{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T13:59:26Z","timestamp":1773669566125,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Berlin, Heidelberg","reference-count":80,"publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783540762799","type":"print"},{"value":"9783540762805","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-76280-5_6","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,27]],"date-time":"2007-12-27T02:08:14Z","timestamp":1198721294000},"page":"139-161","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Classification and Learning Methods for Character Recognition: Advances and Remaining Problems"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Cheng-Lin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiromichi","family":"Fujisawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"issue":"(7)","key":"6_CR1_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1109\/5.156468","volume":"80","author":"S Mori","year":"(1992)","unstructured":"Mori, S., Suen, C.Y., Yamamoto, K.: Historical review of OCR research and development. Proc. IEEE 80(7) (1992) 1029-1058","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"issue":"(11)","key":"6_CR2_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1109\/5.726791","volume":"86","author":"Y LeCun","year":"1998","unstructured":"LeCun, Y., Bottou, L., Bengio, Y., Haffner, P.: Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition. Proc. IEEE 86(11) (1998) 2278-2324","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"6_CR3_Ref","unstructured":"Suen, C.Y., Liu, K., Strathy, N.W.: Sorting and recognizing cheques and fi-nancial documents. In: Lee SW, Nakano Y (eds) Document Analysis Systems: Theory and Practice. Springer, LNCS 1655 (1999) 173-187"},{"issue":"(10)","key":"6_CR4_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(03)00085-2","volume":"36","author":"CL Liu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Liu, C.L., Nakashima, K., Sako, H., Fujisawa, H.: Handwritten digit recognition: Benchmarking of state-of-the-art techniques. Pattern Recognition 36(10) (2003) 2271-2285","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"6_CR5_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2005.4","volume":"27","author":"S Marinai","year":"2005","unstructured":"Marinai, S., Gori, M., Soda, G.: Artificial neural networks for document analysis and recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 27(1) (2005) 23-35","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"6_CR6_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/34.824819","volume":"22","author":"AK Jain","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jain, A.K., Duin, R.P.W., Mao, J.: Statistical pattern recognition: A review. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 22(1) (2000) 4-37","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"6_CR7_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fukunaga, K.: Introduction to Statistical Pattern Recognition. Academic Press, 2nd edition (1990)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-047865-4.50007-7"},{"key":"6_CR8_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bishop, C.M.: Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition. Oxford University Press (1995)","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420050646.ptb6"},{"key":"6_CR9_Ref","unstructured":"Duda, R.O., Hart, P.E., Stork, D.G.: Pattern Classification. Wiley Interscience, 2nd edition (2001)"},{"issue":"(405)","key":"6_CR10_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2307\/2289860","volume":"84","author":"JH Friedman","year":"1989","unstructured":"Friedman, J.H.: Regularized discriminant analysis. J. Am. Statist. Ass. 84(405) (1989) 165-175","journal-title":"J. Am. Statist. Ass."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"6_CR11_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1987.4767881","volume":"9","author":"F Kimura","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kimura, F., Takashina, K., Tsuruoka, S., Miyake, Y.: Modified quadratic dis-criminant functions and the application to Chinese character recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 9(1) (1987) 149-153","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"(8)","key":"6_CR12_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(96)00153-7","volume":"30","author":"F Kimura","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kimura, F., Wakabayashi, T., Tsuruoka, S., Miyake, Y.: Improvement of hand-written Japanese character recognition using weighted direction code histogram. Pattern Recognition 30(8) (1997) 1329-1337","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"6_CR13_Ref","first-page":"106","volume":"24","author":"M Ikeda","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ikeda, M., Tanaka, H., Motooka, T.: Projection distance method of recognition of handwritten characters. Trans. IPS Japan 24(1) (1983) 106-112","journal-title":"Trans. IPS Japan"},{"key":"6_CR14_Ref","unstructured":"Nakajima, T., Wakabayashi, T., Kimura, F., Miyake, Y.: Accuracy improve- ment by compound discriminant functions for resembling character recognition. Trans. IEICE Japan J83-D-II(2) (2000) 623-633"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"6_CR15_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1109\/72.554192","volume":"8","author":"GE Hinton","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hinton, G.E., Dayan, P., Revow, M.: Modeling the manifolds of images of hand-written digits. IEEE Trans. Neural Networks 8(1) (1997) 65-74","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Networks"},{"key":"6_CR16_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8655(01)00093-9","volume":"23","author":"HC Kim","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kim, H.C., Kim, D., Bang, S.Y.: A numeral character recognition using the PCA mixture model. Pattern Recognition Letters 23 (2002) 103-111","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Letters"},{"key":"6_CR17_Ref","unstructured":"Tsay, M.K., Shyu, K.H., Chang, P.C.: Feature transformation with generalized LVQ for handwritten Chinese character recognition. IEICE Trans. Information and Systems E82-D(3) (1999) 687-92"},{"key":"6_CR18_Ref","unstructured":"Zhang, P., Bui, T., Suen, C.Y.: Hybrid feature extraction and feature selec- tion for improving recognition accuracy of handwritten numerals. In: Proc. 8th ICDAR, Seoul, Korea, 1 (2005) 136-140"},{"key":"6_CR19_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawatani, T., Shimizu, H.: Handwritten Kanji recognition with the LDA method. In: Proc. 14th ICPR, Brisbane, 2 (1998) 1031-1035","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.1998.711940"},{"key":"6_CR20_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wakabayashi, T., Shi, M., Ohyama, W., Kimura, F.: Accuracy improvement of handwritten numeral recognition by mirror image learning. In: Proc. 6th ICDAR, Seattle (2001) 338-343","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2001.953810"},{"key":"6_CR21_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simard, P.Y., Steinkraus, D., Platt, J.C.: Best practices for convolutional neural networks applied to visual document analysis. In: Proc. 7th ICDAR, Edinburgh, UK, 2 (2003) 958-962","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2003.1227801"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"6_CR22_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(00)00181-3","volume":"35","author":"IS Oh","year":"2002","unstructured":"Oh, I.S., Suen, C.Y.: A class-modular feedforward neural network for handwrit-ing recognition. Pattern Recognition 35(1) (2002) 229-244","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"6_CR23_Ref","volume-title":"Adaptive Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks","author":"YH Pao","year":"1989","unstructured":"Pao, Y.H.: Adaptive Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks. Addison- Wesley, MA (1989)"},{"key":"6_CR24_Ref","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcrmann, J.: Pattern Classification: A Unified View of Statistical and Neural Approaches. Wiley Interscience (1996)"},{"key":"6_CR25_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kre\u00dfel, U., Sch\u00fcrmann, J.: Pattern classification techniques based on function approximation. In: Bunke H, Wang PSP (eds) Handbook of Character Recog-nition and Document Image Analysis, World Scientific (1997) 49-78","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812830968_0002"},{"key":"6_CR26_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franke, J.: Isolated handprinted digit recognition. In: Bunke H, Wang PSP (eds) Handbook of Character Recognition and Document Image Analysis, World Scientific (1997) 103-121","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812830968_0004"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"6_CR27_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2005.04.021","volume":"39","author":"CL Liu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Liu, C.L., Sako, H.: Class-specific feature polynomial classifier for pattern classi- fication and its application to handwritten numeral recognition. Pattern Recognition 39(4) (2006) 669-681","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"6_CR28_Ref","first-page":"166","volume":"1","author":"F Kimura","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kimura, F., Inoue, S., Wakabayashi, T., Tsuruoka, S., Miyake, Y.: Handwritten numeral recognition using autoassociative neural networks.In: Proc. 14th ICPR, Brisbane, 1 (1998) 166-171","journal-title":"Proc. 14th ICPR, Brisbane"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"6_CR29_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(00)00009-1","volume":"34","author":"B Zhang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zhang, B., Fu, M., Yang, H.: A nonlinear neural network model of mixture of lo-cal principal component analysis: Application to handwritten digits recognition. Pattern Recognition 34(2) (2001) 203-214","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"issue":"(9)","key":"6_CR30_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1109\/5.58325","volume":"78","author":"T Kohonen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kohonen, T.: The self-organizing map. Proc. IEEE 78(9) (1990) 1464-1480","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"6_CR31_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(00)00018-2","volume":"34","author":"CL Liu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Liu, C.L., Nakagawa, M.: Evaluation of prototype learning algorithms for nearest neighbor classifier in application to handwritten character recognition. Pattern Recognition 34(3) (2001) 601-615","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"6_CR32_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2004.824263","volume":"15","author":"CL Liu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Liu, C.L., Sako, H., Fujisawa, H.: Discriminative learning quadratic discriminant function for handwriting recognition. IEEE Trans. Neural Networks 15(2) (2004) 430-444","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Networks"},{"key":"6_CR33_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-2440-0","volume-title":"The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory","author":"V Vapnik","year":"1995","unstructured":"Vapnik, V.: The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory. Springer-Verlag, New Work (1995)"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"6_CR34_Ref","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"CJC Burges","year":"1998","unstructured":"Burges, C.J.C.: A tutorial on support vector machines for pattern recognition. Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining 2(2) (1998) 1-43","journal-title":"Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining"},{"key":"6_CR35_Ref","unstructured":"Kressel, U.: Pairwise classification and support vector machines. In: Sch\u00f6lkopf B, Burges CJC, Smola AJ (eds) Advances in Kernel Methods: Support Vector Learning, MIT Press (1999) 255-268"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"6_CR36_Ref","first-page":"244","volume":"5","author":"A Bellili","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bellili, A., Gilloux, M., Gallinari, P.: An MLP-SVM combination architecture for offline handwritten digit recognition: Reduction of recognition errors by support vector machines rejection mechanisms. Int. J. Document Analysis and Recogni-tion 5(4) (2003) 244-252","journal-title":"Int. J. Document Analysis and Recogni-tion"},{"issue":"(12)","key":"6_CR37_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.03.006","volume":"26","author":"JX Dong","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dong, J.X., Krzyzak, A., Suen, C.Y.: An improved handwritten Chinese char- acter recognition system using support vector machine. Pattern Recognition Letters 26(12) (2005) 1849-1856","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Letters"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"6_CR38_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1109\/21.155943","volume":"22","author":"L Xu","year":"1992","unstructured":"Xu, L., Krzyzak, A., Suen, C.Y.: Methods of combining multiple classifiers and their applications to handwriting recognition. IEEE Trans. System Man Cyber-net. 22(3) (1992) 418-435","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. System Man Cyber-net."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"6_CR39_Ref","first-page":"66","volume":"16","author":"TK Ho","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ho, T.K., Hull, J., Srihari, S.N.: Decision combination in multiple classifier systems. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 16(1) (1994) 66-75","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"6_CR40_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s10032-002-0090-8","volume":"5","author":"AFR Rahman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rahman, A.F.R., Fairhurst, M.C.: Multiple classifier decision combination strategies for character recognition: A review. Int. J. Document Analysis and Recognition 5(4) (2003) 166-194","journal-title":"Int. J. Document Analysis and Recognition"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"6_CR41_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1109\/34.667881","volume":"20","author":"J Kittler","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kittler, J., Hatef, M., Duin, R.P.W., Matas, J.: On combining classifiers. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 20(3) (1998) 226-239","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"6_CR42_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duin, R.P.W.: The combining classifiers: To train or not to train. Proc. 16th ICPR, Quebec, Canada, 2 (2002) 765-770","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2002.1048415"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"6_CR43_Ref","first-page":"11","volume":"38","author":"CL Liu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Liu, C.L.: Classifier combination based on confidence transformation. Pattern Recognition, 38(1) (2005) 11-28","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"6_CR44_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suen, C.Y., Lam, L.: Multiple classifier combination methodologies for different output levels. In: Kittler J, Roli F (eds) Multiple Classifier Systems, Springer, LNCS 1857 (2000) 52-66","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45014-9_5"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"6_CR45_Ref","first-page":"123","volume":"24","author":"L Breiman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Breiman, L.: Bagging predictors. Machine Learning 24(2) (1996) 123-140","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"6_CR46_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1006\/jcss.1997.1504","volume":"55","author":"Y Freund","year":"1997","unstructured":"Freund, Y., Schapire, R.E.: A decision-theoretic generalization of on-line learn-ing and an application to boosting. J. Computer and System Sciences 55(1) (1997) 119-139","journal-title":"J. Computer and System Sciences"},{"issue":"(5)","key":"6_CR47_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1109\/34.589216","volume":"19","author":"T Ha","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ha, T., Bunke, H.: Off-line handwritten numeral recognition by perturbation method. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 19(5) (1997) 535-539","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"6_CR48_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahmen, J., Keysers, D., Ney, H.: Combined classification of handwritten digits using the virtual test sample method. In : Kittler J, Roli F (eds) Multiple Classifier Systems, Springer, LNCS 2096 (2001) 99-108","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-48219-9_11"},{"issue":"(5)","key":"6_CR49_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1109\/34.682186","volume":"20","author":"YY Tang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Tang, Y.Y., et al.: Offline recognition of Chinese handwriting by multifeature and multilevel classification. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 20(5) (1998) 556-561","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"6_CR50_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1984.4767546","volume":"6","author":"QR Wang","year":"1984","unstructured":"Wang, Q.R., Suen, C.Y.: Analysis and design of a decision tree based on entropy reduction and its application to large character set recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 6(4) (1984) 406-417","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"6_CR51_Ref","unstructured":"Suzuki, M., Omachi, S., Kato, N., Aso, H., Nemoto, Y.: A discrimination method of similar characters using compound Mahalanobis function. Trans. IE-ICE Japan J80-D-II(10) (1997) 2752-2760"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"6_CR52_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1109\/34.754617","volume":"21","author":"N Kato","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kato, N., Suzuki, M., Omachi, S., Aso, H., Nemoto, Y.: A handwritten charac-ter recognition system using directional element feature and asymmetric Maha-lanobis distance. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 21(3) (1999) 258-262","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"(10)","key":"6_CR53_Ref","first-page":"2781","volume":"46","author":"HC Fu","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fu, H.C., Xu, Y.Y.: Multilinguistic handwritten character recognition by Bayesian decision-based neural networks. IEEE Trans. Signal Processing 46(10) (1998) 2781-2789","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Processing"},{"key":"6_CR54_Ref","unstructured":"Kimura, Y., Wakahara, T., Tomono, A.: Combination of statistical and neural classifiers for a high-accuracy recognition of large character sets. Trans. IEICE Japan J83-D-II(10) (2000) 1986-1994"},{"issue":"(5)","key":"6_CR55_Ref","first-page":"516","volume":"79","author":"K Saruta","year":"1996","unstructured":"Saruta, K., Kato, N., Abe, M., Nemoto, Y.: High accuracy recognition of ETL9B using exclusive learning neural network-II (ELNET-II). IEICE Trans. Informa-tion and Systems 79-D(5) (1996) 516-521","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Informa-tion and Systems"},{"key":"6_CR56_Ref","unstructured":"Fukumoto, T., Wakabayashi, T., Kumura, F., Miyake, Y.: Accuracy improve-ment of handwritten character recognition by GLVQ. In: Proc. 7th IWFHR, Amsterdam (2000) 271-280"},{"key":"6_CR57_Ref","unstructured":"Liu, C.L.: High accuracy handwritten Chinese character recognition using quadratic classifiers with discriminative feature extraction. In: Proc. 18th ICPR, Hong Kong, 2 (2006) 942-945"},{"key":"6_CR58_Ref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Ding, X.: Handwritten character recognition using gradient feature and quadratic classifier with multiple discrimination schemes. In: Proc. 8th ICDAR, Seoul, Korea, 1 (2005) 19-23"},{"issue":"(7)","key":"6_CR59_Ref","first-page":"1239","volume":"46","author":"H Liu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Liu, H., Ding, X.: Handwritten Chinese character recognition based on mirror image learning and the compound Mahalanobis distance. J. Tsinghua Univ. (Sci & Tech) 46(7) (2006) 1239-1242 (in Chinese)","journal-title":"J. Tsinghua Univ. (Sci & Tech)"},{"key":"6_CR60_Ref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Ding, X.: Improve handwritten character recognition performance by heteroscedastic linear discriminant analysis, In: Proc. 18th ICPR, Hong Kong, 1(2006) 880-883"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"6_CR61_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1109\/78.554319","volume":"45","author":"A Biem","year":"1997","unstructured":"Biem, A., Katagiri, S., Juang, B.H.: Pattern recognition using discriminative feature extraction. IEEE Trans. Signal Processing 45(2) (1997) 500-504","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Processing"},{"key":"6_CR62_Ref","unstructured":"Huo, Q., Ge, Y., Feng, Z.D.: High performance Chinese OCR based on Ga-bor features, discriminative feature extraction and model training. In: Proc. ICASSP\u201901, Salt Lake City, Utah, 3 (2001) 1517-1520"},{"key":"6_CR63_Ref","first-page":"846","volume-title":"Proc. 8th ICDAR","author":"CL Liu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Liu, C.L., Mine, R., Koga, M.: Building compact classifier for large character set recognition using discriminative feature extraction. In: Proc. 8th ICDAR, Seoul, Korea (2005) 846-850"},{"issue":"(7)","key":"6_CR64_Ref","first-page":"1162","volume":"80","author":"CY Suen","year":"1982","unstructured":"Suen, C.Y., Nadal, C., Legault, R., Mai, T.A., Lam, L.: Computer recognition of unconstrained handwritten numerals. Proc. IEEE 80(7) (1982) 1162-1180","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"6_CR65_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(03)00224-3","volume":"37","author":"CL Liu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Liu, C.L., Nakashima, K., Sako, H., Fujisawa, H.: Handwritten digit recogni-tion: investigation of normalization and feature extraction techniques. Pattern Recognition 37(2) (2004) 265-279","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"issue":"(11)","key":"6_CR66_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00228-X","volume":"35","author":"LN Teow","year":"2002","unstructured":"Teow, L.N., Loe, K.F.: Robust vision-based features and classification schemes for off-line handwritten digit recognition. Pattern Recognition 35(11) (2002) 2355-2364","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"6_CR67_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1109\/72.554187","volume":"8","author":"L Holmstr\u00f6m","year":"1997","unstructured":"Holmstr\u00f6m, L., Koistinen, P., Laaksonen, J., Oja, E.: Neural and statistical classifiers\u2014taxonomy and two case studies. IEEE Trans. Neural Networks 8(1) (1997) 5-17","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Networks"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"6_CR68_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s100320200076","volume":"4","author":"CL Liu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Liu, C.L., Sako, H., Fujisawa, H.: Performance evaluation of pattern classifiers for handwritten character recognition. Int. J. Document Analysis and Recogni-tion 4(3) (2002) 191-204","journal-title":"Int. J. Document Analysis and Recogni-tion"},{"key":"6_CR69_Ref","unstructured":"Tsukumo, J., Tanaka, H.: Classification of handprinted Chinese characters using non-linear normalization and correlation methods. In: Proc. 9th ICPR, Rome (1988) 168-171"},{"issue":"(9)","key":"6_CR70_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(90)90110-7","volume":"23","author":"H Yamada","year":"1990","unstructured":"Yamada, H., Yamamoto, K., Saito, T.: A nonlinear normalization method for hanprinted Kanji character recognition\u2014line density equalization. Pattern Recognition 23(9) (1990) 1023-1029","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"issue":"(11)","key":"6_CR71_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1109\/34.730549","volume":"20","author":"M Gori","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gori, M., Scarselli, F.: Are multilayer perceptrons adequate for pattern recog-nition and verification? IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 20(11) (1998) 1121-1132","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"(11)","key":"6_CR72_Ref","first-page":"1395","volume":"26","author":"CL Liu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Liu, C.L., Sako, H., Fujisawa, H.: Effects of classifier structures and training regimes on integrated segmentation and recognition of handwritten numeral strings. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 26(11) (2004) 1395-1407","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"6_CR73_Ref","unstructured":"Liu, C.L., Marukawa, K.: Handwritten numeral string recognition: Character-level training vs. string-level training. In: Proc. 17th ICPR, Cambridge, UK, 1 (2004) 405-408"},{"key":"6_CR74_Ref","unstructured":"Raina, R., Shen, Y., Ng, A.Y., McCallum, A.: Classification with hybrid gen-erative\/discriminative models. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing System 16 (2003)"},{"key":"6_CR75_Ref","first-page":"205","volume-title":"Proc. 21st Symposium of German Association for Pattern Recognition","author":"J Dahmen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dahmen, J., Schluter, R., Ney, H.: Discriminative training of Gaussian mixtures for image object recognition. In: Proc. 21st Symposium of German Association for Pattern Recognition, Bonn, Germany (1999) 205-212"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"6_CR76_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MACH.0000008084.60811.49","volume":"54","author":"DMJ Tax","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tax, D.M.J., Duin, R.P.W.: Support vector data description. Machine Learning 54(1)(2004) 45-66","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"6_CR77_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2004.10.019","volume":"26","author":"CY Suen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Suen, C.Y., Tan, J.: Analysis of error of handwritten digits made by a multitude of classifiers. Pattern Recognition Letters 26(3) (2005) 369-379","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Letters"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"6_CR78_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1109\/5326.983933","volume":"31","author":"R Polikar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Polikar, R., Udpa, L., Udpa, A.S., Honavar, V.: Learn++: An incremental learn-ing algorithm for supervised neural networks. IEEE Trans. System Man Cyber-net. Part C 31(4) (2001) 497-508","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. System Man Cyber-net. Part C"},{"key":"6_CR79_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.1509","volume":"23","author":"NV Chawla","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chawla, N.V., Karakoulas, G.: Learning from labeled and unlabeled data: An empirical study across techniques and domains. J. Artificial Intelligence Re-search 23 (2005) 331-366","journal-title":"J. Artificial Intelligence Re-search"},{"key":"6_CR80_Ref","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8655(95)00113-1","volume":"17","author":"RPW Duin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Duin, R.P.W.: A note on comparing classifiers. Pattern Recognition Letters, 17 (1996) 529-536","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Letters"}],"container-title":["Studies in Computational Intelligence","Machine Learning in Document Analysis and Recognition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-540-76280-5_6.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T10:45:20Z","timestamp":1619520320000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-540-76280-5_6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008]]},"ISBN":["9783540762799","9783540762805"],"references-count":80,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-76280-5_6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1860-949X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1860-949X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008]]}}}