{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]],"date-time":"2024-09-07T15:27:53Z","timestamp":1725722873368},"publisher-location":"Berlin, Heidelberg","reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783642076534"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783662049549"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-04954-9_15","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,15]],"date-time":"2013-04-15T23:31:36Z","timestamp":1366068696000},"page":"185-202","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Software as an Economic Activity"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"Campbell-Kelly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"15_CR1","volume-title":"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions","author":"T Kuhn","year":"1962","unstructured":"Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago, 1962)."},{"key":"15_CR2","volume-title":"A Quarter Century of Unix","author":"P Salus","year":"1994","unstructured":"Peter H. Salus, A Quarter Century of Unix (Reading, Mass., 1994)."},{"key":"15_CR3","volume-title":"The Unix Industry","author":"D Ed","year":"1994","unstructured":"See, for example, Ed Dunphy, The Unix Industry, 2nd ed. (New York, 1994).","edition":"2"},{"key":"15_CR4","volume-title":"Hard Drive: Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire","author":"J Wallace","year":"1992","unstructured":"James Wallace and J. Erickson, Hard Drive: Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire (New York, 1992)."},{"key":"15_CR5","volume-title":"The Microsoft Way","author":"R Stross","year":"1996","unstructured":"Randall E. Stross, The Microsoft Way (Reading, Mass., 1996)."},{"key":"15_CR6","volume-title":"The Making of Microsoft","author":"D Ichbiah","year":"1991","unstructured":"Daniel Ichbiah and Susan Knepper\u2019s The Making of Microsoft (Rocklin, Calif., 1991) is a pleasantly traditional history, giving a factual and exhaustive discussion of the firm and its products, rather than a rhetorical account of Gates\u2019s machiavellian persona."},{"key":"15_CR7","volume-title":"Microsoft Secrets","author":"M Cusumano","year":"1995","unstructured":"One should also note Michael Cusumano and Richard Selby\u2019s Microsoft Secrets (New York, 1995). This is a book in an entirely different class to the journalistic literature, and is one of the most significant books on software in recent years. However the book is primarily about Microsoft\u2019s internal organization rather than its broad business strategy."},{"key":"15_CR8","volume-title":"The System Builders: The Story of SDC","author":"C Baum","year":"1981","unstructured":"Claude Baum, The System Builders: The Story of SDC (Santa Monica, Calif., 1981)."},{"key":"15_CR9","volume-title":"CEO: Building a $400 million Company from the Ground Up","author":"S Kurtzig","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sandra L. Kurtzig, CEO: Building a $400 million Company from the Ground Up (New York, 1991)."},{"key":"15_CR10","volume-title":"Almost Perfect: How a Bunch of Regular Guys Built Word Perfect Corporation","author":"WE Petersen","year":"1994","unstructured":"W. E. (Pete) Petersen, Almost Perfect: How a Bunch of Regular Guys Built Word Perfect Corporation (Rocklin, Calif., 1994)."},{"key":"15_CR11","volume-title":"The Autodesk File: Bits of History, Words of Experience","year":"1989","unstructured":"John Walker, ed., The Autodesk File: Bits of History, Words of Experience, 3rd ed. (Thousand Oaks, Calif., 1989); the latest edition can be downloaded from \n                  http:\/\/www.fourmilab.to\/autofile\/\n                  \n                .","edition":"3"},{"key":"15_CR12","volume-title":"The Difference between God and Larry Ellison: Inside Oracle Corporation","author":"M Wilson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mike Wilson, The Difference between God and Larry Ellison: Inside Oracle Corporation (New York, 1996)."},{"key":"15_CR13","volume-title":"Twenty-First-Century Management: The Revolutionary Strategies that Have Made Computer Associates a Multi-Billion Software Giant","author":"H Kestin","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hesh Kestin, Twenty-First-Century Management: The Revolutionary Strategies that Have Made Computer Associates a Multi-Billion Software Giant (New York, 1992)."},{"key":"15_CR14","volume-title":"Jungle Rules: How to be a Tiger in Business","author":"J Imlay","year":"1994","unstructured":"John P. Imlay with Dennis Hamilton, Jungle Rules: How to be a Tiger in Business (New York, 1994)."},{"key":"15_CR15","volume-title":"Fulfilling the Computer\u2019s Promise: The History of Informatics, 1962\u20131982","author":"R Forman","year":"1985","unstructured":"Richard L. Forman, \u201cFulfilling the Computer\u2019s Promise: The History of Informatics, 1962\u20131982,\u201d unpublished typescript (Woodland-Hills, Calif., 1985)."},{"key":"15_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1109\/85.279238","volume":"16","author":"E Kubie","year":"1994","unstructured":"Elmer C. Kubie, \u201cRecollection of the First Software Company,\u201d Annals of the History of Computing 16 (1994): 65\u201371.","journal-title":"Annals of the History of Computing"},{"key":"15_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1109\/MAHC.1991.10031","volume":"13","author":"J Lesourne","year":"1991","unstructured":"J. Lesourne and R. Armand, \u201cA Brief History of the First Decade of SEMA,\u201d Annals of the History of Computing 13 (1991): 341\u20139.","journal-title":"Annals of the History of Computing"},{"key":"15_CR18","volume-title":"The MacNeal-Schwendler Corporation: The First Twenty Years","author":"R MacNeal","year":"1988","unstructured":"Richard H. MacNeal, The MacNeal-Schwendler Corporation: The First Twenty Years (Los Angeles, 1988)."},{"key":"15_CR19","volume-title":"A Competitive Assessment of the United States Software Industry","author":"U.S. Department of Commerce","year":"1984","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Commerce, A Competitive Assessment of the United States Software Industry (Washington, D.C., 1984)."},{"key":"15_CR20","volume-title":"Software, an Emerging Industry","author":"OECD","year":"1985","unstructured":"OECD, Software, an Emerging Industry (Paris, 1985)."},{"key":"15_CR21","volume-title":"Software: A Vital Key to UK Competitiveness","author":"Advisory Council for Applied Research and Development (ACARD)","year":"1986","unstructured":"Advisory Council for Applied Research and Development (ACARD), Software: A Vital Key to UK Competitiveness (London, 1986). The U.S. report was summarized in Ware Myers, \u201cAn Assessment of the Competitiveness of the United States Software Industry,\u201d IEEE Computer, March 1985, 81\u201392."},{"volume-title":"The International Computer Software Industry","year":"1996","unstructured":"David C. Mowery, ed., The International Computer Software Industry (New York, 1996).","key":"15_CR22"},{"key":"15_CR23","volume-title":"Industrial Organisation and Innovation: An International Study of the Software Industry","author":"S Torrisi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Salvatore Torrisi, Industrial Organisation and Innovation: An International Study of the Software Industry (Cheltenham, 1998)."},{"key":"15_CR24","volume-title":"Secrets of Software Success: Management Insights from 100 Software Firms Around the World","author":"D Hoch","year":"1999","unstructured":"Detlev J. Hoch et al., Secrets of Software Success: Management Insights from 100 Software Firms Around the World (Cambridge, Mass., 1999)."},{"unstructured":"There may be other public-access libraries with significant holdings of market research reports, but if so I do not know of them. Market research reports were very costly and supplied with confidentiality agreements that prohibited their use by persons other than the subscriber. One bright spot is that the Charles Babbage Institute has recently acquired the records of International Computer Programs Inc.","key":"15_CR25"},{"key":"15_CR26","volume-title":"The Computer Software and Services Market","author":"Frost & Sullivan","year":"1971","unstructured":"Frost & Sullivan, The Computer Software and Services Market (New York, 1971)."},{"key":"15_CR27","volume-title":"Software Packages: An Emerging Market","author":"Business Communications Corp.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Business Communications Corp., Software Packages: An Emerging Market (Stamford, Conn. 1980)."},{"key":"15_CR28","volume-title":"The Business\/Professional Microcomputer Software Market, 1984\u201386","author":"E Sigel","year":"1984","unstructured":"Efrem Sigel, and the staff of Communications Trends, The Business\/Professional Microcomputer Software Market, 1984\u201386 (White Plains, N.Y., 1984)."},{"key":"15_CR29","volume-title":"Evolution of U.S. packaged Software Industry","author":"Burt Grad and Associates Inc.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Burt Grad and Associates Inc., Evolution of U.S. packaged Software Industry (Tarrytown, N.Y., 1992)."},{"unstructured":"OECD (n. 13 above), 21 and 44.","key":"15_CR30"},{"unstructured":"Richard A. McLaughlin, \u201cA Survey of DP Budgets for 1973,\u201d Datamation, January 1973, 61\u201363.","key":"15_CR31"},{"key":"15_CR32","first-page":"151","volume-title":"Data Processing: Technology and Economics","author":"M Phister Jr.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Montgomery Phister Jr., Data Processing: Technology and Economics, 2nd ed. (Bedford, Mass. and Santa Monica, Calif., 1979), 151.","edition":"2"},{"unstructured":"Werner L. Frank, \u201cSoftware for Terminal Oriented Systems,\u201d Datamation, June 1968. Barry Boehm, \u201cSoftware and Its Impact: A Quantitative Assessment,\u201d Datamation, May 1973, 48\u201359.","key":"15_CR33"},{"unstructured":"Werner L. Frank, \u201cThe History of Myth No. 1,\u201d Datamation, May 1983, 252\u20136.","key":"15_CR34"},{"unstructured":"\u201cIndustry by Industry IS Survey,\u201d Datamation, 1 September 1987, 46ff.","key":"15_CR35"},{"key":"15_CR36","volume-title":"The Supply of Information Technology Workers in the United States","author":"P Freeman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Peter Freeman and William Aspray, The Supply of Information Technology Workers in the United States (Washington, D.C., 1999)."},{"unstructured":"One could make a case for counting as inputs capital software goods such as programming tools or SAP licenses, but it would be difficult to make a direct relationship between these inputs and total software activity because software development costs are so variable.","key":"15_CR37"},{"issue":"2","key":"15_CR38","first-page":"73","volume":"24","author":"M Campbell-Kelly","year":"1995","unstructured":"Martin Campbell-Kelly, \u201cDevelopment and Structure of the International Software Industry, 1950\u20131990,\u201d Business and Economic History 24, No. 2 (1995): 73\u2013110. W. Edward Steinmueller, \u201cThe U.S. Software Industry: An Analysis and Interpretive History,\u201d in Mowery, (n. 14 above), 15\u201352. Hoch et al. (n. 14 above), chap. 1.","journal-title":"Business and Economic History"},{"key":"15_CR39","volume-title":"An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change","author":"R Nelson","year":"1982","unstructured":"Richard Nelson and Sidney G. Winter, An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change (Cambridge, Mass., 1982)."},{"issue":"1","key":"15_CR40","first-page":"123","volume":"24","author":"J Yates","year":"1995","unstructured":"JoAnne Yates, \u201cApplication Software for Insurance in the 1960s and Early 1970s,\u201d Business and Economic History 24, No. 1 (1995): 123\u201334 [124].","journal-title":"Business and Economic History"},{"unstructured":"Hoch et al. (n. 14 above), 269\u201370.","key":"15_CR41"},{"unstructured":"Ibid., 38.","key":"15_CR42"},{"unstructured":"\u201cCBR Worldwide Software Top 50,\u201d Computer Business Review, special report, 1996.","key":"15_CR43"},{"unstructured":"W. Brian Arthur, \u201cIncreasing Returns and the New World of Business,\u201d Harvard Business Review, July-August 1996.","key":"15_CR44"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael A. Cusumano, Yiorgos Mylonadis, and Richard S. Rosenbloom, \u201cStrategic Manoeuvring and Mass-Market Dynamics: The Triumph of VHS over Beta,\u201d Business History Review, Spring 1992.","key":"15_CR45","DOI":"10.2307\/3117053"},{"key":"15_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.2307\/2234208","volume":"99","author":"W Brian Arthur","year":"1989","unstructured":"Examples of the \u201cheavy-weight\u201d literature include: W. Brian Arthur, \u201cCompeting Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-In by Historical Events,\u201d Economic Journal, 99 (1989): 116\u201331 and","journal-title":"Economic Journal"},{"key":"15_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2307\/2950628","volume":"60","author":"J Church","year":"1992","unstructured":"Jeffrey Church and Neil Gandal, \u201cNetwork Effects, Software Provision, and Standardization,\u201d Journal of Industrial Economics, 60 (1992): 85\u2013103. The more accessible literature includes: W. Brian Arthur, \u201cPositive Feedbacks in the Economy,\u201d Scientific American, February 1990, 92\u20139 and Arthur (n. 31 above).","journal-title":"Journal of Industrial Economics"},{"key":"15_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1093\/icc\/3.3.655","volume":"3","author":"R Rosenbloom","year":"1994","unstructured":"Richard S. Rosenbloom and Clayton M. 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