{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,23]],"date-time":"2025-02-23T05:11:57Z","timestamp":1740287517895,"version":"3.37.3"},"publisher-location":"Berlin, Heidelberg","reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783540200857"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783540398042"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-39804-2_4","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,28]],"date-time":"2010-06-28T04:06:45Z","timestamp":1277698005000},"page":"16-22","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Taking Causality Seriously: Propensity Score Methodology Applied to Estimate the Effects of Marketing Interventions"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Donald B.","family":"Rubin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"4_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1037\/h0037350","volume":"66","author":"Estimating Causal Effects of Treatments in Randomized and Nonrandomized Studies","year":"1974","unstructured":"Estimating Causal Effects of Treatments in Randomized and Nonrandomized Studies. Journal of Educational Psychology\u00a066(5), 688\u2013701 (1974)","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"#cr-split#-4_CR2.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assignment to Treatment Group on the Basis of a Covariate. Journal of Educational Statistics??2(1), 1???26 (1977);","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986002001001"},{"key":"#cr-split#-4_CR2.2","unstructured":"Printer???s correction note 3, p. 384"},{"key":"#cr-split#-4_CR3.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assignment to Treatment Group on the Basis of a Covariate. Journal of Educational Statistics??2(1), 1???26 (1997);","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986002001001"},{"key":"#cr-split#-4_CR3.2","unstructured":"Printer???s correction note 3, p. 384"},{"key":"4_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bayesian Inference for Causal Effects: The Role of Randomization. The Annals of Statistics\u00a07(1), 34\u201358 (1978)","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176344064"},{"issue":"2","key":"4_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1983.tb01242.x","volume":"45","author":"P.R. Rosenbaum","year":"1983","unstructured":"Rosenbaum, P.R.: Assessing Sensitivity to an Unobserved Binary Covariate in an Observational Study with Binary Outcome. The Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B\u00a045(2), 212\u2013218 (1983)","journal-title":"The Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B"},{"key":"4_CR6","unstructured":"Holland, P.W.: On Lord\u2019s Paradox. Principles of Modern Psychological Measurement: A Festschrift for Frederick Lord, Wainer and Messick (eds.), pp. 3\u201325, Erlbaum (1983)"},{"key":"4_CR7","first-page":"26","volume":"79","author":"P.R. Rosenbaum","year":"1984","unstructured":"Rosenbaum, P.R.: Estimating the Effects Caused by Treatments. Discussion of On the Nature and Discovery of Structure by Pratt and Schlaifer. Journal of the American Statistical Association\u00a079, 26\u201328 (1984)","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"4_CR8","first-page":"37","volume-title":"W.G. Cochran\u2019s Impact on Statistics","author":"W.G. Cochran\u2019s","year":"1984","unstructured":"Cochran\u2019s, W.G.: Contributions to the Design, Analysis, and Evaluation of Observational Studies. In: Rao, Sedransk (eds.) W.G. Cochran\u2019s Impact on Statistics, pp. 37\u201369. Wiley, New York (1984)"},{"key":"4_CR9","first-page":"961","volume":"81","author":"Which Ifs Have Causal Answers? Discussion of Holland\u2019s Statistics and Causal Inference","year":"1986","unstructured":"Which Ifs Have Causal Answers? Discussion of Holland\u2019s Statistics and Causal Inference. Journal of the American Statistical Association\u00a081, 961\u2013962 (1986)","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"4_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holland, P.W.:Causal Inference in Retrospective Studies. In: Evaluation Review, pp. 203\u2013231 (1988)","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X8801200301"},{"key":"4_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3758(90)90077-8","volume":"25","author":"Formal Modes of Statistical Inference for Causal Effects","year":"1990","unstructured":"Formal Modes of Statistical Inference for Causal Effects. Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference\u00a025, 279\u2013292 (1990)","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference"},{"issue":"4","key":"4_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1177012032","volume":"5","author":"Neyman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Neyman 1923 and Causal Inference in Experiments and Observational Studies. Statistical Science\u00a05(4), 472\u2013480 (1990)","journal-title":"Statistical Science"},{"issue":"413","key":"4_CR13","first-page":"22","volume":"86","author":"Dose-Response Estimands","year":"1991","unstructured":"Dose-Response Estimands: A Comment on Efron and Feldman. Journal of the American Statistical Association\u00a086(413), 22\u201324 (1991)","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"4_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheiner, L.B.: Intention-to-Treat Analysis and the Goals of Clinical Trials. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics\u00a087(1), 6\u201315 (1994)","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-9236(95)90260-0"},{"key":"4_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angrist, J.D., Imbens, G.W.: Identification of Causal Effects Using Instrumental Variables. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 91, 434, as Applications Invited Discussion Article with discussion and rejoinder, 444\u2013472 (1996) (With )","DOI":"10.2307\/2291634"},{"key":"4_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imbens, G.: Bayesian Inference for Causal Effects in Randomized Experiments with Noncompliance. The Annals of Statistics\u00a025(1), 305\u2013327 (1997)","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1034276631"},{"key":"4_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.2307\/2971731","volume":"64","author":"G. Imbens","year":"1997","unstructured":"Imbens, G.: Estimating Outcome Distributions for Compliers in Instrumental Variables Models. Review of Economic Studies\u00a064, 555\u2013574 (1997)","journal-title":"Review of Economic Studies"},{"key":"4_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19980215)17:3<371::AID-SIM768>3.0.CO;2-O","volume":"17","author":"More Powerful Randomization-Based p-values in Double-Blind Trials with Noncompliance","year":"1998","unstructured":"More Powerful Randomization-Based p-values in Double-Blind Trials with Noncompliance. Statistics in Medicine\u00a017, 371\u2013385 (1998) (with discussion by D.R. Cox, pp. 387\u2013389)","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"4_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/86.2.365","volume":"86","author":"C. Frangakis","year":"1999","unstructured":"Frangakis, C.: Addressing Complications of Intention-To-Treat Analysis in the Combined Presence of All-or-None Treatment-Noncompliance and Subsequent Missing Outcomes. Biometrika\u00a086(2), 366\u2013379 (1999)","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"4_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frangakis, C.E.: Causal Inquiry in Longitudinal Observational Studies, Discussion of \u2019Estimation of the Causal Effect of a Time-varying Exposure on the Marginal Mean of a Repeated Binary Outcome. In: Robins, J., Greenland, S., Hu, F.-C. (eds.) Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol.\u00a094(447), pp. 702\u2013703 (1999)","DOI":"10.2307\/2669983"},{"key":"4_CR21","unstructured":"Teaching Causal Inference in Experiments and Observational Studies. In: Proceedings of the Section on Statistical Education of the American Statistical Association, pp. 126\u2013131 (1999)"},{"key":"4_CR22","series-title":"Statistical Science in the Courtroom","first-page":"321","volume-title":"Statistical Issues in the Estimation of the Causal Effects of Smoking Due to the Conduct of the Tobacco Industry","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gastwirth, J. (ed.): Statistical Issues in the Estimation of the Causal Effects of Smoking Due to the Conduct of the Tobacco Industry. Statistical Science in the Courtroom, ch. 16, pp. 321\u2013351. Springer, New York (2000)"},{"issue":"450","key":"4_CR23","first-page":"435","volume":"95","author":"The Utility of Counterfactuals for Causal Inference","year":"2000","unstructured":"The Utility of Counterfactuals for Causal Inference. Comment on A.P. Dawid, Causal Inference Without Counterfactuals. Journal of the American Statistical Association\u00a095(450), 435\u2013438 (2000)","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"4_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Little, R.J.A.: Causal Inference in Clinical and Epidemiological Studies via Potential Outcomes: Concepts and Analytic Approaches. Annual Review of Public Health\u00a021, 121\u2013145 (2000)","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.21.1.121"},{"key":"4_CR25","unstructured":"Statistical Inference for Causal Effects in Epidemiological Studies Via Potential Outcomes. In: Proceedings of the XL Scientific Meeting of the Italian Statistical Society, Florence, Italy, April 26-28, pp. 419\u2013430 (2000)"},{"key":"4_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.677","volume":"20","author":"Estimating The Causal Effects of Smoking","year":"2001","unstructured":"Estimating The Causal Effects of Smoking. Statistics in Medicine\u00a020, 1395\u20131414 (2001)","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"4_CR27","first-page":"16","volume":"14","author":"S. Roberts","year":"2001","unstructured":"Roberts, S.: Self-Experimentation for Causal Effects. Comment on Surprises From Self-Experimentation: Sleep, Mood, and Weight\u00a014(2), 16\u201317 (2001) Chance","journal-title":"Comment on Surprises From Self-Experimentation: Sleep, Mood, and Weight"},{"key":"4_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.91.4.778","volume":"19","author":"G.W. Imbens","year":"2001","unstructured":"Imbens, G.W., Sacerdote, B.: Estimating the Effect of Unearned Income on Labor Supply, Earnings, Savings and Consumption: Evidence from a Survey of Lottery Players. American Economic Review\u00a019, 778\u2013794 (2001)","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"4_CR29","unstructured":"Statistical Assumptions in the Estimation of the Causal Effects of Smoking Due to the Conduct of the Tobacco Industry. [CD-ROM] In Social Science Methodology in the New Millennium. In: Blasius, J., Hox, J., de Leeuw, E., Schmidt, P. (eds.) Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Logic and Methodology, Cologne, Germany. Opladen, October 6 (2000) (FRG: Leske + Budrich. P023003)"},{"key":"4_CR30","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Case Studies in Bayesian Statistics","author":"J. Barnard","year":"2002","unstructured":"Barnard, J., Frangakis, C., Hill, J.: School Choice in NY City: A Bayesian Analysis of an Imperfect Randomized Experiment, with discussion and rejoinder. In: Gatsonis, C., Carlin, B., Carriquiry, A. (eds.) Case Studies in Bayesian Statistics, vol.\u00a0V, pp. 3\u201397. Springer, New York (2002)"},{"issue":"1","key":"4_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2002.00021.x","volume":"58","author":"C. Frangakis","year":"2002","unstructured":"Frangakis, C.: Principal Stratification in Causal Inference. Biometrics\u00a058(1), 21\u201329 (2002)","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"4_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/3.2.147","volume":"3","author":"C.E. Frangakis","year":"2002","unstructured":"Frangakis, C.E., Zhou, X.-H.: Clustered Encouragement Designs with Individual Noncompliance: Bayesian Inference with Randomization, and Application to Advance Directive Forms. With discussion and rejoinder, Biostatistics\u00a03(2), 147\u2013177 (2002)","journal-title":"With discussion and rejoinder, Biostatistics"},{"issue":"4","key":"4_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986027004411","volume":"27","author":"F. Mealli","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mealli, F.: Discussion of Estimation of Intervention Effects with Noncompliance: Alternative Model Specification by Booil Jo. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics\u00a027(4), 411\u2013415 (2002)","journal-title":"Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics"},{"key":"4_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4076(02)00150-1","volume":"112","author":"F. Mealli","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mealli, F.: Assumptions Allowing the Estimation of Direct Causal Effects: Discussion of Healthy, Wealthy, and Wise? Tests for Direct Causal Paths Between Health and Socioeconomic Status by Adams et al. Journal of Econometrics\u00a0112, 79\u201387 (2003)","journal-title":"Journal of Econometrics"},{"key":"4_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1198\/016214503000071","volume":"98","author":"J. Barnard","year":"2003","unstructured":"Barnard, J., Frangakis, C., Hill, J.: A Principal Stratification Approach to Broken Randomized Experiments: A Case Study of Vouchers in New York City. Journal of the American Statistical Association\u00a098, 462 (2003); with discussion and rejoinder","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"4_CR36","unstructured":"Mealli, F.: Assumptions When Analyzing Randomized Experiments with Noncom-pliance and Missing Outcomes. To appear in Health Services Outcome Research Methodology (2003)"},{"key":"4_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9236(03)00018-3","volume":"73","author":"C. Peck","year":"2003","unstructured":"Peck, C., Sheiner, L.B.: Hypothesis: A Single Clinical Trial Plus Causal Evidence of Effectiveness is Sufficient for Drug Approval. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics\u00a073, 481\u2013490 (2003)","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"4_CR38","unstructured":"Teaching Statistical Inference for Causal Effects in Experiments and Observational Studies. To appear in The Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics (2003)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-4_CR39.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matching to Remove Bias in Observational Studies. Biometrics??29(1), 159???183 (1973);","DOI":"10.2307\/2529684"},{"key":"#cr-split#-4_CR39.2","unstructured":"Printer???s correction note 30, p. 728"},{"key":"#cr-split#-4_CR40.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Multivariate Matching Methods that are Equal Percent Bias Reducing, II: Some Examples. Biometrics??32(1), 109???120 (1976);","DOI":"10.2307\/2529342"},{"key":"#cr-split#-4_CR40.2","unstructured":"Printer???s correction note p. 955"},{"issue":"1","key":"4_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.2307\/2529343","volume":"32","author":"Multivariate Matching Methods that are Equal Percent Bias Reducing, II","year":"1976","unstructured":"Multivariate Matching Methods that are Equal Percent Bias Reducing, II: Maximums on Bias Reduction for Fixed Sample Sizes. Biometrics\u00a032(1), 121\u2013132 (1976); Printer\u2019s correction note p. 955","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"4_CR42","first-page":"295","volume":"36","author":"Bias Reduction Using Mahalanobis\u2019 Metric Matching","year":"1980","unstructured":"Bias Reduction Using Mahalanobis\u2019 Metric Matching. Biometrics\u00a036(2), 295\u2013298 (1980); Printer\u2019s Correction p. 296 ((5,10) = 75%)","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"4_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/70.1.41","volume":"70","author":"P. Rosenbaum","year":"1983","unstructured":"Rosenbaum, P.: The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects. Biometrika\u00a070, 41\u201355 (1983)","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"4_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.2307\/2288398","volume":"79","author":"P.R. Rosenbaum","year":"1984","unstructured":"Rosenbaum, P.R.: Reducing Bias in Observational Studies Using Subclassification on the Propensity Score. Journal of the American Statistical Association\u00a079, 516\u2013524 (1984)","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"4_CR45","first-page":"463","volume-title":"The Use of Propensity Scores in Applied Bayesian Inference.Bayesian Statistics","year":"1985","unstructured":"Bernardo, et al. (eds.): The Use of Propensity Scores in Applied Bayesian Inference. Bayesian Statistics, vol.\u00a02, pp. 463\u2013472. North Holland, Amsterdam (1985)"},{"key":"4_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2307\/2683903","volume":"39","author":"P.R. Rosenbaum","year":"1985","unstructured":"Rosenbaum, P.R.: Constructing a Control Group Using Multivariate Matched Sampling Incorporating the Propensity Score. The American Statistician\u00a039, 33\u201338 (1985)","journal-title":"The American Statistician"},{"key":"4_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2307\/2530647","volume":"41","author":"P.R. Rosenbaum","year":"1985","unstructured":"Rosenbaum, P.R.: The Bias Due to Incomplete Matching. Biometrics\u00a041, 103\u2013116 (1985)","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"4_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2307\/1391671","volume":"10","author":"J.C. Czajka","year":"1992","unstructured":"Czajka, J.C., Hirabayashi, S.M., Little, R.J.A.: Projecting from Advance Data Using Propensity Modelling. The Journal of Business and Economics Statistics\u00a010(2), 117\u2013131 (1992)","journal-title":"The Journal of Business and Economics Statistics"},{"issue":"2","key":"4_CR49","first-page":"93","volume":"20","author":"N. Thomas","year":"1992","unstructured":"Thomas, N.: Affinely Invariant Matching Methods with Ellipsoidal Distributions. The Annals of Statistics\u00a020(2), 93\u20131079 (1992)","journal-title":"The Annals of Statistics"},{"issue":"4","key":"4_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/79.4.797","volume":"79","author":"N. Thomas","year":"1992","unstructured":"Thomas, N.: Characterizing the Effect of Matching Using Linear Propensity Score Methods with Normal Covariates. Biometrika\u00a079(4), 797\u2013809 (1992)","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"19","key":"4_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.274.19.1518","volume":"274","author":"J. Reinisch","year":"1995","unstructured":"Reinisch, J., Sanders, S., Mortensen, E.: In Utero Exposure to Phenobarbital and Intelligence Deficits in Adult Men. The Journal of the American Medical Association\u00a0274(19), 1518\u20131525 (1995)","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"4_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.2307\/2533160","volume":"52","author":"N. Thomas","year":"1996","unstructured":"Thomas, N.: Matching Using Estimated Propensity Scores: Relating Theory to Practice. Biometrics\u00a052, 249\u2013264 (1996)","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"4_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199908000-00002","volume":"37","author":"M. McIntosh","year":"1999","unstructured":"McIntosh, M.: On Estimating the Causal Effects of Do Not Resuscitate Orders. Medical Care\u00a037(8), 722\u2013726 (1999)","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"key":"4_CR54","first-page":"155","volume-title":"Research Designs: Inspired by the Work","author":"J. Hill","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hill, J., Thomas, N.: The Design of the New York School Choice Scholarship Program Evaluation. In: Campbell, D., Bickman, L. (eds.) Research Designs: Inspired by the Work,Ch. 7, pp. 155\u2013180. Sage, Thousand Oaks (1999)"},{"issue":"451","key":"4_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.2307\/2669455","volume":"95","author":"R. D\u2019Agostino Jr","year":"2000","unstructured":"D\u2019Agostino Jr, R.: Estimation and Use of Propensity Scores with Incomplete Data. Journal of the American Statistical Association\u00a095(451), 749\u2013759 (2000)","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"4_CR56","unstructured":"Using Propensity Scores to Help Design Observational Studies: Application to the Tobacco Litigation. Health Services & Outcomes Research Methodology\u00a02, 169\u2013188 (2001)"},{"key":"4_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Use of Matched Sampling and Regression Adjustment to Remove Bias in Observational Studies. Biometrics\u00a029(1), 184\u2013203 (1973)","DOI":"10.2307\/2529685"},{"issue":"4","key":"4_CR58","first-page":"417","volume":"35","author":"W.G. Cochran","year":"1973","unstructured":"Cochran, W.G.: Controlling Bias in Observational Studies: A Review. Sankhya - A\u00a035(4), 417\u2013446 (1973)","journal-title":"Sankhya - A"},{"issue":"366","key":"4_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.2307\/2286330","volume":"74","author":"Using Multivariate Matched Sampling and Regression Adjustment to Control Bias in Observational Studies","year":"1979","unstructured":"Using Multivariate Matched Sampling and Regression Adjustment to Control Bias in Observational Studies. The Journal of the American Statistical Association\u00a074(366), 318\u2013328 (1979)","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"450","key":"4_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.2307\/2669400","volume":"95","author":"N. Thomas","year":"2000","unstructured":"Thomas, N.: Combining Propensity Score Matching with Additional Adjustments for Prognostic Covariates. Journal of the American Statistical Association\u00a095(450), 573\u2013585 (2000)","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"II","key":"4_CR61","first-page":"757","volume":"8","author":"Estimating Causal Effects From Large Data Sets Using Propensity Scores","year":"1997","unstructured":"Estimating Causal Effects From Large Data Sets Using Propensity Scores. Annals of Internal Medicine\u00a0127,\u00a08(II), 757\u2013763 (1997)","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"4_CR62","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Estimation from Nonrandomized Treatment Comparisons Using Sub-classification on Propensity Scores.Nonrandomized Comparative Clinical Studies","year":"1998","unstructured":"Estimation from Nonrandomized Treatment Comparisons Using Sub-classification on Propensity Scores. Abel, U., Koch, A. (eds.) Nonrandomized Comparative Clinical Studies, pp. 85\u2013100. Symposion Publishing, Dusseldorf (1998)"},{"key":"4_CR63","unstructured":"Estimating Treatment Effects From Nonrandomized Studies Using Sub-classification on Propensity Scores. To appear in Festschrift for Ralph Ros-now. Erlbaum publishers, Mahwah (2003)"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Knowledge Discovery in Databases: PKDD 2003"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-540-39804-2_4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,22]],"date-time":"2025-02-22T08:35:27Z","timestamp":1740213327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-540-39804-2_4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003]]},"ISBN":["9783540200857","9783540398042"],"references-count":67,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-39804-2_4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0302-9743"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1611-3349"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003]]}}}