{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T03:22:33Z","timestamp":1761016953071,"version":"3.40.1"},"publisher-location":"Berlin, Heidelberg","reference-count":90,"publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783642851759"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783642851735"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-85173-5_12","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,16]],"date-time":"2012-02-16T17:50:51Z","timestamp":1329414651000},"page":"257-274","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Intracellular Targets and Metalloprotease Activity of Tetanus and Botulism Neurotoxins"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Schiavo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Rossetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Tonello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Montecucco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"12_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.5.1320","volume":"83","author":"VA Allured","year":"1986","unstructured":"Allured VA, Collier RJ, Carroll SF, McKay DB (1986) Structure of exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 3.0 Angstrom resolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 1320\u20131324","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"12_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1993.1181","volume":"230","author":"MD Anderson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Anderson MD, Fairweather N, Charles IG, Emsley PJsaacs NW, MacDermott G (1993) Crystallographic characterization of tetanus toxin fragment C. J Mol Biol 230: 673\u2013674","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"12_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)44898-8","volume":"265","author":"BT Archer","year":"1990","unstructured":"Archer BT, Ozcelik T, Jahn R, Francke U, S\u00fcdhof TC (1990) Structures and chromosomal localizations of two human genes encoding synaptobrevins 1 and 2. J Biol Chem 265: 17267\u201317273","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"12_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9542-4_20","volume-title":"Botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins, neurotransmission and biomedical aspects","author":"AC Ashton","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ashton AC, de Paiva AM, Poulain B, Taue L, Dolly JO (1993) Factors underlying the characteristics inhibition of the neuronal release of transmitters by tetanus and various botulinum toxin. In: DasGupta BR (ed) Botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins, neurotransmission and biomedical aspects. Plenum, New York, pp 191\u2013213"},{"key":"12_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1993.1485","volume":"233","author":"C Bark","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bark C (1993) Structure of the chicken gene for SNAP-25 reveals duplicated exons encoding distinct isoforms of the protein. J Mol Biol 233: 67\u201376","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"12_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4621","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.11.4621","volume":"91","author":"C Bark","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bark C (1994a) Regulated vesicular fusion in neurons: snapping together the details. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 4621\u20134624","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"12_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(94)90773-0","volume":"139","author":"C Bark","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bark C, Wilson MC (1994b) Human cDNA clones encoding two different isoforms of the nerve terminal protein SNAP-25. Gene 139: 291\u2013292","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"12_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8122","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)37168-5","volume":"269","author":"F Bartels","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bartels F, Bergel H, Bigalke H, Frevert J, Halpern J, Middlebrook JL (1994) Specific antibodies against the Zn-binding domain of clostridial neurotoxins restore exocytosis in chromaffin cells treated with tetanus or botulinum A neurotoxin. J Biol Chem 269: 8122\u20138127","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"12_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3357","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06009.x","volume":"12","author":"U Baumann","year":"1993","unstructured":"Baumann U, Wu S, Flaherty KM, McKay DB (1993) Three-dimensional structure of the alkaline protease of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a two domain protein with a calcium binding parallel beta roll motif. EMBO J 12: 3357\u20133364","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"12_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03388.x","volume":"8","author":"M Baumert","year":"1989","unstructured":"Baumert M, Maycox PR, Navone F, De Camilli P, Jahn R (1989) Synaptobrevin: an integral membrane protein of 18 000 daltons present in small synaptic vesicles of rat brain. EMBO J 8: 379\u2013384","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"12_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.63.070194.000431","volume":"63","author":"MK Bennett","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bennett MK, Scheller RH (1994) A molecular description of synaptic vesicle membrane trafficking. Annu Rev Biochem 63: 63\u2013100","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"12_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1321498","volume":"257","author":"MK Bennett","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bennett MK, Calakos N, Scheller RH (1992) Syntaxin: a synaptic protein implicated in docking of synaptic vesicles at presynaptic active zones. Science 257: 255\u2013259","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"12_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90466-4","volume":"74","author":"MK Bennett","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bennett MK, Garcia-Arras JE, Elferink LA, Peterson K, Fleming AM, Hazuka CD, Scheller RH (1993) The syntaxin family of vesicular transport receptors. Cell 74: 863\u2013873","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"12_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)42071-0","volume":"269","author":"T Binz","year":"1994","unstructured":"Binz T, Blasi J, Yamasaki S, Baumeister A, Link E, S\u00fcdhof TC, Jahn R, Niemann H (1994) Proteolysis of SNAP-25 by types E and A botulinal neurotoxins. J Biol Chem 269: 1617\u20131620","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"12_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/365160a0","volume":"365","author":"J Blasi","year":"1993","unstructured":"Blasi J, Chapman ER, Link E, Binz T, Yamasaki S, DeCamilli P, S\u00fcdhof T, Niemann H, Jahn R (1993a) Botulinum neurotoxin A selectively cleaves the synaptic protein SNAP-25. Nature 365: 160\u2013163","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"12_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4821","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06171.x","volume":"12","author":"J Blasi","year":"1993","unstructured":"Blasi J, Chapman ER, Yamasaki S, BinzT, Niemann H, Jahn R (1993b) Botulinum neurotoxin C blocks neurotransmitter release by means of cleaving HPC-1\/syntaxin. EMBO J 12: 4821\u20134828","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"12_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/358164a0","volume":"358","author":"W Bode","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bode W, Gomis-Ruth FX, Huber R, Zwilling R, Stocker VV (1992) Structure of astacin and implication of astacins and zinc-ligation of collagenases. Nature 358: 164\u2013166","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"12_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(93)80312-I","volume":"331","author":"W Bode","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bode W, Gomis-Ruth FX, Stocker VV (1993) Astacins, serralysin, snake venoms and matrix metalloproteinases exhibit identical zinc-binding environments (HEXXHXXGXXH and Met-turn) and topologies and should be grouped into a common family, the \u201cmetzincins.\u201d FEBS Lett 331: 134\u2013140","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"12_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06378.x","volume":"13","author":"W Bode","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bode W, Reinemer P, Huber R, Kleine T, Schnierer S, Tschesche H (1994) The X-ray crystal structure of the catylytic domain of human neutrophil collagenase inhibited by a substrate analogue reveals the essentials for catalysis and specificity. EMBO J 13: 1263\u20131269","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"12_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5328","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)37691-3","volume":"269","author":"JEA Braun","year":"1994","unstructured":"Braun JEA, Fritz BA, Wong SME, Lowe AW (1994) Identification of a vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP-like) membrane protein in zymogen granules of the rat exocryne pancreas. J Biol Chem 269: 5328\u20135335","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"12_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(93)90291-A","volume":"131","author":"AC Chin","year":"1994","unstructured":"Chin AC, Burgess RW, Wong BR, Schwarz TL, Scheller RH (1994) Differential expression of transcripts from syb, a Drosophila melanogaster gene encoding VAMP (synaptobrevin that is abundant in nonneuronal cells. Gene 131: 175\u2013181","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"12_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/357216a0","volume":"367","author":"S Choe","year":"1992","unstructured":"Choe S, Bennett MJ, Fujii G, Curmi PMG, Kantardjieff KA, Collier RJ, Eisenberg D (1992) The crystal structure of diphtheria toxin. Nature 367: 216\u2013222","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"12_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11681","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)49748-2","volume":"267","author":"C Corley Cain","year":"1992","unstructured":"Corley Cain C, Trimble WS, Leinhard GE (1992) Members of the VAMP family of synaptic vesicles proteins are components of glucose transporter-containing vesicles from rat adipocytes. J Biol Chem 267: 11681\u201311684","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"12_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-644445-2.50008-8","volume-title":"Botulinum neurotoxins and tetanus toxin","author":"BR DasGupta","year":"1989","unstructured":"DasGupta BR (1989) The structure of botulinum neurotoxin. In: Simpson LL (ed) Botulinum neurotoxins and tetanus toxin. Academic, New York, pp 53\u201367"},{"key":"12_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)90048-5","volume":"58","author":"G Dayanithi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dayanithi G, Stecher B, H\u00f6hne-Zell B, Yamasaki S, Binz T, Weiler U, Niemann H, Gratzl M (1994) Exploring the functional domain and the target of the tetanus toxin light chain in neurohypophysial terminals. Neuroscience 58: 423\u2013431","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"12_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20838","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)36861-9","volume":"268","author":"A Paiva de","year":"1993","unstructured":"de Paiva A, Poulain B, Lawrence GW, Shone CC, Taue L, Dolly JO (1993a) A role for the interchain disulfide or its participating thiols in the internalization of botulinum neurotoxin A revealed by a toxin derivative that binds to ecto-acceptors and inhibits transmitter release intracellularly. J Biol Chem 268: 20838\u201320844","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"12_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb07482.x","volume":"61","author":"A Paiva de","year":"1993","unstructured":"de Paiva A, Ashton AC, Foran P, Schiavo G, Montecucco C, Dolly JO (1993b) Botulinum A like type B and tetanus toxin fulfils criteria for being a zinc-dependent protease. J Neurochem 61: 2338\u20132341","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"12_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4924","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-11-04924.1993","volume":"13","author":"A DiAntonio","year":"1993","unstructured":"DiAntonio A, Burgess RW, Chin AC, Deitcher DL, Scheller RH, Schwarz TL (1993) Identification and characterization of Drosophila genes for synaptic vesicle proteins. J Neurosci 13: 4924\u20134935","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"12_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11061","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)60426-0","volume":"264","author":"LA Elferink","year":"1989","unstructured":"Elferink LA, Trimble WS, Scheller RH (1989) Two vesicle-associated membrane protein genes are differently expressed in the rat central nervous system. J Biol Chem 264: 11061\u201311064","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"12_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4151","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06099.x","volume":"12","author":"FX Gomis-Ruth","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gomis-Ruth FX, Kress LF, Bode W (1993) First structure of a snake venom metalloproteinase: a prototype for matrix metalloproteinases\/collagenases. EMBO J 12: 4151\u20134157","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"12_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4634","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-12-04634.1992","volume":"12","author":"TS Hess","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hess TS, Slater TM, Wilson MC, Skene JHP (1992) The 25 kDa synaptosomal-associated protien SNAP-25 is the major methionine-rich polypeptide in rapid axonal transport and a major substrate for palmitoylation in adult CNS. J Neurosci 12: 4634\u20134641","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"12_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(93)81635-D","volume":"336","author":"B H\u00f6hne-Zell","year":"1993","unstructured":"H\u00f6hne-Zell B, Stecher B, Gratzl M (1993) Functional characterization of the catalytic site of the tetanus toxin light chain using permeabilized adrenal chromaffin cells. FEBS Lett 336: 175\u2013180","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"12_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(94)90443-X","volume":"12","author":"JM Hunt","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hunt JM, Bommert K, Charlton MP, Kistner A, Habermann E, Augustine GJ, Betz H (1994) A post-docking role for synaptobrevin in synaptic vesicle fusion. Neuron 12: 1269\u20131279","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"12_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)50061-8","volume":"267","author":"A Inoue","year":"1992","unstructured":"Inoue A, Obata K, Akagawa K (1992) Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for a neuronal cell membrane antigen, HPC-1. J Biol Chem 267: 10613\u201310619","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"12_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(92)80916-5","volume":"312","author":"W Jiang","year":"1992","unstructured":"Jiang W, Bond JS (1992) Families of metalloendopeptidases and their relationships. FEBS Lett 312: 110\u2013114","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"12_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(89)80471-5","volume":"242","author":"CV Jongeneel","year":"1989","unstructured":"Jongeneel CV, Bouvier J, Bairoch A (1989) A unique signature identifies a family of zinc-dependent metallopeptidases. FEBS Lett 242: 211\u2013214","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"12_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16342.x","volume":"202","author":"KG Krieglstein","year":"1991","unstructured":"Krieglstein KG, Henschen A, Weiler U, Habermann E (1991) Limited proteolysis of tetanus toxin. Eur J Biochem 202: 41\u201351","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"12_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(92)92305-H","volume":"189","author":"E Link","year":"1992","unstructured":"Link E, Edelmann L, Chou JH, Binz T, Yamasaki S, Eisel U, Baumert M, S\u00fcdhof TC, Niemann H, Jahn R (1992) Tetanus toxin action: inhibition of neurotransmitter release linked to synaptobrevin proteolysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 189: 1017\u20131023","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"12_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8278810","volume":"263","author":"B Lovejoy","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lovejoy B, Cleasby A, Hassell AM, Longley K, Luther MA, Weigl D, McGeehan G, McElroy AB, Drewry D, Lambert MH, Jordan SR (1994) Structure of the catalytic domain of fibroblast collagenase complexed with an inhibitor. Science 263: 375\u2013377","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"12_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1021\/ar00153a003","volume":"21","author":"BW Matthews","year":"1988","unstructured":"Matthews BW (1988) Structural basis of the action of thermolysin and related zinc peptidases. Acc Chem Res 21: 333\u2013340","journal-title":"Acc Chem Res"},{"key":"12_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/238037a0","volume":"238","author":"BW Matthews","year":"1972","unstructured":"Matthews BW, Jansonius JN, Colman PM (1972) Three-dimensional structure of thermolysin. Nature New Biol 238: 37\u201341","journal-title":"Nature New Biol"},{"key":"12_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/364346a0","volume":"364","author":"HT McMahon","year":"1993","unstructured":"McMahon HT, Ushkaryov YA, Edelmann L, Link E, Binz T, Niemann H, Jahn R, S\u00fcdhof TC (1993) Cellubrevin is a ubiquitous tetanus-toxin substrate homologous to a putative synaptic vesicle fusion protein. Nature 364: 346\u2013349","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"12_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(77)47043-5","volume":"47","author":"EW Miles","year":"1977","unstructured":"Miles EW (1977) Modification of histidyl residues in proteins by diethylcarbonate. Methods Enzymol 47: 431\u2013442","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"key":"12_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(93)90065-U","volume":"18","author":"C Montecucco","year":"1993","unstructured":"Montecucco C, Schiavo G (1993) Tetanus and botulism neurotoxins: a new group of zinc proteases. Trends Biochem Sci 18: 324\u2013327","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"key":"12_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1994.tb00396.x","volume":"13","author":"C Montecucco","year":"1994","unstructured":"Montecucco C, Schiavo G (1994) The molecular mechanism of action of tetanus and botulism neurotoxins. Mol Microbiol 13: 1\u20138","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"12_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(94)00449-8","volume":"346","author":"C Montecucco","year":"1994","unstructured":"Montecucco C, Papini E, Schiavo G (1994) Bacterial protein toxins penetrate cells via a four-step mechanism. FEBS Lett 346: 92\u201398","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"12_CR47","first-page":"303","volume-title":"A sourcebook of bacterial protein toxins","author":"H Niemann","year":"1991","unstructured":"Niemann H (1991) Molecular biology of clostridial neurotoxins. In: Alouf JE, Freer JH (eds) A sourcebook of bacterial protein toxins. Academic, London, pp 303\u2013348"},{"key":"12_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10498","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)34087-5","volume":"269","author":"T Nishiki","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nishiki T, Kamata Y, Nemoto Y, Omori A, Ito T, Takahashi M, Kozaki S (1994) Identification of protein receptor for Clostridium botulinum type B neurotoxin in rat brain synaptosomes. J Biol Chem 269: 10498\u201310503","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"12_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/364445a0","volume":"364","author":"A Osen-Sand","year":"1993","unstructured":"Osen-Sand A, Catsicas M, Staple JK, Jones KA, Ayala G, Knowles J, Grenningloh G, Catsicas S (1993) Inhibition of axonal growth by SNAP-25 antisense oligonucleotides in vitro and in vivo. Nature 364: 445\u2013448","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"12_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.109.6.3039","volume":"109","author":"GA Oyler","year":"1989","unstructured":"Oyler GA, Higgins GA, Hart RA, Battenberg E, Billingsley M, Bloom FE, Wilson MC (1989) The identification of a novel synaptosomal-associated protein, SNAP-25, differently expressed by neuronal subpopulations. J Cell Biol 109: 3039\u20133052","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"12_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/364581b0","volume":"364","author":"T Patamello","year":"1993","unstructured":"Patamello T, Bargelloni L, Rossetto O, Schiavo G, Montecucco C (1993) Neurotransmission and secretion. Nature 364: 581\u2013582","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"12_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(88)90623-7","volume":"199","author":"RA Pauptit","year":"1988","unstructured":"Pauptit RA, Karlsson R, Picot D, Jenkins JA, Niklaus-Reimer AS, Jansonius JN (1988) Crystal structure of neutral protease from Bacillus cereus refined at 3.0 A resolution and comparison with the homologous but more thermostable enzyme termolysin. J Mol Biol 199: 525\u2013537","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"12_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(25)06991-1","volume":"7","author":"G Payling-Wright","year":"1955","unstructured":"Payling-Wright G (1955) The neurotoxins of Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani. Pharmacol Rev 7: 413\u2013465","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"12_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03640.x","volume":"61","author":"B Poulain","year":"1993","unstructured":"Poulain B, Rossetto O, Deloye F, Schiavo G, Taue L, Montecucco C (1993) Antibodies against rat brain vesicle-associated membrane protein (sinaptobrevin) prevent inhibition of acetylcholine release by tetanus toxin of botulinum neurotoxin type B. J Neurochem 61: 1175\u20131178","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"12_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)40690-9","volume":"269","author":"E Ralston","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ralston E, Beushausen S, Ploug T (1994) Expression of the synaptic vesicle proteins VAMPs\/synaptobrevins 1 and 2 in non-neuronal tissue. J Biol Chem 269: 15403\u201315406","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"12_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10598","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.22.10598","volume":"90","author":"C Risinger","year":"1993","unstructured":"Risinger C, Larhammar D (1993) Multiple loci for synapse protein SNAP-25 in the tetraploid goldfish. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 10598\u201310602","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"12_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24408","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(20)80540-7","volume":"268","author":"C Risinger","year":"1993","unstructured":"Risinger C, Blomqvist AG, Lundell I, Lambertsson A, N\u00e4ssel D, Pierbone VA, Brodin L, Larhammar D (1993) Evolutionary conservation of synaptosome-associated protein 25 kDa (SNAP-25) shown by Drosophila and Torpedo cDNA clones. J Biol Chem 268: 24408\u201324414","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"12_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(88)90247-1","volume":"200","author":"JP Robinson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Robinson JP, Schmid MF, Morgan DG, Chiu VV (1988) Three-dimensional structural analysis of tetanus toxin by electron crystallography. J Mol Biol 200: 367\u2013375","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"12_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2850009","volume":"285","author":"O Rossetto","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rossetto O, Schiavo G, Polverino de Laureto P, Fabbiani S, Montecucco C (1992) Surface topography of histidine residues of tetanus toxin probed by immobilized-metal-ion affinity chromatography. Biochem J 285: 9\u201312","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"12_CR60","volume-title":"VAMP\/synaptobrevin neuronal isoforms are ubiquitous and play a role additional to vesicle docking","author":"O Rossetto","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rossetto O, Gorza L, Schiavo G, Schiavo N, Neale EA, Scheller RH, Montecucco C (1994) VAMP\/synaptobrevin neuronal isoforms are ubiquitous and play a role additional to vesicle docking. (submitted)"},{"key":"12_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(00)00051-8","volume":"4","author":"JE Rothman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rothman JE, Warren G (1994) Implications of the SNARE hypothesis for intracellular membrane topology and dynamics. Curr Biol 4: 220\u2013233","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"12_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadoul K, Lang J, Montecucco C, Weller U, Catsicas S, Wollheim C, Halban P (1994) SNAP-25 is expressed in islets of Langerhans and is involved in insulin release. J Cell Biol (in press)","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.128.6.1019"},{"key":"12_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schiavo G, Montecucco C (1994) Tetanus and botulism neurotoxins: isolation and assay. Methods Enzymol (in press)","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(95)48041-2"},{"key":"12_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4136","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.58.12.4136-4141.1990","volume":"58","author":"G Schiavo","year":"1990","unstructured":"Schiavo G, Papini E, Genna G, Montecucco C (1990) An intact interchain disulfide bond is required for the neurotoxicity of tetanus toxin. Infect Immun 58: 4136\u20134141","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"12_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3577","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05441.x","volume":"11","author":"G Schiavo","year":"1992","unstructured":"Schiavo G, Poulain B, Rossetto O, Benfenati F, Taue L, Montecucco C (1992a) Tetanus toxin is a zinc protein and its inhibition of neurotransmitter release and protease activity depend on zinc. EMBO J 11: 3577\u20133583","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"12_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1038\/359832a0","volume":"359","author":"G Schiavo","year":"1992","unstructured":"Schiavo G, Benfenati F, Poulain B, Rossetto O, Polverino de Laureto P, DasGupta BR, Montecucco C (1992b) Tetanus and botulinum-B neurotoxins of block neurotransmitter release by a proteolytic cleavage of synaptobrevin. Nature 359: 832\u2013835","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"12_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)35863-0","volume":"267","author":"G Schiavo","year":"1992","unstructured":"Schiavo G, Rossetto O, Santucci A, DasGupta BR, Montecucco C (1992c) Botulinum neurotoxins are zinc proteins. J Biol Chem 267: 23479\u201323483","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"12_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-842X(93)90086-7","volume":"1","author":"G Schiavo","year":"1993","unstructured":"Schiavo G, Poulain B, Benfenati F, DasGupta BR, Montecucco C (1993a) Novel targets and catalytic activities of bacterial protein toxins. Trends Microbipl 1: 170\u2013174","journal-title":"Trends Microbipl"},{"key":"12_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11516","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)50230-7","volume":"268","author":"G Schiavo","year":"1993","unstructured":"Schiavo G, Shone CC, Rossetto O, Alexandre FCG, Montecucco C (1993b) Botulinum neurotoxin serotype F is a zinc endopeptidase specific for VAMP\/synaptobrevin. J Biol Chem 268: 11516\u201311519","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"12_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23784","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(20)80452-9","volume":"268","author":"G Schiavo","year":"1993","unstructured":"Schiavo G, Rossetto O, Catsicas S, Polverino de Laureto P, DasGupta BR, Benfenati F, Montecucco C (1993c) Identification of the nerve-terminal targets of botulinum neurotoxins serotypes A, D and E. J Biol Chem 268: 23784\u201323787","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"12_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(93)80448-4","volume":"335","author":"G Schiavo","year":"1993","unstructured":"Schiavo G, Santucci A, DasGupta BR, Metha PP, Jontes J, Benfenati F, Wilson MC, Montecucco C (1993d) Botulinum neurotoxins serotypes A and E cleave SNAP-25 at distinct COOH-terminal peptide bonds. FEBS Lett 335: 99\u2013103","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"12_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1994.tb26614.x","volume":"710","author":"G Schiavo","year":"1994","unstructured":"Schiavo G, Rossetto O, Benfenati F, Poulain B, Montecucco C (1994a) Tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins are zinc proteases specific for components of the neuroexocytosis apparatus. Ann NY Acad Sci 710: 65\u201375","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"12_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)31976-2","volume":"269","author":"G Schiavo","year":"1994","unstructured":"Schiavo G, Malizio C, Trimble WS, Polverino de Laureto P, Milan G, Sugiyama H, Johnson EA, Montecucco C (1994b) Botulinum G neurotoxin cleaves VAMP\/synaptobrevin at a single Ala\/Ala peptide bond. J Biol Chem 269: 20213\u201320216","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"12_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schiavo G, Shone CC, Bennett MK, Scheller RH, Montecucco C (1994c) Botulinum neurotoxin type C cleaves a single Lys-Ala bond within the carboxyl-terminal region of syntaxin. J Biol Chem 270 (in press)","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.18.10566"},{"key":"12_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18327.x","volume":"217","author":"CC Shone","year":"1993","unstructured":"Shone CC, Quinn CP, Wait R, Hallis B, Fooks SG, Hambleton P (1993) Proteolytic cleavage of synthetic fragments of vesicle-associated membrane protein, isoform-2 by botulinum type B neurotoxin. Eur J Biochem 217: 965\u2013971","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"12_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1038\/362318a0","volume":"362","author":"T S\u00f6llner","year":"1993","unstructured":"S\u00f6llner T, Whiteheart SW, Brunner M, Erdjument-Bromage H, Geromanos S, Tempst P, Rothman JE (1993a) SNAP receptors implicated in vesicle targeting and fusion. Nature 362: 318\u2013324","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"12_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90376-2","volume":"75","author":"T S\u00f6llner","year":"1993","unstructured":"S\u00f6llner T, Bennett M, Whiteheart SW, Scheller RH, Rothman JE (1993b) A protein assembly-disassembly pathway in vitro that may correspond to sequential steps of synaptic vesicle docking, activation, and fusion. Cell 75: 409\u2013418","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"12_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7904084","volume":"263","author":"RA Steinhardt","year":"1994","unstructured":"Steinhardt RA, Bi G, Alderton JM (1994) Cell membrane resealing by a vesicular mechanism similar to neurotransmitter release. Science 263: 390\u2013393","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"12_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(91)90581-P","volume":"222","author":"RC Stevens","year":"1991","unstructured":"Stevens RC, Evenson ML, Tepp W, DasGupta BR (1991) Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of botulinum neurotoxin type A. J Mol Biol 222: 877\u2013880","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"12_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(89)90193-1","volume":"2","author":"TC S\u00fcdhof","year":"1989","unstructured":"S\u00fcdhof TC, Baumert M, Perin MS, Jahn R (1989) A synaptic vesicle membrane protein is conserved from mammals to Drosophila. Neuron 2: 1475\u20131481","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"12_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2864","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)49927-9","volume":"266","author":"MM Thayer","year":"1991","unstructured":"Thayer MM, Flaherty KM, McKay DB (1991) Three-dimensional structure of the elastase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 1.5 A resolution. J Biol Chem 266: 2864\u20132871","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"12_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4538","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.12.4538","volume":"85","author":"WS Trimble","year":"1988","unstructured":"Trimble WS, Cowan DM, Scheller RH (1988) VAMP-1: a synaptic vesicle-associated integral membrane protein. Prot Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 4538\u20134542","journal-title":"Prot Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"12_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.14.030191.000521","volume":"14","author":"WS Trimble","year":"1991","unstructured":"Trimble WS, Linial M, Scheller RH (1991) Cellular and molecular biology of the presynaptic nerve terminal. Annu Rev Neurosci 14: 93\u2013122","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"12_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5647","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00476a001","volume":"29","author":"BL Vall\u00e9e","year":"1990","unstructured":"Vall\u00e9e BL, Auld DS (1990) Zinc coordination, function and structure of zinc enzymes and other proteins. Biochemistry 29: 5647\u20135659","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"12_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(86)90565-6","volume":"134","author":"E Wanke","year":"1986","unstructured":"Wanke E, Ferroni A, Gattanini P, Meldolesi J (1986) Alpha-latratoxin of the black widow spider venom opens small, non-closing cation channel. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 134: 320\u2013325","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"12_CR86","first-page":"357","volume-title":"Handbook of experimental pharmacology, vol 102","author":"HH Wellhoner","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wellhoner HH (1992) Tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins. In: Herken H, Hucho F (eds) Handbook of experimental pharmacology, vol 102. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 357\u2013417"},{"key":"12_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9053","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)50387-8","volume":"267","author":"JF Wright","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wright JF, Pemollet M, Reboul A, Aude C, Colomb M (1992) Identification and partial characterization of a low affinity metal-binding site in the light chain of tetanus toxin. J Biol Chem 267: 9053\u20139058","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"12_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4688","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.11.4688","volume":"91","author":"S Yamasaki","year":"1994","unstructured":"Yamasaki S, Hu Y, Binz T, Kalkuhl A, Kurazono H, Tamura T, Jahn R, Kandel E, Niemann H (1994a) Synaptobrevin\/VAMP of Aplysia californica: structure and proteolysis by tetanus and botulinal neurotoxins type D and F. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 4688\u20134692","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"12_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12764","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)99941-2","volume":"269","author":"S Yamasaki","year":"1994","unstructured":"Yamasaki S, Baumeister A, Binz T, Blasi J, Link E, Cornille F, Roques B, Fykse EM, S\u00fcdhof TC, Jahn R, Niemann H (1994b) Cleavage of members of the synaptobrevin\/VAMP family by types D and F botulinal neurotoxins and tetanus toxin. J Biol Chem 269: 12764\u201312772","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"12_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1994.1526","volume":"200","author":"S Yamasaki","year":"1994","unstructured":"Yamasaki S, Binz T, Hayashi T, Szabo E, Yamasaki N, Eklund M, Jahn R, Niemann H (1994c) Botulinum neurotoxin type G proteolyses the Ala81-Ala82 bond of rat synaptobrevin 2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 200: 829\u2013835","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"}],"container-title":["Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology","Clostridial Neurotoxins"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-642-85173-5_12.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T23:11:47Z","timestamp":1742512307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-642-85173-5_12"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995]]},"ISBN":["9783642851759","9783642851735"],"references-count":90,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-85173-5_12","relation":{},"ISSN":["0070-217X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0070-217X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995]]}}}