{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T11:48:39Z","timestamp":1791114519422,"version":"4.1.0"},"publisher-location":"Berlin, Heidelberg","reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783540206101","type":"print"},{"value":"9783540409564","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-40956-4_7","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,22]],"date-time":"2010-06-22T19:02:02Z","timestamp":1277233322000},"page":"88-106","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Engineering Privacy in Public: Confounding Face Recognition"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"James","family":"Alexander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"7_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412983648","volume-title":"Cluster Analysis","author":"M.S. Aldenderfer","year":"1984","unstructured":"Aldenderfer, M.S., Blashfield, R.K.: Cluster Analysis. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks (1984)"},{"key":"7_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ball, G.H.: Data analysis in the social sciences: What about the details? In: Proc. AFIPS 1965 Fall Joint Computer Conference, vol.\u00a027, pp. 533\u2013559 (1965)","DOI":"10.1145\/1463891.1463950"},{"key":"7_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beveridge, J.R., She, K., Draper, B., Givens, G.H.: A nonparametric statistical comparison of principal component and linear discriminant subspaces for face recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 535\u2013542 (2001)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2001.990520"},{"issue":"4","key":"7_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1511\/2001.28.737","volume":"89","author":"J. Daugman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Daugman, J.: Iris recognition. American Scientist\u00a089(4), 326\u2013333 (2001)","journal-title":"American Scientist"},{"key":"7_CR5","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-36467-6_5","volume-title":"Privacy Enhancing Technologies","author":"C. D\u00edaz","year":"2003","unstructured":"D\u00edaz, C., Seys, S., Claussens, J., Prenel, B.: Towards measuring anonymity. In: Dingledine, R., Syverson, P.F. (eds.) PET 2002. LNCS, vol.\u00a02482, pp. 54\u201368. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)"},{"key":"7_CR6","volume-title":"Pattern Classification","author":"R.O. Duda","year":"2001","unstructured":"Duda, R.O., Hart, P.E., Stork, D.G.: Pattern Classification. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Chichester (2001)"},{"key":"7_CR7","volume-title":"Introduction to Statistical Pattern Recognition","author":"K. Fukunaga","year":"1972","unstructured":"Fukunaga, K.: Introduction to Statistical Pattern Recognition. Academic Press, London (1972)"},{"key":"7_CR8","volume-title":"Database Nation","author":"S. Garfinkel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Garfinkel, S.: Database Nation. O\u2019Reilly, Sebastopol (2000)"},{"key":"7_CR9","unstructured":"Gregory, R.L., Gombrich, E.H. (eds.): Illusion in Nature and Art. Gerald Duckworth and Co. Ltd. (1973)"},{"key":"7_CR10","unstructured":"Gross, R., Shi, J., Cohn, J.: Quo vadis face recognition? In: Third Workshop on Empirical Evaluation Methods in Computer Vision (2001)"},{"key":"7_CR11","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez, M.A., Stolfo, S.J.: A generalization of band joins and the merge\/ purge problem (1996), http:\/\/www.cs.columbia.edu\/~sal\/hpapers\/mpjourn.ps"},{"issue":"1","key":"7_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1109\/72.554195","volume":"8","author":"S. Lawrence","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lawrence, S., Lee Giles, C., Tsoi, A.C., Back, A.D.: Face recognition: A convolutional neural network approach. IEEE Transaction on Neural Networks, Special Issue on Neural Networks and Pattern Recognition\u00a08(1), 98\u2013113 (1997)","journal-title":"IEEE Transaction on Neural Networks, Special Issue on Neural Networks and Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"7_CR13","volume-title":"Probability and Random Processes for Electrical Engineering","author":"A. Leon-Garcia","year":"1994","unstructured":"Leon-Garcia, A.: Probability and Random Processes for Electrical Engineering. Addison-Wesley, Reading (1994)"},{"key":"7_CR14","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez, A.M., Benavente, R.: The AR face database. Technical Report 24, Computer Vision Center, Campus Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (1998), http:\/\/rvl1.ecn.purdue.edu\/ARdatabase\/ARdatabase.html"},{"key":"7_CR15","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez, A.M.: Recognition of partially occluded and\/or imprecisely localized faces using a probabilistic approach. In: Proc. of IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR (2000)"},{"issue":"6","key":"7_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2002.1008382","volume":"24","author":"A.M. Mart\u00ednez","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez, A.M.: Recognizing imprecisely localized, partially occluded, and expression variant faces from a single sample per class. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence\u00a024(6), 748\u2013763 (2002)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"7_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moon, H., Phillips, P.J.: Computational and performance aspects of PCA-based face-recognition algorithms. In: Perception, pp. 303\u2013321 (2001)","DOI":"10.1068\/p2896"},{"key":"7_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511814075","volume-title":"Randomized Algorithms","author":"R. Motwani","year":"1995","unstructured":"Motwani, R., Raghavan, P.: Randomized Algorithms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1995)"},{"key":"7_CR19","unstructured":"NIST. FERET database (2001), http:\/\/www.itl.nist.gov\/iad\/humanid\/feret\/"},{"key":"7_CR20","unstructured":"United States General Accounting Office. Technology assessment: Using biometrics for border security. Pub. number GAO-03-174 (2002), http:\/\/www.gao.gov\/new.items\/d03174.pdf"},{"key":"7_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471200611","volume-title":"Elements of Information Theory","author":"T.M. Cover","year":"1991","unstructured":"Cover, T.M., Thomas, J.A.: Elements of Information Theory. Wiley- Interscience, Chichester (1991)"},{"key":"7_CR22","unstructured":"Orwell, G.: 1984: a novel. New American Library (1961)"},{"key":"7_CR23","unstructured":"Phillips, P.J., Rauss, P.J., Der., S.Z.: FERET (face recognition technology) recognition algorithm development and test results. Technical Report ARL-TR-995, Army Research Laboratory (1996)"},{"issue":"5","key":"7_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(97)00070-X","volume":"16","author":"P.J. Phillips","year":"1998","unstructured":"Phillips, P.J., Wechsler, H., Huang, J., Rauss, P.: The FERET database and evaluation procedure for face-recognition algorithms. Image and Vision Computing Journal\u00a016(5), 295\u2013306 (1998)","journal-title":"Image and Vision Computing Journal"},{"key":"7_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rackoff, C., Simon, D.R.: Cryptographic defense against traffic analysis. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual ACM Symposium on the Theory of Computing (1993)","DOI":"10.1145\/167088.167260"},{"key":"7_CR26","series-title":"Defence Research and Development Organization","volume-title":"Introduction to Camouflage and Deception","author":"J.R. Rao","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rao, J.R.: Introduction to Camouflage and Deception. Defence Research and Development Organization. Ministry of Defense, New Delhi (1999)"},{"key":"7_CR27","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44702-4_2","volume-title":"Designing Privacy Enhancing Technologies","author":"J.-F. Raymond","year":"2001","unstructured":"Raymond, J.-F.: Traffic analysis: Protocols, attacks, design issues and open problems. In: Federrath, H. (ed.) Designing Privacy Enhancing Technologies. LNCS, vol.\u00a02009, pp. 10\u201329. Springer, Heidelberg (2001)"},{"key":"7_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reed, M., Syverson, P., Goldschlag, D.: Anonymous connections and onion routing. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication Special Issue on Copyright and Privacy Protection (1998)","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA465335"},{"issue":"1","key":"7_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1145\/290163.290168","volume":"1","author":"M.K. Reiter","year":"1998","unstructured":"Reiter, M.K., Rubin, A.D.: Crowds: Anonymity for web transactions. ACM Transactions on Information and System Security\u00a01(1), 66\u201392 (1998)","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Information and System Security"},{"key":"7_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samaria, F., Fallside, F.: Automated face identification using hidden markov models. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Mechatronics (1993)","DOI":"10.5244\/C.7.40"},{"key":"7_CR31","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-36467-6_4","volume-title":"Privacy Enhancing Technologies","author":"A. Serjantov","year":"2003","unstructured":"Serjantov, A., Danezis, G.: Towards an information theoretic metric for anonymity. In: Dingledine, R., Syverson, P.F. (eds.) PET 2002. LNCS, vol.\u00a02482, pp. 41\u201353. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)"},{"key":"7_CR32","unstructured":"Shannon, C.E., Weaver, W.: The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois Press (1949)"},{"key":"7_CR33","volume-title":"Principles of Numerical Taxonomy","author":"R.R. Sokal","year":"1963","unstructured":"Sokal, R.R., Sneath, P.H.: Principles of Numerical Taxonomy. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York (1963)"},{"key":"7_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Syverson, P., Tsudik, G., Reed, M., Landwehr, C.: Towards an analysis of onion routing security. In: Workshop on Design Issues in Anonymity and Unobservability (2000)","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA465255"},{"issue":"4","key":"7_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1145\/1994.383392","volume":"9","author":"J.F. Traub","year":"1984","unstructured":"Traub, J.F., Yemini, Y.: The statistical security of a statistical database. ACM Transactions on Database Systems\u00a09(4), 672\u2013679 (1984)","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Database Systems"},{"key":"7_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turk, M.A., Pentland, A.P.: Face recognition using eigenfaces. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 586\u2013591 (1991)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.1991.139758"},{"key":"7_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(94)90006-X","volume":"27","author":"D. Valentin","year":"1994","unstructured":"Valentin, D., Abdi, H., O\u2019Toole, A.J., Cottrell, G.W.: Connectionist models of face processing: A survey. Pattern Recognition\u00a027, 1209\u20131230 (1994)","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"issue":"3","key":"7_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218339094000258","volume":"2","author":"D. Valentin","year":"1994","unstructured":"Valentin, D., Abdi, H., O\u2019Toole, A.J.: Categorization of identification of human face images by neural networks: A review of the linear autoassociative and principal component approaches. Journal of Biological Systems\u00a02(3), 413\u2013429 (1994)","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Systems"},{"key":"7_CR39","unstructured":"Vora, P.L.: Towards a theory of variable privacy (2002), In review available at http:\/\/www.hpl.hp.com\/personal\/Poorvi_Vora\/Pubs\/plv_variable_privacy.pdf"},{"key":"7_CR40","unstructured":"Wright, M., Adler, M., Levine, B.N., Shields, C.: An analysis of the degradation of anonymous protocols. In: Proceedings of the ISOC Network and Distributed System Security Symposium, NDSS 2002 (2002)"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Privacy Enhancing Technologies"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-540-40956-4_7","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]],"date-time":"2019-05-30T09:37:10Z","timestamp":1559209030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-540-40956-4_7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003]]},"ISBN":["9783540206101","9783540409564"],"references-count":40,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-40956-4_7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003]]}}}