{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T08:13:15Z","timestamp":1770883995514,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Berlin, Heidelberg","reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783642302831","type":"print"},{"value":"9783642302848","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-30284-8_22","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,23]],"date-time":"2012-05-23T11:43:00Z","timestamp":1337773380000},"page":"225-239","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["POWLA: Modeling Linguistic Corpora in OWL\/DL"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Chiarcos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"22_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, C.F., Fellbaum, C.: WordNet and FrameNet as Complementary Resources for Annotation. In: Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop, pp. 125\u2013129 (August 2009)","DOI":"10.3115\/1698381.1698402"},{"key":"22_CR2","unstructured":"Berners-Lee, T.: Design issues: Linked data (2006), \n                    \n                      http:\/\/www.w3.org\/DesignIssues\/LinkedData.html"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"22_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(00)00068-6","volume":"33","author":"S. Bird","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bird, S., Liberman, M.: A formal framework for linguistic annotation. Speech Communication\u00a033(1-2), 23\u201360 (2001)","journal-title":"Speech Communication"},{"key":"22_CR4","unstructured":"Burchardt, A., Pad\u00f3, S., Spohr, D., Frank, A., Heid, U.: Formalising Multi-layer Corpora in OWL\/DL \u2013 Lexicon Modelling, Querying and Consistency Control. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Joint Conf. on NLP (IJCNLP 2008), Hyderabad (2008)"},{"issue":"4","key":"22_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-006-9001-9","volume":"39","author":"J. Carletta","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carletta, J., Evert, S., Heid, U., Kilgour, J.: The NITE XML Toolkit: data model and query. Language Resources and Evaluation Journal (LREJ)\u00a039(4), 313\u2013334 (2005)","journal-title":"Language Resources and Evaluation Journal (LREJ)"},{"issue":"3","key":"22_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195511","volume":"35","author":"J. Carletta","year":"2003","unstructured":"Carletta, J., Evert, S., Heid, U., Kilgour, J., Robertson, J., Voormann, H.: The NITE XML Toolkit: flexible annotation for multi-modal language data. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers\u00a035(3), 353\u2013363 (2003)","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers"},{"key":"22_CR7","unstructured":"Cassidy, S.: An RDF realisation of LAF in the DADA annotation server. In: Proceedings of ISA-5, Hong Kong (2010)"},{"issue":"1","key":"22_CR8","first-page":"1","volume":"23","author":"C. Chiarcos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chiarcos, C.: An ontology of linguistic annotations. LDV Forum\u00a023(1), 1\u201316 (2008)","journal-title":"LDV Forum"},{"key":"22_CR9","unstructured":"Chiarcos, C.: Grounding an ontology of linguistic annotations in the Data Category Registry. In: Workshop on Language Resource and Language Technology Standards (LR&LTS 2010), held in conjunction with LREC 2010, Valetta, Malta (May 2010)"},{"key":"22_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-28249-2_16","volume-title":"Linked Data in Linguistics. Representing and Connecting Language Data and Language Metadata","author":"C. Chiarcos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chiarcos, C.: Interoperability of corpora and annotations. In: Chiarcos, C., Nordhoff, S., Hellmann, S. (eds.) Linked Data in Linguistics. Representing and Connecting Language Data and Language Metadata, pp. 161\u2013179. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)"},{"key":"22_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiarcos, C.: A generic formalism to represent linguistic corpora in RDF and OWL\/DL. In: 8th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2012) (accepted, 2012)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-30284-8_22"},{"key":"22_CR12","unstructured":"Chiarcos, C., Dipper, S., G\u00f6tze, M., Leser, U., L\u00fcdeling, A., Ritz, J., Stede, M.: A flexible framework for integrating annotations from different tools and tag sets. Traitement Automatique des Langues\u00a049(2) (2009)"},{"key":"22_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-28249-2_15","volume-title":"Linked Data in Linguistics. Representing and Connecting Language Data and Language Metadata","author":"C. Chiarcos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chiarcos, C., Hellmann, S., Nordhoff, S.: The Open Linguistics Working Group of the Open Knowledge Foundation. In: Chiarcos, C., Nordhoff, S., Hellmann, S. (eds.) Linked Data in Linguistics. Representing and Connecting Language Data and Language Metadata, pp. 153\u2013160. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)"},{"key":"22_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiarcos, C., Ritz, J., Stede, M.: By all these lovely tokens... Merging conflicting tokenizations. Journal of Language Resources and Evaluation (LREJ) 46(1), 53\u201374","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-011-9161-0"},{"key":"22_CR15","unstructured":"De Melo, G., Weikum, G.: Language as a foundation of the Semantic Web. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2008), vol.\u00a0401 (2008)"},{"key":"22_CR16","unstructured":"Dipper, S.: XML-based stand-off representation and exploitation of multi-level linguistic annotation. In: Proceedings of Berliner XML Tage 2005 (BXML 2005), Berlin, Germany, pp. 39\u201350 (2005)"},{"key":"22_CR17","volume-title":"Linked Data in Linguistics","author":"K. Eckart","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eckart, K., Riester, A., Schweitzer, K.: A discourse information radio news database for linguistic analysis. In: Chiarcos, C., Nordhoff, S., Hellmann, S. (eds.) Linked Data in Linguistics, Springer, Heidelberg (2012)"},{"issue":"1","key":"22_CR18","first-page":"7","volume":"32","author":"R. Eckart","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eckart, R.: Choosing an XML database for linguistically annotated corpora. Sprache und Datenverarbeitung\u00a032(1), 7\u201322 (2008)","journal-title":"Sprache und Datenverarbeitung"},{"key":"22_CR19","volume-title":"Linguistic Modeling of Information and Markup Languages: Contributions to Language Technology","author":"S. Farrar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Farrar, S., Langendoen, D.T.: An OWL-DL implementation of GOLD: An ontology for the Semantic Web. In: Witt, A.W., Metzing, D. (eds.) Linguistic Modeling of Information and Markup Languages: Contributions to Language Technology, Springer, Dordrecht (2010)"},{"issue":"1","key":"22_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-008-9077-5","volume":"43","author":"G. Francopoulo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Francopoulo, G., Bel, N., George, M., Calzolari, N., Monachini, M., Pet, M., Soria, C.: Multilingual resources for NLP in the Lexical Markup Framework (LMF). Language Resources and Evaluation\u00a043(1), 57\u201370 (2009)","journal-title":"Language Resources and Evaluation"},{"key":"22_CR21","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13489-0_44","volume-title":"The Semantic Web: Research and Applications","author":"S. Hellmann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hellmann, S.: The semantic gap of formalized meaning. In: Aroyo, L., Antoniou, G., Hyv\u00f6nen, E., ten Teije, A., Stuckenschmidt, H., Cabral, L., Tudorache, T. (eds.) ESWC 2010. LNCS, vol.\u00a06089, pp. 462\u2013466. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)"},{"key":"22_CR22","unstructured":"Hellmann, S., Unbehauen, J., Chiarcos, C., Ngonga\u00a0Ngomo, A.: The TIGER Corpus Navigator. In: 9th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories (TLT-9), Tartu, Estonia, pp. 91\u2013102 (2010)"},{"key":"22_CR23","unstructured":"Ide, N., Fellbaum, C., Baker, C., Passonneau, R.: The manually annotated sub-corpus: A community resource for and by the people. In: Proceedings of the ACL-2010, pp. 68\u201373 (2010)"},{"key":"22_CR24","unstructured":"Ide, N., Pustejovsky, J.: What does interoperability mean, anyway? Toward an operational definition of interoperability. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Global Interoperability for Language Resources (ICGL 2010), Hong Kong, China (2010)"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"22_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1017\/S135132490400350X","volume":"10","author":"N. Ide","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ide, N., Romary, L.: International standard for a linguistic annotation framework. Natural language engineering\u00a010(3-4), 211\u2013225 (2004)","journal-title":"Natural language engineering"},{"key":"22_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ide, N., Suderman, K.: GrAF: A graph-based format for linguistic annotations. In: Proceedings of The Linguistic Annotation Workshop (LAW) 2007, Prague, Czech Republic, pp. 1\u20138 (2007)","DOI":"10.3115\/1642059.1642060"},{"key":"22_CR27","unstructured":"Kemps-Snijders, M., Windhouwer, M., Wittenburg, P., Wright, S.: ISOcat: Corralling data categories in the wild. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2008), Marrakech, Morocco (May 2008)"},{"issue":"4","key":"22_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1504\/IJMSO.2009.029230","volume":"4","author":"M. Kemps-Snijders","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kemps-Snijders, M., Windhouwer, M., Wittenburg, P., Wright, S.: ISOcat: Remodelling metadata for language resources. International Journal of Metadata, Semantics and Ontologies\u00a04(4), 261\u2013276 (2009)","journal-title":"International Journal of Metadata, Semantics and Ontologies"},{"issue":"2","key":"22_CR29","first-page":"313","volume":"19","author":"M. Marcus","year":"1993","unstructured":"Marcus, M., Santorini, B., Marcinkiewicz, M.A.: Building a large annotated corpus of English: the Penn Treebank. Computational Linguistics\u00a019(2), 313\u2013330 (1993)","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"22_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pustejovsky, J., Meyers, A., Palmer, M., Poesio, M.: Merging PropBank, NomBank, TimeBank, Penn Discourse Treebank and Coreference. In: Proc. of ACL Workshop on Frontiers in Corpus Annotation (2005)","DOI":"10.3115\/1608829.1608831"},{"key":"22_CR31","series-title":"LNCS","first-page":"195","volume-title":"ESWC 2012","author":"E. Rubiera","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rubiera, E., Polo, L., Berrueta, D., El Ghali, A.: TELIX: An RDF-based Model for Linguistic Annotation. In: Simperl, E., et al. (eds.) ESWC 2012. LNCS, vol.\u00a07295, pp. 195\u2013209. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)"},{"key":"22_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schiehlen, M.: Optimizing algorithms for pronoun resolution. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING), Geneva, pp. 515\u2013521 (August 2004)","DOI":"10.3115\/1220355.1220429"},{"key":"22_CR33","unstructured":"Skut, W., Brants, T., Krenn, B., Uszkoreit, H.: A linguistically interpreted corpus of German newspaper text. In: Proc. ESSLLI Workshop on Recent Advances in Corpus Annotation, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany (1998)"},{"key":"22_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stede, M.: The Potsdam Commentary Corpus. In: Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Discourse Annotation, pp. 96\u2013102, Barcelona, Spain (2004)","DOI":"10.3115\/1608938.1608951"},{"key":"22_CR35","series-title":"SCI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-22613-7_2","volume-title":"Modeling, Learning, and Processing of Text Technological Data Structures","author":"M. Stede","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stede, M., Bieler, H.: The MOTS Workbench. In: Mehler, A., K\u00fchnberger, K.-U., Lobin, H., L\u00fcngen, H., Storrer, A., Witt, A. (eds.) Modeling, Learning, and Proc. of Text-Tech. Data Struct. SCI, vol.\u00a0370, pp. 15\u201334. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)"},{"key":"22_CR36","unstructured":"Vatant, B., Wick, M.: GeoNames ontology, version 3.01 (February 2012), \n                    \n                      http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/ontology\n                    \n                    \n                   (accessed March 15, 2012)"},{"key":"22_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Windhouwer, M., Wright, S.E.: Linking to linguistic data categories in ISOcat. In: Linked Data in Linguistics (LDL 2012), Frankfurt\/M., Germany (accepted March 2012)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-28249-2_10"},{"key":"22_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-28249-2_10","volume-title":"Linked Data in Linguistics. Representing and Connecting Language Data and Language Metadata","author":"M. Windhouwer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Windhouwer, M., Wright, S.E.: Linking to linguistic data categories in ISOcat. In: Chiarcos, C., Nordhoff, S., Hellmann, S. (eds.) Linked Data in Linguistics. Representing and Connecting Language Data and Language Metadata, pp. 99\u2013107. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","The Semantic Web: Research and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-642-30284-8_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,19]],"date-time":"2019-05-19T20:49:18Z","timestamp":1558298958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-642-30284-8_22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"ISBN":["9783642302831","9783642302848"],"references-count":38,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-30284-8_22","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}}}