{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T20:19:07Z","timestamp":1772741947361,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Berlin, Heidelberg","reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783540212683","type":"print"},{"value":"9783540259312","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-25931-2_1","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,7]],"date-time":"2011-01-07T13:34:19Z","timestamp":1294407259000},"page":"1-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Diagrams in the Mind and in the World: Relations between Internal and External Visualizations"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Mary","family":"Hegarty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"1_CR1","volume-title":"Working Memory","author":"A.D. Baddeley","year":"1986","unstructured":"Baddeley, A.D.: Working Memory. Oxford University Press, New York (1986)"},{"key":"1_CR2","volume-title":"Readings in information visualization: Using vision to think","author":"S.K. Card","year":"2001","unstructured":"Card, S.K., Mackinlay, J.D., Schneiderman, B.: Readings in information visualization: Using vision to think. Academic Press, San Diego (2001)"},{"key":"1_CR3","volume-title":"Diagrammatic Representation and Inference, Proceedings of the second international conference on Diagrams","author":"S. Bogacz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bogacz, S., Trafton, J.G.: Understanding static and dynamic visualizations. In: Hegarty, M., Meyer, B., Narayanan, N.H. (eds.) Diagrammatic Representation and Inference, Proceedings of the second international conference on Diagrams, Springer, Berlin (2002)"},{"key":"1_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.4.2.75","volume":"4","author":"P.A. Carpenter","year":"1998","unstructured":"Carpenter, P.A., Shah, P.: A model of the perceptual and conceptual processes in graph comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied\u00a04, 75\u2013100 (1998)","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied"},{"key":"1_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511571312","volume-title":"Human cognitive abilities: a survey of factor-analytical studies","author":"J. Carroll","year":"1993","unstructured":"Carroll, J.: Human cognitive abilities: a survey of factor-analytical studies. Cambridge University Press, New York (1993)"},{"key":"1_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(73)90004-2","volume":"4","author":"W.G. Chase","year":"1993","unstructured":"Chase, W.G., Simon, H.A.: Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology\u00a04, 55\u201381 (1993)","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"1_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog2606_1","volume":"26","author":"P.C.-H. Cheng","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cheng, P.C.-H.: Electrifying diagrams for learning: principles for effective representational systems. Cognitive Science\u00a026, 685\u2013736 (2002)","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"1_CR8","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 25th annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"C.A. Cohen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cohen, C.A., Hegarty, M., Keehner, M., Montello, D.R.: Spatial abilities in the representation of cross sections. In: Proceedings of the 25th annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, Erlbaum, Mahwah (2003)"},{"key":"1_CR9","volume-title":"Kit of Factor Referenced Cognitive Tests","author":"R.B. Ekstrom","year":"1976","unstructured":"Ekstrom, R.B., French, J.W., Harman, H.H., Derman, D.: Kit of Factor Referenced Cognitive Tests. Educational Testing Service, Princeton (1976)"},{"key":"1_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1126\/science.197.4306.827","volume":"197","author":"E.S. Ferguson","year":"1977","unstructured":"Ferguson, E.S.: The mind\u2019s eye. Non-verbal thought in technology. Science\u00a0197, 827\u2013836 (1977)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1_CR11","volume-title":"Principles of Mental Imagery","author":"R.A. Finke","year":"1989","unstructured":"Finke, R.A.: Principles of Mental Imagery. MIT Press, Cambridge (1989)"},{"key":"1_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-199910000-00049","volume":"74","author":"A.X. Garg","year":"1999","unstructured":"Garg, A.X., Norman, G.R., Spero, L., Maheshwari, P.: Do virtual computer models hinderanatomy learning. Academic Medicine\u00a074, 87\u201389 (1999)","journal-title":"Academic Medicine"},{"key":"1_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls0403_1","volume":"4","author":"D.N. Gordin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gordin, D.N., Pea, R.D.: Prospects for scientific visualization as an educational technology. The Journal of the Learning Sciences\u00a04, 249\u2013279 (1995)","journal-title":"The Journal of the Learning Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"1_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.18.5.1084","volume":"18","author":"M. Hegarty","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hegarty, M.: Mental animation: Inferring motion from static diagrams of mechanical systems. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition\u00a018(5), 1084\u20131102 (1992)","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition"},{"key":"1_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hegarty, M., Kriz, S., Cate, C.: The Roles of Mental Animations and External Animations in Understanding Mechanical Systems. Cognition & Instruction (in press)","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532690xci2104_1"},{"key":"1_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03200867","volume":"22","author":"M. Hegarty","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hegarty, M., Sims, V.K.: Individual differences in mental animation during mechanical reasoning. Memory & Cognition\u00a022, 411\u2013430 (1994)","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"1_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S1041-6080(97)90018-2","volume":"9","author":"M. Hegarty","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hegarty, M., Steinhoff, K.: Use of diagrams as external memory in a mechanical reasoning task. Learning and Individual Differences\u00a09, 19\u201342 (1997)","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"key":"1_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hegarty, M., Waller, D.: Individual differences in spatial abilities. In: Shah, P., Miyake, A. (eds.) Handbook ofVisuospatial Thinking, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (in press)","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511610448.005"},{"key":"1_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.21.6.1391","volume":"21","author":"M.I. Isaak","year":"1995","unstructured":"Isaak, M.I., Just, M.A.: Constraints on the processing of rolling motion: The curtate cycloid illusion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance\u00a021, 1391\u20131408 (1995)","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"1_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1404_2","volume":"14","author":"K.R. Koedinger","year":"1990","unstructured":"Koedinger, K.R., Anderson, J.R.: Abstract planning and perceptual chunks: Elements of expertisein geometry. Cognitive Science\u00a014, 511\u2013550 (1990)","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"1_CR21","volume-title":"Elements of graph design","author":"S.M. Kosslyn","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kosslyn, S.M.: Elements of graph design. W.H. Freeman, New York (1990)"},{"key":"1_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3653.001.0001","volume-title":"Image and Brain","author":"S.M. Kosslyn","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kosslyn, S.M.: Image and Brain. MIT Press, Cambridge (1994)"},{"key":"1_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-6708.1987.tb00863.x","volume":"11","author":"J.H. Larkin","year":"1987","unstructured":"Larkin, J.H., Simon, H.A.: Why a diagram is (sometimes) worth 10,000 words. Cognitive Science\u00a011, 65\u201399 (1987)","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"1_CR24","volume-title":"Visuo-spatial working memory","author":"R.H. Logie","year":"1995","unstructured":"Logie, R.H.: Visuo-spatial working memory. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hove (1995)"},{"key":"1_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03172967","volume":"14","author":"R.K. Lowe","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lowe, R.K.: Extracting information from an animation during complex visual learning. European Journal of Psychology of Education\u00a014, 225\u2013244 (1999)","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychology of Education"},{"key":"1_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.86.3.389","volume":"86","author":"R.E. Mayer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mayer, R.E., Sims, V.K.: For whom is a picture worth a thousand words? Extensions of a dual-coding theory of multimedia learning. Journal of Educational Psychology\u00a086, 389\u2013401 (1994)","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"1_CR27","volume-title":"Imagery in scientific thought","author":"A.I. Miller","year":"1986","unstructured":"Miller, A.I.: Imagery in scientific thought. MIT Press, Cambridge (1986)"},{"key":"1_CR28","first-page":"652","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"N.H. Narayanan","year":"1994","unstructured":"Narayanan, N.H., Suwa, M., Motoda, H.: A study of diagrammatic reasoning from verbal and gestural data. In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pp. 652\u2013657. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah (1994)"},{"key":"1_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00486621","volume":"4","author":"N.J. Nerssesian","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nerssesian, N.J.: Should physicists preach what they practice? Science & Education\u00a04, 203\u2013226 (1995)","journal-title":"Science & Education"},{"key":"1_CR30","unstructured":"Nielson, G.M., Shriver, B., Rosenblum, J. (eds.): Visualization in scientific computing, Los Alamitos, CA (1990)"},{"key":"1_CR31","volume-title":"Things that make us smart: defending human attributes in the age of the machine","author":"D.A. Norman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Norman, D.A.: Things that make us smart: defending human attributes in the age of the machine. Addison-Wesley, Reading (1993)"},{"key":"1_CR32","volume-title":"Spatial Cognition","author":"D.R. Olson","year":"1983","unstructured":"Olson, D.R., Bialystock, E.: Spatial Cognition. Erlbaum, Hillsdale (1983)"},{"key":"1_CR33","first-page":"73","volume-title":"Artificial intelligence and the future of testing","author":"S. Pinker","year":"1990","unstructured":"Pinker, S.: A theory of graph comprehension. In: Freedle, R. (ed.) Artificial intelligence and the future of testing, pp. 73\u2013126. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale (1990)"},{"key":"1_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00309076","volume":"37","author":"S. Runeson","year":"1974","unstructured":"Runeson, S.: Constant velocity: Not perceived as such. Psychological Research\u00a037, 3\u201323 (1974)","journal-title":"Psychological Research"},{"key":"1_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trafton, J.G., Tricket, S.B., Mintz, R.E.: Connecting internal and external representations: Spatial transformations of cientific visualizations. Foundations of Science (in press)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10699-005-3007-4"},{"key":"1_CR36","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 24th annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"S.B. Trickett","year":"2002","unstructured":"Trickett, S.B., Trafton, J.G.: The instantiation and use of conceptual simulations in evaluating hypotheses: Movies in the mind in scientific reasoning. In: Proceedings of the 24th annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Erlbaum, Mahwah (2002)"},{"key":"1_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.2002.1017","volume":"57","author":"B. Tversky","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tversky, B., Morrison, J.B., Betrancourt, M.: Animation: Can it facilitate? International Journal of Human Computer Studies\u00a057, 247\u2013262 (2002)","journal-title":"International Journal of Human Computer Studies"},{"key":"1_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1996.0048","volume":"45","author":"M. Scaife","year":"1996","unstructured":"Scaife, M., Rogers, Y.: External cognition: How do graphical representations work? International journal of Human-ComputerStudies\u00a045, 185\u2013213 (1996)","journal-title":"International journal of Human-ComputerStudies"},{"key":"1_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog2004_1","volume":"20","author":"D.L. Schwartz","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schwartz, D.L., Black, J.B.: Shuttling between depictive models and abstract rules: Induction and fallback. Cognitive Science\u00a020, 457\u2013497 (1996)","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"1_CR40","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Cognitive and Computational Models of Spatial Representation","author":"D.L. Schwartz","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schwartz, D.L., Hegarty, M.: Coordinating multiple representations for reasoning about mechanical devices. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Cognitive and Computational Models of Spatial Representation, AAAI Press, Menlo Park (1996)"},{"key":"1_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.124.1.43","volume":"124","author":"P. Shah","year":"1995","unstructured":"Shah, P., Carpenter, P.A.: Conceptual limitations in comprehending line graphs. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General\u00a0124, 43\u201361 (1995)","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"1_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.91.4.690","volume":"91","author":"P. Shah","year":"1999","unstructured":"Shah, P., Mayer, R.E., Hegarty, M.: Graphs as aids to knowledge construction. Journal of Educational Psychology\u00a091, 690\u2013702 (1999)","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"1_CR43","volume-title":"Visual Learning, Thinking and Communication","author":"R.N. Shepard","year":"1978","unstructured":"Shepard, R.N.: Externalization of mental images and the act of creation. In: Randawa, B.S., Coffman, W.E. (eds.) Visual Learning, Thinking and Communication, Academic Press, San Diego (1978)"},{"key":"1_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1126\/science.171.3972.701","volume":"171","author":"R.N. Shepard","year":"1971","unstructured":"Shepard, R.N., Metzler, J.: Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science\u00a0171, 701\u2013703 (1971)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211288","volume":"25","author":"V.K. Sims","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sims, V.K., Hegarty, M.: Mental animation in the visual-spatial sketchpad: Evidence from dual-task studies. Meraory & Cognition\u00a025, 321\u2013332 (1997)","journal-title":"Meraory & Cognition"},{"key":"1_CR46","volume-title":"Information Visualization","author":"R. Spence","year":"2001","unstructured":"Spence, R.: Information Visualization. ACM Press, Essex (2001)"},{"key":"1_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1996.0042","volume":"45","author":"J. Zhang","year":"1996","unstructured":"Zhang, J.: A representational analysis of relational information displays. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies\u00a045, 59\u201374 (1996)","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"key":"1_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1801_3","volume":"18","author":"J. Zhang","year":"1994","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Norman, D.A.: Representations in distributed cognitive tasks. Cognitive Science\u00a018, 87\u2013122 (1994)","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Diagrammatic Representation and Inference"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-540-25931-2_1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,7]],"date-time":"2019-06-07T13:50:02Z","timestamp":1559915402000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-540-25931-2_1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004]]},"ISBN":["9783540212683","9783540259312"],"references-count":48,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-25931-2_1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004]]}}}