H.: Reasoning with memory augmented neural networks for language comprehension. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR 2017) (2017)"},{"key":"3_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters, M.E., Neumann, M., Iyyer, M., Gardner, M., Clark, C., Lee, K., Zettlemoyer, L.: Deep contextualized word representations. In: Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (NAACL 2018) (2018)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-1202"},{"key":"3_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajpurkar, P., Zhang, J., Lopyrev, K., Liang, P.: SQuAD: 100,000+ questions for machine comprehension of text. In: Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP 2016), pp. 2383\u20132392 (2016)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1264"},{"key":"3_CR25","unstructured":"Seo, M., Kembhavi, A., Farhadi, A., Hajishirzi, H.: Bidirectional attention flow for machine comprehension. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR 2017) (2017)"},{"key":"3_CR26","unstructured":"Sordoni, A., Bachman, P., Trischler, A., Bengio, Y.: Iterative alternating neural attention for machine reading. arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.02245 (2016)"},{"key":"3_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trischler, A., Ye, Z., Yuan, X., Suleman, K.: Natural language comprehension with the EpiReader. In: Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP 2016), pp. 128\u2013137 (2016)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1013"},{"key":"3_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, B., Liu, K., Zhao, J.: Conditional generative adversarial networks for commonsense machine comprehension. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 2017), pp. 4123\u20134129 (2017)","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2017\/576"},{"key":"3_CR29","unstructured":"Wang, S., Jiang, J.: Machine comprehension using Match-LSTM and answer pointer. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR 2016) (2016)"},{"key":"3_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Yang, N., Wei, F., Chang, B., Zhou, M.: Gated self-matching networks for reading comprehension and question answering. In: Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2017), pp. 189\u2013198 (2017)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-1018"},{"key":"3_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Liu, K., Liu, J., He, W., Lyu, Y., Wu, H., Li, S., Wang, H.: Multi-passage machine reading comprehension with cross-passage answer verification. In: Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2018) (2018)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-1178"},{"key":"3_CR32","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Dhingra, B., Yuan, Y., Hu, J., Cohen, W.W., Salakhutdinov, R.: Words or characters? Fine-grained gating for reading comprehension. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR 2017) (2017)"},{"key":"3_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Huang, Y., Zhao, H.: Subword-augmented embedding for cloze reading comprehension. In: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 2018) (2018)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99495-6_3"},{"key":"3_CR34","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Li, J., Zhu, P., Zhao, H.: Modeling multi-turn conversation with deep utterance aggregation. In: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 2018) (2018)"},{"key":"3_CR35","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Zhao, H.: One-shot learning for question-answering in Gaokao history challenge. In: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 2018) (2018)"},{"key":"3_CR36","unstructured":"Zhu, P., Zhang, Z., Li, J., Huang, Y., Zhao, H.: Lingke: A fine-grained multi-turn chatbot for customer service. In: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 2018), System Demonstrations (2018)"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Natural Language Processing and Chinese Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-319-99495-6_3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T19:02:33Z","timestamp":1710356553000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-99495-6_3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"ISBN":["9783319994949","9783319994956"],"references-count":36,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-99495-6_3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0302-9743"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1611-3349"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 August 2018","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"NLPCC","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"CCF International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Chinese Computing","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Hohhot","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"China","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2018","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"26 August 2018","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"30 August 2018","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"7","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"nlpcc2018","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"http:\/\/tcci.ccf.org.cn\/conference\/2018\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}