{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T17:06:04Z","timestamp":1774458364852,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Berlin, Heidelberg","reference-count":249,"publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783642002663","type":"print"},{"value":"9783642002670","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-00267-0_1","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,4]],"date-time":"2009-05-04T16:36:41Z","timestamp":1241455001000},"page":"1-50","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Why Is Optimization Difficult?"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Weise","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Zapf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Chiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio J.","family":"Nebro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"1_CR1","series-title":"The Springer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-1997-9","volume-title":"A connectionist machine for genetic hillclimbing","author":"D.H. Ackley","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ackley, D.H.: A connectionist machine for genetic hillclimbing. The Springer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science, vol.\u00a028. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1987)"},{"key":"1_CR2","first-page":"23","volume":"3","author":"L. Altenberg","year":"1994","unstructured":"Altenberg, L.: The schema theorem and price\u2019s theorem. Foundations of Genetic Algorithms\u00a03, 23\u201349 (1994)","journal-title":"Foundations of Genetic Algorithms"},{"key":"1_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-59046-3_11","volume-title":"Evolution and Biocomputation \u2013 Computational Models of Evolution","author":"L. Altenberg","year":"1995","unstructured":"Altenberg, L.: Genome growth and the evolution of the genotype-phenotype map. In: Evolution and Biocomputation \u2013 Computational Models of Evolution, pp. 205\u2013259. Springer, Heidelberg (1995)"},{"key":"1_CR4","volume-title":"Handbook of Evolutionary Computation","author":"L. Altenberg","year":"1996","unstructured":"Altenberg, L.: Nk fitness landscapes. In: Handbook of Evolutionary Computation, ch..\u00a0B2.7.2. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1996)"},{"key":"1_CR5","unstructured":"Altenberg, L.: Fitness distance correlation analysis: An instructive counterexample. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, ICGA, pp. 57\u201364 (1997)"},{"issue":"6","key":"1_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02602923","volume":"29","author":"C. Amitrano","year":"1989","unstructured":"Amitrano, C., Peliti, L., Saber, M.: Population dynamics in a spin-glass model of chemical evolution. Journal of Molecular Evolution\u00a029(6), 513\u2013525 (1989)","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Evolution"},{"key":"1_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amor, H.B., Rettinger, A.: Intelligent exploration for genetic algorithms: Using self-organizing maps in evolutionary computation. In: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO, pp. 1531\u20131538 (2005) doi:10.1145\/1068009.1068250","DOI":"10.1145\/1068009.1068250"},{"key":"1_CR8","unstructured":"Angeline, P.J., Pollack, J.: Evolutionary module acquisition. In: The Second Annual Conference on Evolutionary Programming, Evolutionary Programming Society, pp. 154\u2013163 (1993)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1_CR9","first-page":"127","volume":"4","author":"V.S. Arag\u00f3n","year":"2004","unstructured":"Arag\u00f3n, V.S., Esquivel, S.C.: An evolutionary algorithm to track changes of optimum value locations in dynamic environments. Journal of Computer Science & Technology (JCS&T)\u00a04(3), 127\u2013133 (2004); invited paper","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Science & Technology (JCS&T)"},{"key":"1_CR10","unstructured":"Bachmann, P.G.H.: Die Analytische Zahlentheorie \/ Dargestellt von Paul Bachmann, Zahlentheorie: Versuch einer Gesamtdarstellung dieser Wissenschaft in ihren Haupttheilen, vol. Zweiter Theil. B. G. Teubner, Leipzig, Germany (1894)"},{"key":"1_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00e4ck, T., Hammel, U.: Evolution strategies applied to perturbed objective functions. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, CEC, vol.\u00a01, pp. 40\u201345 (1994) doi:10.1109\/ICEC.1994.350045","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEC.1994.350045"},{"key":"1_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4083","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.71.4083","volume":"71","author":"P. Bak","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bak, P., Sneppen, K.: Punctuated equilibrium and criticality in a simple model of evolution. Physical Review Letters\u00a071, 4083\u20134086 (1993)","journal-title":"Physical Review Letters"},{"key":"1_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1086\/276408","volume":"30","author":"J.M. Baldwin","year":"1896","unstructured":"Baldwin, J.M.: A new factor in evolution. The American Naturalist\u00a030, 441\u2013451 (1896)","journal-title":"The American Naturalist"},{"key":"1_CR14","unstructured":"Barnett, L.: Tangled webs: Evolutionary dynamics on fitness landscapes with neutrality. Master\u2019s thesis, School of Cognitive Science, University of East Sussex, Brighton, UK (1997)"},{"key":"1_CR15","unstructured":"Barnett, L.: Ruggedness and neutrality \u2013 the nkp family of fitness landscapes. In: Artificial Life VI: Proceedings of the sixth international conference on Artificial life, pp. 18\u201327 (1998)"},{"key":"1_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.44575","volume-title":"Mendel\u2019s Principles of Heredity","author":"W. Bateson","year":"1909","unstructured":"Bateson, W.: Mendel\u2019s Principles of Heredity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1909)"},{"key":"1_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beaudoin, W., Verel, S., Collard, P., Escazut, C.: Deceptiveness and neutrality the nd family of fitness landscapes. In: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO, pp. 507\u2013514 (2006) doi:10.1145\/1143997.1144091","DOI":"10.1145\/1143997.1144091"},{"key":"1_CR18","unstructured":"Beerenwinkel, N., Pachter, L., Sturmfels, B.: Epistasis and shapes of fitness landscapes. Eprint arXiv:q-bio\/0603034 (Quantitative Biology, Populations and Evolution) (accessed 2007-08-05) (2006), http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/q-bio.PE\/0603034"},{"key":"1_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(92)90050-W","volume":"56","author":"A. Bergman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bergman, A., Feldman, M.W.: Recombination dynamics and the fitness landscape. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena\u00a056, 57\u201367 (1992)","journal-title":"Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena"},{"key":"1_CR20","unstructured":"Bethke, A.D.: Genetic algorithms as function optimizers. PhD thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA (1980)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.1993.1.2.165","volume":"1","author":"H.-G. Beyer","year":"1993","unstructured":"Beyer, H.-G.: Toward a theory of evolution strategies: Some asymptotical results from the (1,\u2009+\u2009\u03bb)-theory. Evolutionary Computation\u00a01(2), 165\u2013188 (1993)","journal-title":"Evolutionary Computation"},{"issue":"4","key":"1_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.1994.2.4.381","volume":"2","author":"H.-G. Beyer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Beyer, H.-G.: Toward a theory of evolution strategies: The (\u03bc, \u03bb)-theory. Evolutionary Computation\u00a02(4), 381\u2013407 (1994)","journal-title":"Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"1_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-49774-5_2","volume-title":"Evolutionary Computation in Dynamic and Uncertain Environments","author":"T. Blackwell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Blackwell, T.: Particle swarm optimization in dynamic environments. In: Evolutionary Computation in Dynamic and Uncertain Environments, ch.\u00a02, pp. 29\u201352. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)"},{"key":"1_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bledsoe, W.W., Browning, I.: Pattern recognition and reading by machine. In: Proceedings of the Eastern Joint Computer Conference (EJCC) \u2013 Papers and Discussions Presented at the Joint IRE - AIEE - ACM Computer Conference, pp. 225\u2013232 (1959)","DOI":"10.1145\/1460299.1460326"},{"issue":"3","key":"1_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1145\/937503.937505","volume":"35","author":"C. Blum","year":"2003","unstructured":"Blum, C., Roli, A.: Metaheuristics in combinatorial optimization: Overview and conceptual comparison. ACM Computing Surveys\u00a035(3), 268\u2013308 (2003)","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"key":"1_CR26","unstructured":"Bonner, J.T.: On Development: The Biology of Form, new ed edn. Commonwealth Fund Publications, Harvard University Press (1974)"},{"issue":"19","key":"1_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10689","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.19.10689","volume":"96","author":"E. Bornberg-Bauer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bornberg-Bauer, E., Chan, H.S.: Modeling evolutionary landscapes: Mutational stability, topology, and superfunnels in sequence space. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of Americs (PNAS) \u2013 Biophysics\u00a096(19), 10689\u201310694 (1999)","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of Americs (PNAS) \u2013 Biophysics"},{"issue":"3","key":"1_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00090-7","volume":"31","author":"P.A.N. Bosman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bosman, P.A.N., Thierens, D.: Multi-objective optimization with diversity preserving mixture-based iterated density estimation evolutionary algorithms. International Journal Approximate Reasoning\u00a031(3), 259\u2013289 (2002)","journal-title":"International Journal Approximate Reasoning"},{"key":"1_CR29","unstructured":"Bosman, P.A.N., Thierens, D.: A thorough documentation of obtained results on real-valued continuous and combinatorial multi-objective optimization problems using diversity preserving mixture-based iterated density estimation evolutionary algorithms. Tech. Rep. UU-CS-2002-052, Institute of Information and Computing Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.089, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands (2002)"},{"key":"1_CR30","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45984-7_4","volume-title":"Genetic Programming","author":"M.F. Brameier","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brameier, M.F., Banzhaf, W.: Explicit control of diversity and effective variation distance in linear genetic programming. In: Foster, J.A., Lutton, E., Miller, J., Ryan, C., Tettamanzi, A.G.B. (eds.) EuroGP 2002. LNCS, vol.\u00a02278, pp. 37\u201349. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)"},{"key":"1_CR31","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0056855","volume-title":"Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - PPSN V","author":"J. Branke","year":"1998","unstructured":"Branke, J.: Creating robust solutions by means of evolutionary algorithms. In: Eiben, A.E., B\u00e4ck, T., Schoenauer, M., Schwefel, H.-P. (eds.) PPSN 1998. LNCS, vol.\u00a01498, pp. 119\u2013128. Springer, Heidelberg (1998)"},{"key":"1_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Branke, J.: Memory enhanced evolutionary algorithms for changing optimization problems. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, CEC, vol.\u00a03, pp. 1875\u20131882 (1999) doi:10.1109\/CEC.1999.785502","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.1999.785502"},{"key":"1_CR33","unstructured":"Branke, J.: The moving peaks benchmark. Tech. rep., Institute AIFB, University of Karlsruhe, Germany (accessed 2007-08-19) (1999), http:\/\/www.aifb.uni-karlsruhe.de\/~jbr\/MovPeaks\/ Presented in [32]"},{"key":"1_CR34","unstructured":"Branke, J.: Evolutionary optimization in dynamic environments. PhD thesis, Universit\u00e4t Karlsruhe (TH), Fakult\u00e4t f\u00fcr Wirtschaftswissenschaften (2000)"},{"key":"1_CR35","series-title":"Genetic Algorithms and Evolutionary Computation","volume-title":"Evolutionary Optimization in Dynamic Environments","author":"J. Branke","year":"2001","unstructured":"Branke, J.: Evolutionary Optimization in Dynamic Environments. Genetic Algorithms and Evolutionary Computation, vol.\u00a03. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (2001)"},{"key":"1_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Branke, J., Saliho\u011flu, E., Uyar, \u015e.: Towards an analysis of dynamic environments. In: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO, pp. 1433\u20131440 (2005)","DOI":"10.1145\/1068009.1068237"},{"key":"1_CR37","unstructured":"Bremermann, H.J.: Optimization through evolution and recombination. Self-Organizing systems pp. 93\u2013100 (1962)"},{"key":"1_CR38","unstructured":"Burke, E.K., Gustafson, S.M., Kendall, G.: Survey and analysis of diversity measures in genetic programming. In: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO, pp. 716\u2013723 (2002)"},{"key":"1_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burke, E.K., Gustafson, S.M., Kendall, G., Krasnogor, N.: Is increasing diversity in genetic programming beneficial? an analysis of the effects on fitness. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, CEC, pp. 1398\u20131405 (2003)","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2003.1299834"},{"issue":"1","key":"1_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2003.819263","volume":"8","author":"E.K. Burke","year":"2004","unstructured":"Burke, E.K., Gustafson, S.M., Kendall, G.: Diversity in genetic programming: An analysis of measures and correlation with fitness. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation\u00a08(1), 47\u201362 (2004)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation"},{"issue":"3","key":"1_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1162\/106365600750078808","volume":"8","author":"E. Cant\u00fa-Paz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cant\u00fa-Paz, E., Pelikan, M., Goldberg, D.E.: Linkage problem, distribution estimation, and bayesian networks. Evolutionary Computation\u00a08(3), 311\u2013340 (2000)","journal-title":"Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"1_CR42","unstructured":"Carlisle, A.J.: Applying the particle swarm optimizer to non-stationary environments. PhD thesis, Graduate Faculty of Auburn University (2002)"},{"key":"1_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlisle, A.J., Dozier, G.V.: Tracking changing extrema with adaptive particle swarm optimizer. In: Proceedings of the 5th Biannual World Automation Congress, WAC 2002, Orlando, Florida, USA, vol.\u00a013, pp. 265\u2013270 (2002) doi:10.1109\/WAC.2002.1049555","DOI":"10.1109\/WAC.2002.1049555"},{"key":"1_CR44","unstructured":"Carroll, C.W.: An operations research approach to the economic optimization of a kraft pulping process. PhD thesis, Institute of Paper Chemistry, Appleton, Wisconsin, USA (1959)"},{"key":"1_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ceollo Coello, C.A., Lamont, G.B., van Veldhuizen, D.A.: Evolutionary Algorithms for Solving Multi-Objective Problems, Genetic and Evolutionary Computation. Genetic and Evolutionary Computation (1st edn., 2002, 2nd edn., 2007), vol.\u00a05. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Springer (2007)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-5184-0_1"},{"key":"1_CR46","series-title":"Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing","volume-title":"Extending the Scalability of Linkage Learning Genetic Algorithms \u2013 Theory & Practice","author":"Y.-p. Chen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chen, Y.p.: Extending the Scalability of Linkage Learning Genetic Algorithms \u2013 Theory & Practice. Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing, vol.\u00a0190. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)"},{"key":"1_CR47","unstructured":"Cohoon, J.P., Hegde, S.U., Martin, W.N., Richards, D.: Punctuated equilibria: a parallel genetic algorithm. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Genetic algorithms and their Application, pp. 148\u2013154 (1987)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1090\/S0002-9904-1943-07818-4","volume":"49","author":"R. Courant","year":"1943","unstructured":"Courant, R.: Variational methods for the solution of problems of equilibrium and vibrations. Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society\u00a049(1), 1\u201323 (1943)","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society"},{"issue":"6","key":"1_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(91)90212-G","volume":"6","author":"S.H. Cousins","year":"1991","unstructured":"Cousins, S.H.: Species diversity measurement: Choosing the right index. Trends in Ecology and Evolution (TREE)\u00a06(6), 190\u2013192 (1991)","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology and Evolution (TREE)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01197559","volume":"14","author":"I. Das","year":"1997","unstructured":"Das, I., Dennis, J.E.: A closer look at drawbacks of minimizing weighted sums of objectives for pareto set generation in multicriteria optimization problems. Structural optimization\u00a014(1), 63\u201369 (1997)","journal-title":"Structural optimization"},{"key":"1_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davidor, Y.: Epistasis variance: A viewpoint on GA-hardness. In: Proceedings of the First Workshop on Foundations of Genetic Algorithms, pp. 23\u201335 (1990)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-050684-5.50005-7"},{"key":"1_CR52","unstructured":"Dawkins, R.: The evolution of evolvability. In: ALIFE \u2013 Artificial Life: Proceedings of the Interdisciplinary Workshop on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems, pp. 201\u2013220 (1987)"},{"key":"1_CR53","unstructured":"de Jong, E.D., Watson, R.A., Pollack, J.B.: Reducing bloat and promoting diversity using multi-objective methods. In: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO, pp. 11\u201318 (2001)"},{"key":"1_CR54","unstructured":"de Lamarck, J.B.P.A.d.C.: Philosophie zoologique \u2013 ou Exposition des consid\u00e9rations relatives \u00e0 l\u2019histoire naturelle des Animaux. Dentu \/ G. Bailli\u00e8re, Paris, France\/Harvard University (1809)"},{"key":"1_CR55","unstructured":"Deb, K.: Genetic algorithms in multimodal function optimization. Master\u2019s thesis, The Clearinghouse for Genetic algorithms, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, tCGA Report No. 89002 (1989)"},{"key":"1_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deb, K.: Solving goal programming problems using multi-objective genetic algorithms. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, CEC, pp. 77\u201384 (1999) doi:10.1109\/CEC.1999.781910","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.1999.781910"},{"key":"1_CR57","unstructured":"Deb, K.: Genetic algorithms for optimization. KanGAL Report 2001002, Kanpur Genetic Algorithms Laboratory (KanGAL), Kanpur, PIN 208 016, India (2001)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2601089","volume":"52","author":"K. Deb","year":"2001","unstructured":"Deb, K.: Nonlinear goal programming using multi-objective genetic algorithms. Journal of the Operational Research Society\u00a052(3), 291\u2013302 (2001)","journal-title":"Journal of the Operational Research Society"},{"key":"1_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deb, K., Goldberg, D.E.: Analyzing deception in trap functions. In: Foundations of Genetic Algorithms 2, pp. 93\u2013108 (1993)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-094832-4.50012-X"},{"issue":"4","key":"1_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01531277","volume":"10","author":"K. Deb","year":"1994","unstructured":"Deb, K., Goldberg, D.E.: Sufficient conditions for deceptive and easy binary functions. Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence\u00a010(4), 385\u2013408 (1994)","journal-title":"Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"#cr-split#-1_CR61.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deb, K., Agrawal, S., Pratab, A., Meyarivan, T.: A fast elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm for multi-objective optimization: NSGA-II. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, PPSN, pp. 849???858 (2000);","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45356-3_83"},{"key":"#cr-split#-1_CR61.2","unstructured":"KanGAL Report No. 200001"},{"issue":"2","key":"1_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.996017","volume":"6","author":"K. Deb","year":"2002","unstructured":"Deb, K., Pratab, A., Agrawal, S., Meyarivan, T.: A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation\u00a06(2), 182\u2013197 (2002)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"1_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1145\/1143997.1144179","volume-title":"Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO","author":"K. Deb","year":"2006","unstructured":"Deb, K., Sinha, A., Kukkonen, S.: Multi-objective test problems, linkages, and evolutionary methodologies. In: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO, pp. 1141\u20131148. ACM, New York (2006)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1145\/212094.212114","volume":"27","author":"T. Dietterich","year":"1995","unstructured":"Dietterich, T.: Overfitting and undercomputing in machine learning. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)\u00a027(3), 326\u2013327 (1995)","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)"},{"key":"1_CR65","unstructured":"Droste, S., Wiesmann, D.: On representation and genetic operators in evolutionary algorithms. Tech. Rep. CI\u201341\/98, Fachbereich Informatik, Universit\u00e4t Dortmund (1998)"},{"issue":"1-4","key":"1_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3233\/FI-1998-35123403","volume":"35","author":"\u00c1.E. Eiben","year":"1998","unstructured":"Eiben, \u00c1.E., Schippers, C.A.: On evolutionary exploration and exploitation. Fundamenta Informaticae\u00a035(1-4), 35\u201350 (1998)","journal-title":"Fundamenta Informaticae"},{"key":"1_CR67","first-page":"82","volume-title":"Models in Paleobiology","author":"N. Eldredge","year":"1972","unstructured":"Eldredge, N., Gould, S.J.: Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism. In: Schopf, T.J.M. (ed.) Models in Paleobiology, ch.\u00a05, pp. 82\u2013115. W.H. Freeman, New York (1972)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300005224","volume":"3","author":"N. Eldredge","year":"1977","unstructured":"Eldredge, N., Gould, S.J.: Punctuated equilibria: The tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered. Paleobiology\u00a03(2), 115\u2013151 (1977)","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"1_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eshelman, L.J., Schaffer, J.D.: Preventing premature convergence in genetic algorithms by preventing incest. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, ICGA, pp. 115\u2013122 (1991)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-050684-5.50010-0"},{"key":"1_CR70","unstructured":"Eshelman, L.J., Caruana, R.A., Schaffer, J.D.: Biases in the crossover landscape. In: Proceedings of the third international conference on Genetic algorithms, pp. 10\u201319 (1989)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01096763","volume":"6","author":"T.A. Feo","year":"1995","unstructured":"Feo, T.A., Resende, M.G.C.: Greedy randomized adaptive search procedures. Journal of Global Optimization\u00a06(2), 109\u2013133 (1995)","journal-title":"Journal of Global Optimization"},{"key":"1_CR72","unstructured":"Festa, P., Resende, M.G.: An annotated bibliography of grasp. AT&T Labs Research Technical Report TD-5WYSEW, AT&T Labs (2004)"},{"key":"1_CR73","volume-title":"Nonlinear Programming: Sequential Unconstrained Minimization Techniques","author":"A.V. Fiacco","year":"1968","unstructured":"Fiacco, A.V., McCormick, G.P.: Nonlinear Programming: Sequential Unconstrained Minimization Techniques. John Wiley & Sons Inc., Chichester (1968)"},{"key":"1_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1017\/S0080456800012163","volume":"52","author":"S.R.A. Fisher","year":"1918","unstructured":"Fisher, S.R.A.: The correlations between relatives on the supposition of mendelian inheritance. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh\u00a052, 399\u2013433 (1918)","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1_CR75","first-page":"101","volume":"3","author":"J.M. Fitzpatrick","year":"1988","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick, J.M., Grefenstette, J.J.: Genetic algorithms in noisy environments. Machine Learning\u00a03(2\u20133), 101\u2013120 (1988)","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"1_CR76","unstructured":"Fonseca, C.M., Fleming, P.J.: Genetic algorithms for multiobjective optimization: Formulation, discussion and generalization. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, pp. 416\u2013423 (1993)"},{"key":"1_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forst, C.V., Reidys, C., Weber, J.: Evolutionary dynamics and optimization: Neutral networks as model-landscapes for RNA secondary-structure folding-landscapes. In: European Conference on Artificial Life, pp. 128\u2013147 (1995)","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-59496-5_294"},{"key":"1_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1147\/rd.21.0002","volume":"2","author":"R.M. Friedberg","year":"1958","unstructured":"Friedberg, R.M.: A learning machine: Part i. IBM Journal of Research and Development\u00a02, 2\u201313 (1958)","journal-title":"IBM Journal of Research and Development"},{"key":"1_CR79","series-title":"Series of Books in the Mathematical Sciences","volume-title":"Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness","author":"M.R. Garey","year":"1979","unstructured":"Garey, M.R., Johnson, D.S.: Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness. Series of Books in the Mathematical Sciences. W. H. Freeman & Co., New York (1979)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1992.4.1.1","volume":"4","author":"S. Geman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Geman, S., Bienenstock, E., Doursat, R.: Neural networks and the bias\/variance dilemma. Neural Computation\u00a04(1), 1\u201358 (1992)","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"issue":"1","key":"1_CR81","first-page":"190","volume":"2","author":"F. Glover","year":"1990","unstructured":"Glover, F.: Tabu search \u2013 part ii. Operations Research Society of America (ORSA) Journal on Computing\u00a02(1), 190\u2013206 (1990)","journal-title":"Operations Research Society of America (ORSA) Journal on Computing"},{"issue":"1","key":"1_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02078647","volume":"41","author":"F. Glover","year":"1993","unstructured":"Glover, F., Taillard, \u00c9.D., de Werra, D.: A user\u2019s guide to tabu search. Annals of Operations Research\u00a041(1), 3\u201328 (1993)","journal-title":"Annals of Operations Research"},{"key":"1_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gobb, H.G., Grefenstette, J.J.: Genetic algorithms for tracking changing environments. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, ICGA, pp. 523\u2013529 (1993)","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA294075"},{"key":"1_CR84","volume-title":"Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine Learning","author":"D.E. Goldberg","year":"1989","unstructured":"Goldberg, D.E.: Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine Learning. Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Amsterdam (1989)"},{"key":"1_CR85","unstructured":"Goldberg, D.E., Richardson, J.: Genetic algorithms with sharing for multimodal function optimization. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Genetic algorithms and their Application, pp. 41\u201349 (1987)"},{"key":"1_CR86","first-page":"493","volume":"3","author":"D.E. Goldberg","year":"1989","unstructured":"Goldberg, D.E., Deb, K., Korb, B.: Messy genetic algorithms: motivation, analysis, and first results. Complex Systems\u00a03, 493\u2013530 (1989)","journal-title":"Complex Systems"},{"key":"1_CR87","first-page":"150","volume":"2253","author":"H. Greiner","year":"1994","unstructured":"Greiner, H.: Robust filter design by stochastic optimization. Proceedings of SPIE (The International Society for Optical Engineering)\u00a02253, 150\u2013161 (1994)","journal-title":"Proceedings of SPIE (The International Society for Optical Engineering)"},{"key":"1_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5477","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.35.005477","volume":"35","author":"H. Greiner","year":"1996","unstructured":"Greiner, H.: Robust optical coating design with evolutionary strategies. Applied Optics\u00a035, 5477\u20135483 (1996)","journal-title":"Applied Optics"},{"issue":"3","key":"1_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.1993.1.3.213","volume":"1","author":"F. Gruau","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gruau, F., Whitley, L.D.: Adding learning to the cellular development of neural networks: Evolution and the baldwin effect. Evolutionary Computation\u00a01(3), 213\u2013233 (1993)","journal-title":"Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"1_CR90","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45365-2_22","volume-title":"Applications of Evolutionary Computing","author":"M. Guntsch","year":"2001","unstructured":"Guntsch, M., Middendorf, M.: Pheromone modification strategies for ant algorithms applied to dynamic TSP. In: Boers, E.J.W., Gottlieb, J., Lanzi, P.L., Smith, R.E., Cagnoni, S., Hart, E., Raidl, G.R., Tijink, H. (eds.) EvoIASP 2001, EvoWorkshops 2001, EvoFlight 2001, EvoSTIM 2001, EvoCOP 2001, and EvoLearn 2001. LNCS, vol.\u00a02037, pp. 213\u2013222. Springer, Heidelberg (2001)"},{"key":"1_CR91","unstructured":"Guntsch, M., Middendorf, M., Schmeck, H.: An ant colony optimization approach to dynamic TSP. In: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO, pp. 860\u2013867 (2001)"},{"key":"1_CR92","first-page":"1505","volume":"26","author":"L.S. Gurin","year":"1965","unstructured":"Gurin, L.S., Rastrigin, L.A.: Convergence of the random search method in the presence of noise. Automation and Remote Control\u00a026, 1505\u20131511 (1965)","journal-title":"Automation and Remote Control"},{"key":"1_CR93","unstructured":"Gustafson, S.M.: An analysis of diversity in genetic programming. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham, School of Computer Science & IT (2004)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1023\/B:GENP.0000030194.98244.e3","volume":"5","author":"S.M. Gustafson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gustafson, S.M., Ek\u00e1rt, A., Burke, E.K., Kendall, G.: Problem difficulty and code growth in genetic programming. Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines\u00a05(3), 271\u2013290 (2004)","journal-title":"Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines"},{"key":"1_CR95","unstructured":"Hadj-Alouane, A.B., Bean, J.C.: A genetic algorithm for the multiple-choice integer program. Tech. Rep. 92-50, Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbour, MI 48109-2117, USA (1992)"},{"key":"1_CR96","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-58484-6_260","volume-title":"Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - PPSN III","author":"U. Hammel","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hammel, U., B\u00e4ck, T.: Evolution strategies on noisy functions: How to improve convergence properties. In: Davidor, Y., M\u00e4nner, R., Schwefel, H.-P. (eds.) PPSN 1994. LNCS, vol.\u00a0866, pp. 159\u2013168. Springer, Heidelberg (1994)"},{"key":"1_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, L., He, X.: A novel opposition-based particle swarm optimization for noisy problems. In: ICNC 2007: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Natural Computation, vol.\u00a03, pp. 624\u2013629 (2007) doi:10.1109\/ICNC.2007.119","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNC.2007.119"},{"key":"1_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Handa, H., Lin, D., Chapman, L., Yao, X.: Robust solution of salting route optimisation using evolutionary algorithms. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, CEC, pp. 3098\u20133105 (2006) doi:10.1109\/CEC.2006.1688701","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2006.1688701"},{"key":"1_CR99","unstructured":"Harik, G.R.: Learning gene linkage to efficiently solve problems of bounded difficulty using genetic algorithms. PhD thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (1997)"},{"key":"1_CR100","first-page":"495","volume":"1","author":"G.E. Hinton","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hinton, G.E., Nowlan, S.J.: How learning can guide evolution. Complex Systems\u00a01, 495\u2013502 (1987)","journal-title":"Complex Systems"},{"key":"1_CR101","first-page":"447","volume-title":"Adaptive individuals in evolving populations: models and algorithms","author":"G.E. Hinton","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hinton, G.E., Nowlan, S.J.: How learning can guide evolution. In: Adaptive individuals in evolving populations: models and algorithms, pp. 447\u2013454. Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., Amsterdam (1996)"},{"key":"1_CR102","volume-title":"Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence","author":"J.H. Holland","year":"1975","unstructured":"Holland, J.H.: Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor (1975); reprinted by MIT Press, NetLibrary, Inc. (April 1992)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0792-66","volume":"267","author":"J.H. Holland","year":"1992","unstructured":"Holland, J.H.: Genetic algorithms. Scientific American\u00a0267(1), 44\u201350 (1992)","journal-title":"Scientific American"},{"key":"1_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horn, J., Nafpliotis, N., Goldberg, D.E.: A niched pareto genetic algorithm for multiobjective optimization. In: Proceedings of the First IEEE Conference on Evolutionary Computation, vol.\u00a01, pp. 82\u201387 (1994) doi:10.1109\/ICEC.1994.350037","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEC.1994.350037"},{"issue":"3","key":"1_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02338823","volume":"43","author":"M.A. Huynen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Huynen, M.A.: Exploring phenotype space through neutral evolution. Journal of Molecular Evolution\u00a043(3), 165\u2013169 (1996)","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Evolution"},{"key":"1_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.1.397","volume":"93","author":"M.A. Huynen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Huynen, M.A., Stadler, P.F., Fontana, W.: Smoothness within ruggedness: The role of neutrality in adaptation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA\u00a093, 397\u2013401 (1996)","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA"},{"key":"1_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Igel, C.: Causality of hierarchical variable length representations. In: Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence, pp. 324\u2013329 (1998)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEC.1998.699753"},{"issue":"6","key":"1_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-0190(03)00222-9","volume":"86","author":"C. Igel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Igel, C., Toussaint, M.: On classes of functions for which no free lunch results hold. Information Processing Letters\u00a086(6), 317\u2013321 (2003)","journal-title":"Information Processing Letters"},{"key":"1_CR109","unstructured":"Igel, C., Toussaint, M.: Recent results on no-free-lunch theorems for optimization. ArXiv EPrint arXiv:cs\/0303032 (Computer Science, Neural and Evolutionary Computing) (accessed 2008-03-28) (2003), http:\/\/www.citebase.org\/abstract?id=oai:arXiv.org:cs\/0303032"},{"issue":"1","key":"1_CR110","first-page":"33","volume":"25","author":"L. Ingber","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ingber, L.: Adaptive simulated annealing (asa): Lessons learned. Control and Cybernetics\u00a025(1), 33\u201354 (1996)","journal-title":"Control and Cybernetics"},{"key":"1_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joines, J.A., Houck, C.R.: On the use of non-stationary penalty functions to solve nonlinear constrained optimization problems with ga\u2019s. In: Proceedings of the First IEEE Conference on Evolutionary Computation, pp. 579\u2013584 (1994) doi:10.1109\/ICEC.1994.349995","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEC.1994.349995"},{"key":"1_CR112","unstructured":"Jones, T.: Evolutionary algorithms, fitness landscapes and search. PhD thesis, The University of New Mexico (1995)"},{"key":"1_CR113","series-title":"Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity","first-page":"527","volume-title":"Lectures in the Sciences of Complexity: The Proceedings of the 1988 Complex Systems Summer School","author":"S.A. Kauffman","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kauffman, S.A.: Adaptation on rugged fitness landscapes. In: Stein, D.L. (ed.) Lectures in the Sciences of Complexity: The Proceedings of the 1988 Complex Systems Summer School. Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, vol.\u00a0Lecture I, pp. 527\u2013618. Addison-Wesley, Reading (1988)"},{"key":"1_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195079517.001.0001","volume-title":"The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution","author":"S.A. Kauffman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kauffman, S.A.: The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1993)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(87)80029-2","volume":"128","author":"S.A. Kauffman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kauffman, S.A., Levin, S.A.: Towards a general theory of adaptive walks on rugged landscapes. Journal of Theoretical Biology\u00a0128(1), 11\u201345 (1987)","journal-title":"Journal of Theoretical Biology"},{"key":"1_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1145\/225298.225301","volume-title":"COLT 1995: Proceedings of the eighth annual conference on Computational learning theory","author":"M.J. Kearns","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kearns, M.J., Mansour, Y., Ng, A.Y., Ron, D.: An experimental and theoretical comparison of model selection methods. In: COLT 1995: Proceedings of the eighth annual conference on Computational learning theory, pp. 21\u201330. ACM Press, New York (1995)"},{"issue":"4598","key":"1_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1126\/science.220.4598.671","volume":"220","author":"S. Kirkpatrick","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kirkpatrick, S., Gelatt Jr., C.D., Vecchi, M.P.: Optimization by simulated annealing. Science\u00a0220(4598), 671\u2013680 (1983)","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"15","key":"1_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8420","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.15.8420","volume":"95","author":"M. Kirschner","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kirschner, M., Gerhart, J.: Evolvability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the USA (PNAS)\u00a095(15), 8420\u20138427 (1998)","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the USA (PNAS)"},{"key":"1_CR119","unstructured":"Kita, H., Sano, Y.: Genetic algorithms for optimization of noisy fitness functions and adaptation to changing environments. In: 2003 Joint Workshop of Hayashibara Foundation and 2003 Workshop on Statistical Mechanical Approach to Probabilistic Information Processing (SMAPIP) (2003)"},{"key":"1_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolarov, K.: Landscape ruggedness in evolutionary algorithms. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Evolutionary Computation, pp. 19\u201324 (1997)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEC.1997.592261"},{"issue":"3","key":"1_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.930318","volume":"5","author":"M. K\u00f6ppen","year":"2001","unstructured":"K\u00f6ppen, M., Wolpert, D.H., Macready, W.G.: Remarks on a recent paper on the \u201cno free lunch\u201d theorems. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation\u00a05(3), 295\u2013296 (2001)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"1_CR122","volume-title":"Handbuch der Lehre von der Verteilung der Primzahlen","author":"E. Landau","year":"1909","unstructured":"Landau, E.: Handbuch der Lehre von der Verteilung der Primzahlen. B. G. Teubner, Leipzig (1909); reprinted by Chelsea, New York (1953)"},{"key":"1_CR123","unstructured":"Laumanns, M., Thiele, L., Deb, K., Zitzler, E.: On the convergence and diversity-preservation properties of multi-objective evolutionary algorithms. Tech. Rep. 108, Computer Engineering and Networks Laboratory (TIK), Department of Electrical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich and Kanpur Genetic Algorithms Laboratory (KanGAL), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (2001)"},{"key":"1_CR124","first-page":"1114","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE-INNS-ENNS International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN 2000)","author":"S. Lawrence","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lawrence, S., Giles, C.L.: Overfitting and neural networks: Conjugate gradient and backpropagation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE-INNS-ENNS International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN 2000), vol.\u00a01, pp. 1114\u20131119. IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos (2000)"},{"key":"1_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.Y.B., Wong, P.C.: The effect of function noise on gp efficiency. In: Progress in Evolutionary Computation, pp. 1\u201316 (1995)","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-60154-6_43"},{"key":"1_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Branke, J., Blackwell, T.: Particle swarm with speciation and adaptation in a dynamic environment. In: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO, pp. 51\u201358 (2006) doi:10.1145\/1143997.1144005","DOI":"10.1145\/1143997.1144005"},{"key":"1_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liepins, G.E., Vose, M.D.: Deceptiveness and genetic algorithm dynamics. In: Proceedings of the First Workshop on Foundations of Genetic Algorithms (FOGA), pp. 36\u201350 (1991)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-050684-5.50006-9"},{"issue":"3","key":"1_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-2312(95)00050-G","volume":"8","author":"C.X. Ling","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ling, C.X.: Overfitting and generalization in learning discrete patterns. Neurocomputing\u00a08(3), 341\u2013347 (1995)","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"1_CR129","first-page":"395","volume-title":"Dynamic, Genetic, and Chaotic Programming: The Sixth-Generation","author":"R. Lohmann","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lohmann, R.: Structure evolution and neural systems. In: Dynamic, Genetic, and Chaotic Programming: The Sixth-Generation, pp. 395\u2013411. Wiley Interscience, Hoboken (1992)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00203128","volume":"69","author":"R. Lohmann","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lohmann, R.: Structure evolution and incomplete induction. Biological Cybernetics\u00a069(4), 319\u2013326 (1993)","journal-title":"Biological Cybernetics"},{"issue":"3","key":"1_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.2006.14.3.309","volume":"14","author":"S. Luke","year":"2006","unstructured":"Luke, S., Panait, L.: A comparison of bloat control methods for genetic programming. Evolutionary Computation\u00a014(3), 309\u2013344 (2006)","journal-title":"Evolutionary Computation"},{"issue":"1","key":"1_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(35)93109-5","volume":"18","author":"J.L. Lush","year":"1935","unstructured":"Lush, J.L.: Progeny test and individual performance as indicators of an animal\u2019s breeding value. Journal of Dairy Science\u00a018(1), 1\u201319 (1935)","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"1_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.02.006","volume":"15","author":"A.E. Magurran","year":"2005","unstructured":"Magurran, A.E.: Biological diversity. Current Biology Magazine\u00a015, R116\u2013R118 (2005)","journal-title":"Current Biology Magazine"},{"key":"1_CR134","volume-title":"Handbook of Evolutionary Computation","author":"W.N. Martin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Martin, W.N., Lienig, J., Cohoon, J.P.: Island (migration) models: Evolutionary algorithms based on punctuated equilibria. In: Handbook of Evolutionary Computation, ch.\u00a06.3. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1997)"},{"key":"1_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendes, R., Mohais, A.S.: Dynde: a differential evolution for dynamic optimization problems. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, CEC, vol.\u00a03, pp. 2808\u20132815 (2005)","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2005.1555047"},{"key":"1_CR136","unstructured":"Miller, B.L., Goldberg, D.E.: Genetic algorithms, tournament selection, and the effects of noise. IlliGAL Report 95006, Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory, Department of General Engineering, University of Illinois (1995)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.1996.4.2.113","volume":"4","author":"B.L. Miller","year":"1996","unstructured":"Miller, B.L., Goldberg, D.E.: Genetic algorithms, selection schemes, and the varying effects of noise. Evolutionary Computation\u00a04(2), 113\u2013131 (1996)","journal-title":"Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"1_CR138","unstructured":"Miller, B.L., Shaw, M.J.: Genetic algorithms with dynamic niche sharing for multimodal function optimization. IlliGAL Report 95010, Department of General Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1995)"},{"key":"1_CR139","unstructured":"Mitchell, M., Forrest, S., Holland, J.H.: The royal road for genetic algorithms: Fitness landscapes and GA performance. In: Towards a Practice of Autonomous Systems: Proceedings of the First European Conference on Artificial Life, pp. 245\u2013254 (1991)"},{"key":"1_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell, T.M.: Generalization as search. In: Webber, B.L., Nilsson, N.J. (eds.) Readings in Artificial Intelligence, 2nd edn., pp. 517\u2013542. Tioga Pub. Co. Press, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Elsevier Science & Technology Books (1981)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-934613-03-3.50040-4"},{"issue":"2","key":"1_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(82)90040-6","volume":"18","author":"T.M. Mitchell","year":"1982","unstructured":"Mitchell, T.M.: Generalization as search. Artificial Intelligence\u00a018(2), 203\u2013226 (1982)","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"1_CR142","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-61723-X_1015","volume-title":"Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - PPSN IV","author":"N. Mori","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mori, N., Kita, H., Nishikawa, Y.: Adaptation to a changing environment by means of the thermodynamical genetic algorithm. In: Ebeling, W., Rechenberg, I., Voigt, H.-M., Schwefel, H.-P. (eds.) PPSN 1996. LNCS, vol.\u00a01141, pp. 513\u2013522. Springer, Heidelberg (1996)"},{"key":"1_CR143","unstructured":"Mori, N., Imanishi, S., Kita, H., Nishikawa, Y.: Adaptation to changing environments by means of the memory based thermodynamical genetic algorithm. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, ICGA, pp. 299\u2013306 (1997)"},{"key":"1_CR144","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0056858","volume-title":"Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - PPSN V","author":"N. Mori","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mori, N., Kita, H., Nishikawa, Y.: Adaptation to a changing environment by means of the feedback thermodynamical genetic algorithm. In: Eiben, A.E., B\u00e4ck, T., Schoenauer, M., Schwefel, H.-P. (eds.) PPSN 1998. LNCS, vol.\u00a01498, pp. 149\u2013158. Springer, Heidelberg (1998)"},{"key":"1_CR145","unstructured":"Morrison, R.W.: Designing evolutionary algorithms for dynamic environments. PhD thesis, George Mason University, USA (2002)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1_CR146","first-page":"143","volume":"24","author":"R.W. Morrison","year":"2004","unstructured":"Morrison, R.W.: Designing Evolutionary Algorithms for Dynamic Environments. Natural Computing\u00a024(1), 143\u2013144 (2004)","journal-title":"Natural Computing"},{"key":"1_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison, R.W., De Jong, K.A.: A test problem generator for non-stationary environments. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, CEC, vol.\u00a03, pp. 2047\u20132053 (1999) doi:10.1109\/CEC.1999.785526","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.1999.785526"},{"key":"1_CR148","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-46033-0_3","volume-title":"Artificial Evolution","author":"R.W. Morrison","year":"2002","unstructured":"Morrison, R.W., De Jong, K.A.: Measurement of population diversity. In: Collet, P., Fonlupt, C., Hao, J.-K., Lutton, E., Schoenauer, M. (eds.) EA 2001. LNCS, vol.\u00a02310, pp. 1047\u20131074. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)"},{"key":"1_CR149","unstructured":"Mostaghim, S.: Multi-objective evolutionary algorithms: Data structures, convergence and, diversity. PhD thesis, Fakult\u00e4t f\u00fcr Elektrotechnik, Informatik und Mathematik, Universit\u00e4t Paderborn, Deutschland, Germany (2004)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.1999.7.4.377","volume":"7","author":"M. Munetomo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Munetomo, M., Goldberg, D.E.: Linkage identification by non-monotonicity detection for overlapping functions. Evolutionary Computation\u00a07(4), 377\u2013398 (1999)","journal-title":"Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"1_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munetomo, M., Goldberg, D.E.: Linkage identification by non-monotonicity detection for overlapping functions. IlliGAL Report 99005, Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory (IlliGAL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1999)","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.1999.7.4.377"},{"issue":"12","key":"1_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(2004)130:12(1202)","volume":"130","author":"N. Muttil","year":"2004","unstructured":"Muttil, N., Liong, S.-Y.: Superior exploration\u2013exploitation balance in shuffled complex evolution. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering\u00a0130(12), 1202\u20131205 (2004)","journal-title":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering"},{"key":"1_CR153","unstructured":"Naudts, B., Verschoren, A.: Epistasis on finite and infinite spaces. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Systems Research, Informatics and Cybernetics, pp. 19\u201323 (1996)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.36045\/bbms\/1103149975","volume":"6","author":"B. Naudts","year":"1999","unstructured":"Naudts, B., Verschoren, A.: Epistasis and deceptivity. Bulletin of the Belgian Mathematical Society\u00a06(1), 147\u2013154 (1999)","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Belgian Mathematical Society"},{"issue":"1403","key":"1_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0438","volume":"256","author":"M.E.J. Newman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Newman, M.E.J., Engelhardt, R.: Effect of neutral selection on the evolution of molecular species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B (Biological Sciences)\u00a0256(1403), 1333\u20131338 (1998)","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B (Biological Sciences)"},{"key":"1_CR156","unstructured":"Oei, C.K., Goldberg, D.E., Chang, S.J.: Tournament selection, niching, and the preservation of diversity. IlliGAl Report 91011, Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory (IlliGAL), Department of Computer Science, Department of General Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1991)"},{"key":"1_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olsen, A.L.: Penalty functions and the knapsack problem. In: Proceedings of the First IEEE Conference on Evolutionary Computation, vol.\u00a02, pp. 554\u2013558 (1994)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEC.1994.350000"},{"key":"1_CR158","first-page":"92","volume-title":"Operational Research Tutorial Papers","author":"I.H. Osman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Osman, I.H.: An introduction to metaheuristics. In: Lawrence, M., Wilsdon, C. (eds.) Operational Research Tutorial Papers, pp. 92\u2013122. Stockton Press, Hampshire (1995); publication of the Operational Research Society, Birmingham, UK"},{"key":"1_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paenke, I., Branke, J., Jin, Y.: On the influence of phenotype plasticity on genotype diversity. In: First IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computational Intelligence (FOCI 2007), pp. 33\u201340 (2007)","DOI":"10.1109\/FOCI.2007.372144"},{"key":"1_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1109\/ISDA.2006.253752","volume-title":"ISDA 2006: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications (ISDA 2006)","author":"G. Pan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pan, G., Dou, Q., Liu, X.: Performance of two improved particle swarm optimization in dynamic optimization environments. In: ISDA 2006: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications (ISDA 2006), vol.\u00a02, pp. 1024\u20131028. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (2006)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amc.2006.01.066","volume":"181","author":"H. Pan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pan, H., Wang, L., Liu, B.: Particle swarm optimization for function optimization in noisy environment. Applied Mathematics and Computation\u00a0181(2), 908\u2013919 (2006)","journal-title":"Applied Mathematics and Computation"},{"key":"1_CR162","unstructured":"Pelikan, M., Goldberg, D.E., Cant\u00fa-Paz, E.: Boa: The bayesian optimization algorithm. In: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO, pp. 525\u2013532 (1999)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/149.3.1167","volume":"149","author":"P.C. Phillips","year":"1998","unstructured":"Phillips, P.C.: The language of gene interaction. Genetics\u00a0149(3), 1167\u20131171 (1998)","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"1_CR164","unstructured":"Pohlheim, H.: Geatbx introduction \u2013 evolutionary algorithms: Overview, methods and operators. Tech. rep., documentation for GEATbx version 3.7 (2005) (accessed, 2007-07-03), http:\/\/www.GEATbx.com"},{"key":"1_CR165","unstructured":"Purshouse, R.C.: On the evolutionary optimisation of many objectives. PhD thesis, Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, The University of Sheffield (2003)"},{"key":"1_CR166","first-page":"259","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, PPSN","author":"N.J. Radcliffe","year":"1992","unstructured":"Radcliffe, N.J.: Non-linear genetic representations. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, PPSN, pp. 259\u2013268. Elsevier, Amsterdam (1992)"},{"key":"1_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radcliffe, N.J.: The algebra of genetic algorithms. Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence\u00a010(4) (1994) doi:10.1007\/BF01531276","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01531276"},{"key":"1_CR168","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0015249","volume-title":"Computer Science Today","author":"N.J. Radcliffe","year":"1995","unstructured":"Radcliffe, N.J., Surry, P.D.: Fundamental limitations on search algorithms: Evolutionary computing in perspective. In: van Leeuwen, J. (ed.) Computer Science Today. LNCS, vol.\u00a01000, pp. 275\u2013291. Springer, Heidelberg (1995)"},{"key":"1_CR169","unstructured":"Rayward-Smith, V.J.: A unified approach to tabu search, simulated annealing and genetic algorithms. In: Rayward-Smith, V.J. (ed.) Applications of Modern Heuristic Methods \u2013 Proceedings of the UNICOM Seminar on Adaptive Computing and Information Processing, Brunel University Conference Centre, London, UK, vol.\u00a0I, pp. 55\u201378. Alfred Waller Ltd \/ Nelson Thornes Ltd \/ Unicom Seminars Ltd (1994)"},{"key":"1_CR170","volume-title":"Evolutionsstrategie: Optimierung technischer Systeme nach Prinzipien der biologischen Evolution","author":"I. Rechenberg","year":"1973","unstructured":"Rechenberg, I.: Evolutionsstrategie: Optimierung technischer Systeme nach Prinzipien der biologischen Evolution. Frommann-Holzboog Verlag, Stuttgart (1973)"},{"key":"1_CR171","unstructured":"Rechenberg, I.: Evolutionsstrategie 1994. Werkstatt Bionik und Evolutionstechnik, vol.\u00a01. Frommann Holzboog (1994)"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0096-3003(99)00166-6","volume":"117","author":"C.M. Reidys","year":"2001","unstructured":"Reidys, C.M., Stadler, P.F.: Neutrality in fitness landscapes. Applied Mathematics and Computation\u00a0117(2\u20133), 321\u2013350 (2001)","journal-title":"Applied Mathematics and Computation"},{"key":"1_CR173","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30217-9_12","volume-title":"Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - PPSN VIII","author":"H. Richter","year":"2004","unstructured":"Richter, H.: Behavior of evolutionary algorithms in chaotically changing fitness landscapes. In: Yao, X., Burke, E.K., Lozano, J.A., Smith, J., Merelo-Guerv\u00f3s, J.J., Bullinaria, J.A., Rowe, J.E., Ti\u0148o, P., Kab\u00e1n, A., Schwefel, H.-P. (eds.) PPSN 2004. LNCS, vol.\u00a03242, pp. 111\u2013120. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)"},{"key":"1_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riedl, R.J.: A systems-analytical approach to macroevolutionary phenomena. Quarterly Review of Biology, 351\u2013370 (1977)","DOI":"10.1086\/410123"},{"issue":"3","key":"1_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177729586","volume":"22","author":"H. Robbins","year":"1951","unstructured":"Robbins, H., Monro, S.: A stochastic approximation method. Annals of Mathematical Statistics\u00a022(3), 400\u2013407 (1951)","journal-title":"Annals of Mathematical Statistics"},{"key":"1_CR176","unstructured":"Ronald, S.: Preventing diversity loss in a routing genetic algorithm with hash tagging. Complexity International 2 (1995) (accessed 2008-12-07), http:\/\/www.complexity.org.au\/ci\/vol02\/sr_hash\/"},{"key":"1_CR177","unstructured":"Ronald, S.: Genetic algorithms and permutation-encoded problems. diversity preservation and a study of multimodality. PhD thesis, University Of South Australia. Department of Computer and Information Science (1996)"},{"key":"1_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ronald, S.: Robust encodings in genetic algorithms: A survey of encoding issues. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, CEC, pp. 43\u201348 (1997) doi:10.1109\/ICEC.1997.592265","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEC.1997.592265"},{"key":"1_CR179","unstructured":"Rosca, J.P.: An analysis of hierarchical genetic programming. Tech. Rep. TR566, The University of Rochester, Computer Science Department (1995)"},{"key":"1_CR180","unstructured":"Rosca, J.P., Ballard, D.H.: Causality in genetic programming. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, ICGA, pp. 256\u2013263 (1995)"},{"key":"1_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.1995.521718","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Quantitative Remote Sensing for Science and Applications, IGARSS 1995","author":"P.L. Rosin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rosin, P.L., Fierens, F.: Improving neural network generalisation. In: Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Quantitative Remote Sensing for Science and Applications, IGARSS 1995, vol.\u00a02, pp. 1255\u20131257. IEEE, Los Alamitos (1995)"},{"key":"1_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rothlauf, F.: Representations for Genetic and Evolutionary Algorithms, 2nd edn. Physica-Verlag (2006) (1st edn., 2002)","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-32444-5_2"},{"key":"1_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(79)90015-8","volume":"76","author":"R.D. Routledge","year":"1979","unstructured":"Routledge, R.D.: Diversity indices: Which ones are admissible? Journal of Theoretical Biology\u00a076, 503\u2013515 (1979)","journal-title":"Journal of Theoretical Biology"},{"key":"1_CR184","unstructured":"Rudnick, W.M.: Genetic algorithms and fitness variance with an application to the automated design of artificial neural networks. PhD thesis, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science & Technology (1992)"},{"key":"1_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudolph, G.: Self-adaptation and global convergence: A counter-example. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, CEC, vol.\u00a01, pp. 646\u2013651 (1999)","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.1999.781994"},{"issue":"4","key":"1_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.942534","volume":"5","author":"G. Rudolph","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rudolph, G.: Self-adaptive mutations may lead to premature convergence. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation\u00a05(4), 410\u2013414 (2001)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"1_CR187","unstructured":"Rudolph, G.: Self-adaptive mutations may lead to premature convergence. Tech. Rep. CI\u201373\/99, Fachbereich Informatik, Universit\u00e4t Dortmund (2001)"},{"key":"1_CR188","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45356-3_56","volume-title":"Parallel Problem Solving from Nature-PPSN VI","author":"Y. Sano","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sano, Y., Kita, H.: Optimization of noisy fitness functions by means of genetic algorithms using history of search. In: Deb, K., Rudolph, G., Lutton, E., Merelo, J.J., Schoenauer, M., Schwefel, H.-P., Yao, X. (eds.) PPSN 2000. LNCS, vol.\u00a01917, pp. 571\u2013580. Springer, Heidelberg (2000)"},{"key":"1_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sano, Y., Kita, H.: Optimization of noisy fitness functions by means of genetic algorithms using history of search with test of estimation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, CEC, pp. 360\u2013365 (2002)","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2002.1006261"},{"key":"1_CR190","unstructured":"Sarle, W.: What is overfitting and how can i avoid it? Usenet FAQs: compaineural-nets FAQ 3: Generalization(3) (2007)"},{"key":"1_CR191","unstructured":"Sarle, W.S.: Stopped training and other remedies for overfitting. In: Proceedings of the 27th Symposium on the Interface: Computing Science and Statistics, pp. 352\u2013360 (1995)"},{"key":"1_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaffer, J.D., Eshelman, L.J., Offutt, D.: Spurious correlations and premature convergence in genetic algorithms. In: Proceedings of the First Workshop on Foundations of Genetic Algorithms (FOGA), pp. 102\u2013112 (1990)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-050684-5.50010-0"},{"key":"1_CR193","unstructured":"Sendhoff, B., Kreutz, M., von Seelen, W.: A condition for the genotype-phenotype mapping: Causality. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, ICGA, pp. 73\u201380 (1997)"},{"key":"1_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shackleton, M., Shipman, R., Ebner, M.: An investigation of redundant genotype-phenotype mappings and their role in evolutionary search. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, CEC, pp. 493\u2013500 (2000)","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2000.870337"},{"key":"1_CR195","first-page":"354","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Princeton Conference on Information Science and Systems","author":"J. Shekel","year":"1971","unstructured":"Shekel, J.: Test functions for multimodal search techniques. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Princeton Conference on Information Science and Systems, pp. 354\u2013359. Princeton University Press, Princeton (1971)"},{"key":"1_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shipman, R.: Genetic redundancy: Desirable or problematic for evolutionary adaptation? In: Proceedings of the 4 th International Conference on Artificial Neural Nets and Genetic Algorithms, pp. 1\u201311 (1999)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6384-9_57"},{"key":"1_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shipman, R., Shackleton, M., Ebner, M., Watson, R.: Neutral search spaces for artificial evolution: a lesson from life. In: Bedau, M., McCaskill, J.S., Packard, N.H., Rasmussen, S., McCaskill, J., Packard, N. (eds.) Artificial Life VII: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Artificial Life. The MIT Press, Bradford Books, Complex Adaptive Systems (2000)","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1432.003.0023"},{"issue":"4","key":"1_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026714927227","volume":"18","author":"R. Shipman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shipman, R., Shackleton, M., Harvey, I.: The use of neutral genotype-phenotype mappings for improved evolutionary search. BT Technology Journal\u00a018(4), 103\u2013111 (2000)","journal-title":"BT Technology Journal"},{"key":"1_CR199","unstructured":"Siedlecki, W.W., Sklansky, J.: Constrained genetic optimization via dynamic reward-penalty balancing and its use in pattern recognition. In: Proceedings of the third international conference on Genetic algorithms, pp. 141\u2013150 (1989)"},{"key":"1_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, G., Deb, K.: Comparison of multi-modal optimization algorithms based on evolutionary algorithms. In: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO, pp. 1305\u20131312 (2006)","DOI":"10.1145\/1143997.1144200"},{"key":"1_CR201","volume-title":"Handbook of Evolutionary Computation","author":"A.E. Smith","year":"1997","unstructured":"Smith, A.E., Coit, D.W.: Penalty functions. In: Handbook of Evolutionary Computation, ch.\u00a05.2. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1997)"},{"key":"1_CR202","unstructured":"Smith, M.: Neural Networks for Statistical Modeling. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. International Thomson Computer Press (1993\/1996)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1_CR203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2003.08.001","volume":"54","author":"S.S.F. Smith","year":"2004","unstructured":"Smith, S.S.F.: Using multiple genetic operators to reduce premature convergence in genetic assembly planning. Computers in Industry\u00a054(1), 35\u201349 (2004)","journal-title":"Computers in Industry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1_CR204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/106365602317301754","volume":"10","author":"T. Smith","year":"2002","unstructured":"Smith, T., Husbands, P., Layzell, P., O\u2019Shea, M.: Fitness landscapes and evolvability. Evolutionary Computation\u00a010(1), 1\u201334 (2002)","journal-title":"Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"1_CR205","volume-title":"Proceedings of the First Workshop on Foundations of Genetic Algorithms","year":"1990","unstructured":"Spatz, B.M., Rawlins, G.J.E. (eds.): Proceedings of the First Workshop on Foundations of Genetic Algorithms. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc., San Francisco (1990)"},{"key":"1_CR206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spieth, C., Streichert, F., Speer, N., Zell, A.: Utilizing an island model for ea to preserve solution diversity for inferring gene regulatory networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, CEC, vol.\u00a01, pp. 146\u2013151 (2004)","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2004.1330850"},{"key":"1_CR207","first-page":"409","volume-title":"Theoretical Aspects of Evolutionary Computing","author":"P. Stagge","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stagge, P., Igel, C.: Structure optimization and isomorphisms. In: Theoretical Aspects of Evolutionary Computing, pp. 409\u2013422. Springer, Heidelberg (2000)"},{"key":"1_CR208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stewart, T.: Extrema selection: accelerated evolution on neutral networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, CEC, vol.\u00a01 (2001)","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2001.934366"},{"key":"1_CR209","unstructured":"Taguchi, G.: Introduction to Quality Engineering: Designing Quality into Products and Processes. Asian Productivity Organization \/ American Supplier Institute Inc. \/ Quality Resources \/ Productivity Press Inc., translation of Sekkeisha no tame no hinshitsu kanri (1986)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1_CR210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(00)00268-X","volume":"135","author":"\u00c9.D. Taillard","year":"2001","unstructured":"Taillard, \u00c9.D., Gambardella, L.M., Gendrau, M., Potvin, J.-Y.: Adaptive memory programming: A unified view of metaheuristics. European Journal of Operational Research\u00a0135(1), 1\u201316 (2001)","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"1_CR211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1021\/ci00027a006","volume":"35","author":"I.V. Tetko","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tetko, I.V., Livingstone, D.J., Luik, A.I.: Neural network studies, 1. comparison of overfitting and overtraining. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences\u00a035(5), 826\u2013833 (1995)","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences"},{"key":"1_CR212","unstructured":"Thierens, D.: On the scalability of simple genetic algorithms. Tech. Rep. UU-CS-1999-48, Department of Information and Computing Sciences, Utrecht University (1999)"},{"key":"1_CR213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thierens, D., Goldberg, D.E., Pereira, \u00c2.G.: Domino convergence, drift, and the temporal-salience structure of problems. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, CEC, pp. 535\u2013540 (1998), doi:10.1109\/ICEC.1998.700085","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEC.1998.700085"},{"key":"1_CR214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toussaint, M., Igel, C.: Neutrality: A necessity for self-adaptation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, CEC, pp. 1354\u20131359 (2002)","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2002.1004440"},{"issue":"6","key":"1_CR215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-0190(02)00447-7","volume":"85","author":"I.C. Trelea","year":"2003","unstructured":"Trelea, I.C.: The particle swarm optimization algorithm: convergence analysis and parameter selection. Information Processing Letters\u00a085(6), 317\u2013325 (2003)","journal-title":"Information Processing Letters"},{"key":"1_CR216","unstructured":"Trojanowski, K.: Evolutionary algorithms with redundant genetic material for non-stationary environments. PhD thesis, Instytut Podstaw Informatyki PAN, Institute of Computer Science, Warsaw, University of Technology, Poland (1994)"},{"key":"1_CR217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.661550","volume":"1","author":"S. Tsutsui","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tsutsui, S., Ghosh, A.: Genetic algorithms with a robust solution searching scheme. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation\u00a01, 201\u2013208 (1997)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"1_CR218","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-61723-X_1018","volume-title":"Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - PPSN IV","author":"S. Tsutsui","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tsutsui, S., Ghosh, A., Fujimoto, Y.: A robust solution searching scheme in genetic search. In: Ebeling, W., Rechenberg, I., Voigt, H.-M., Schwefel, H.-P. (eds.) PPSN 1996. LNCS, vol.\u00a01141, pp. 543\u2013552. Springer, Heidelberg (1996)"},{"key":"1_CR219","unstructured":"Ursem, R.K.: Models for evolutionary algorithms and their applications in system identification and control optimization. PhD thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Aarhus, Denmark (2003)"},{"key":"1_CR220","unstructured":"Vaessens, R.J.M., Aarts, E.H.L., Lenstra, J.K.: A local search template. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, PPSN, pp. 67\u201376 (1992)"},{"issue":"11","key":"1_CR221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-0548(97)00093-2","volume":"25","author":"R.J.M. Vaessens","year":"1998","unstructured":"Vaessens, R.J.M., Aarts, E.H.L., Lenstra, J.K.: A local search template. Computers and Operations Research\u00a025(11), 969\u2013979 (1998)","journal-title":"Computers and Operations Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"1_CR222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010928206141","volume":"45","author":"E. van Nimwegen","year":"2001","unstructured":"van Nimwegen, E., Crutchfield, J.P.: Optimizing epochal evolutionary search: Population-size dependent theory. Machine Learning\u00a045(1), 77\u2013114 (2001)","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"issue":"17","key":"1_CR223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9716","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.17.9716","volume":"96","author":"E. van Nimwegen","year":"1999","unstructured":"van Nimwegen, E., Crutchfield, J.P., Huynen, M.: Neutral evolution of mutational robustness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of Americs (PNAS) \u2013 Evolution\u00a096(17), 9716\u20139720 (1999)","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of Americs (PNAS) \u2013 Evolution"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1_CR224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3975(99)00119-X","volume":"229","author":"E. van Nimwegen","year":"1999","unstructured":"van Nimwegen, E., Crutchfield, J.P., Mitchell, M.: Statistical dynamics of the royal road genetic algorithm. Theoretical Computer Science\u00a0229(1\u20132), 41\u2013102 (1999)","journal-title":"Theoretical Computer Science"},{"key":"1_CR225","series-title":"Princeton Studies in Complexity","volume-title":"Robustness and Evolvability in Living Systems","author":"A. Wagner","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wagner, A.: Robustness and Evolvability in Living Systems. Princeton Studies in Complexity. Princeton University Press, Princeton (2005)"},{"issue":"8","key":"1_CR226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2005.01.063","volume":"579","author":"A. Wagner","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wagner, A.: Robustness, evolvability, and neutrality. FEBS Lett\u00a0579(8), 1772\u20131778 (2005)","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"1_CR227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.2307\/2410639","volume":"50","author":"G.P. Wagner","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wagner, G.P., Altenberg, L.: Complex adaptations and the evolution of evolvability. Evolution\u00a050(3), 967\u2013976 (1996)","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"1_CR228","volume-title":"Knowing and Guessing: A Quantitative Study of Inference and Information","author":"S. Watanabe","year":"1969","unstructured":"Watanabe, S.: Knowing and Guessing: A Quantitative Study of Inference and Information. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester (1969)"},{"key":"1_CR229","unstructured":"Weicker, K.: Evolution\u00e4re Algorithmen. Leitf\u00e4den der Informatik, B. G. Teubner GmbH (2002)"},{"key":"1_CR230","first-page":"313","volume-title":"Sixth Workshop on Foundations of Genetic Algorithms (FOGA)","author":"K. Weicker","year":"2000","unstructured":"Weicker, K., Weicker, N.: Burden and benefits of redundancy. In: Sixth Workshop on Foundations of Genetic Algorithms (FOGA), pp. 313\u2013333. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (2000)"},{"key":"1_CR231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weise, T., Zapf, M., Geihs, K.: Rule-based Genetic Programming. In: Proceedings of BIONETICS 2007, 2nd International Conference on Bio-Inspired Models of Network, Information, and Computing Systems (2007)","DOI":"10.1109\/BIMNICS.2007.4610073"},{"key":"1_CR232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weise, T., Niemczyk, S., Skubch, H., Reichle, R., Geihs, K.: A tunable model for multi-objective, epistatic, rugged, and neutral fitness landscapes. In: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO, pp. 795\u2013802 (2008)","DOI":"10.1145\/1389095.1389252"},{"key":"1_CR233","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","first-page":"6","volume-title":"Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - PPSN III","author":"L.D. Whitley","year":"1994","unstructured":"Whitley, L.D., Gordon, V.S., Mathias, K.E.: Lamarckian evolution, the baldwin effect and function optimization. In: Davidor, Y., M\u00e4nner, R., Schwefel, H.-P. (eds.) PPSN 1994. LNCS, vol.\u00a0866, pp. 6\u201315. Springer, Heidelberg (1994)"},{"key":"1_CR234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.738986","volume":"2","author":"D. Wiesmann","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wiesmann, D., Hammel, U., B\u00e4ck, T.: Robust design of multilayer optical coatings by means of evolutionary algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation\u00a02, 162\u2013167 (1998)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"1_CR235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiesmann, D., Hammel, U., B\u00e4ck, T.: Robust design of multilayer optical coatings by means of evolutionary strategies. Sonderforschungsbereich (sfb) 531, Universit\u00e4t Dortmund (1998)","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.738986"},{"key":"1_CR236","unstructured":"Wilke, C.O.: Evolutionary dynamics in time-dependent environments. PhD thesis, Fakult\u00e4t f\u00fcr Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum (1999)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1_CR237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1006\/bulm.2001.0244","volume":"63","author":"C.O. Wilke","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wilke, C.O.: Adaptive evolution on neutral networks. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology\u00a063(4), 715\u2013730 (2001)","journal-title":"Bulletin of Mathematical Biology"},{"issue":"8","key":"1_CR238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.1867","volume":"70","author":"D.N. Wilke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wilke, D.N., Kok, S., Groenwold, A.A.: Comparison of linear and classical velocity update rules in particle swarm optimization: notes on diversity. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering\u00a070(8), 962\u2013984 (2007)","journal-title":"International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"1_CR239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.2307\/2406060","volume":"11","author":"G.C. Williams","year":"1957","unstructured":"Williams, G.C.: Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence. Evolution\u00a011(4), 398\u2013411 (1957)","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"1_CR240","volume-title":"Instant Notes in Genetics","author":"P.C. Winter","year":"2006","unstructured":"Winter, P.C., Hickey, G.I., Fletcher, H.L.: Instant Notes in Genetics, 3rd edn. Springer, New York (2006) (1st edn. 1998, 2nd edn. 2002)","edition":"3"},{"key":"1_CR241","unstructured":"Wolpert, D.H., Macready, W.G.: No free lunch theorems for search. Tech. Rep. SFI-TR-95-02-010, The Santa Fe Institute (1995)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1_CR242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.585893","volume":"1","author":"D.H. Wolpert","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wolpert, D.H., Macready, W.G.: No free lunch theorems for optimization. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation\u00a01(1), 67\u201382 (1997)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"1_CR243","unstructured":"Wu, N.: Differential evolution for optimisation in dynamic environments. Tech. rep., School of Computer Science and Information Technology, RMIT University (2006)"},{"key":"1_CR244","series-title":"Studies in Computational Intelligence","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-49774-5","volume-title":"Evolutionary Computation in Dynamic and Uncertain Environments","author":"S. Yang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yang, S., Ong, Y.S., Jin, Y.: Evolutionary Computation in Dynamic and Uncertain Environments. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol.\u00a051(XXIII). Springer, Heidelberg (2007)"},{"issue":"6","key":"1_CR245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1049\/piee.1979.0137","volume":"126","author":"V. Zakian","year":"1979","unstructured":"Zakian, V.: New formulation for the method of inequalities. Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers\u00a0126(6), 579\u2013584 (1979)","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers"},{"issue":"3","key":"1_CR246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.2307\/2347182","volume":"27","author":"A. \u017dilinskas","year":"1978","unstructured":"\u017dilinskas, A.: Algorithm as 133: Optimization of one-dimensional multimodal functions. Applied Statistics\u00a027(3), 367\u2013375 (1978)","journal-title":"Applied Statistics"},{"key":"1_CR247","unstructured":"Zitzler, E., Laumanns, M., Thiele, L.: SPEA2: Improving the Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm. Tech. Rep. 103, Computer Engineering and Networks Laboratory (TIK), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich (2001)"},{"key":"1_CR248","unstructured":"Zitzler, E., Laumanns, M., Thiele, L.: SPEA2: Improving the strength pareto evolutionary algorithm for multiobjective optimization. In: Evolutionary Methods for Design, Optimisation and Control with Application to Industrial Problems. Proceedings of the EUROGEN 2001 Conference, pp. 95\u2013100 (2001)"}],"container-title":["Studies in Computational Intelligence","Nature-Inspired Algorithms for Optimisation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-642-00267-0_1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,9]],"date-time":"2025-02-09T07:44:28Z","timestamp":1739087068000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-642-00267-0_1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009]]},"ISBN":["9783642002663","9783642002670"],"references-count":249,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-00267-0_1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1860-949X","1860-9503"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1860-949X","type":"print"},{"value":"1860-9503","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009]]}}}