{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,15]],"date-time":"2024-09-15T14:27:47Z","timestamp":1726410467389},"publisher-location":"Berlin, Heidelberg","reference-count":12,"publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783642076534"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783662049549"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-04954-9_25","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,16]],"date-time":"2013-04-16T03:31:36Z","timestamp":1366083096000},"page":"277-283","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Probing the Elephant: How Do the Parts Fit Together?"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Mahoney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"volume-title":"Programming Methodology: A Collection of Articles by Members of IFIP WG2.3","year":"1978","key":"25_CR1","unstructured":"See, for example, David Gries (ed.), Programming Methodology: A Collection of Articles by Members of IFIP WG2.3 (New York\/Heidelberg\/Berlin, 1978)."},{"key":"25_CR2","unstructured":"Note that, quite independently of one another, Tomayko, MacKenzie, and Aspray\/Ensmenger chose to begin with reference to NATO Conference."},{"key":"25_CR3","first-page":"138","volume-title":"Software Engineering. Report on a Conference sponsored by the NATO Science Committee","author":"MD Mcllroy","year":"1969","unstructured":"M.D. Mcllroy, \u201cMass Produced Software Components,\u201d in P. Naur and B. Randell (eds.), Software Engineering. Report on a Conference sponsored by the NATO Science Committee (Brussels, January 1969), 138\u201350; at 138\u20139."},{"key":"25_CR4","volume-title":"The Papers of John von Neumann on Computing and Computer Theory","author":"J Neumann","year":"1987","unstructured":"John von Neumann, \u201cProbabilistic Logics and the Synthesis of Reliable Organisms from Unreliable Components\u201d (1952), in The Papers of John von Neumann on Computing and Computer Theory, ed. William Aspray and Arthur Burks (Cambridge, MA\/Los Angeles, 1987)."},{"issue":"3","key":"25_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/030631290020003001","volume":"20","author":"W Bernard Carlson","year":"1990","unstructured":"See, for example, W. Bernard Carlson and Michael E. Gorman, \u201cUnderstanding Invention as a Cognitive Process: The Case of Thomas Edison and Early Motion Pictures, 1888\u201391\u201d, Social Studies of Science 20,3 (1990): 387\u2013440, and","journal-title":"Social Studies of Science"},{"key":"25_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1145\/234286.1057839","volume-title":"History of Programming Languages II","author":"M Mahoney","year":"1996","unstructured":"Michael S. Mahoney, \u201cIssues in the History of Computing\u201d, in Thomas J. Bergin and Rick G. Gibson (eds.), History of Programming Languages II (New York, 1996), 772\u201381; esp. 773\u20135 (\u201cDocumenting Practice\u201d)."},{"key":"25_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-9420-4","volume-title":"Programmers and Managers: The Routinization of Computer Programming in the United States","author":"P Kraft","year":"1977","unstructured":"Philip Kraft, Programmers and Managers: The Routinization of Computer Programming in the United States (New York\/Heidelberg\/Berlin, 1977);"},{"key":"25_CR8","volume-title":"Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century","author":"H Braverman","year":"1974","unstructured":"Harry Braverman, Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century (New York\/London, 1974); Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, Part IV, esp. Chap. 15."},{"key":"25_CR9","unstructured":"Ford\u2019s workers were not entirely powerless in times of a labor shortage, since they could vote with their feet. An annual turnover rate of 300% in 1913 led Ford to introduce the $5, 8-hour day, and the sensitivity of his system to interruptions from injuries prompted intense concern with worker safety. That turnover, by the way, considerably exceeds the rates of turnover among programmers reported by Ensmenger and Aspray."},{"key":"25_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195062168.001.0001","volume-title":"Japans\u2019 Software Factories: A Challenge to U.S. Management","author":"M Cusumano","year":"1991","unstructured":"For a generally positive appraisal, see Michael Cusumano, Japans\u2019 Software Factories: A Challenge to U.S. Management (New York\/Oxford, 1991)."},{"key":"25_CR11","unstructured":"Where one state, Texas, is now moving toward licensing software engineers, it is encountering resistance from the software engineering community itself. Foremost among the arguments against the measure is that practitioners cannot agree on how competence should be measured. An effort several years ago by the New Jersey legislature to introduce licensing of programmers met with opposition from companies such as AT&T Bell Labs on the grounds that programming of some sort is part of most their employees\u2019 work."},{"issue":"4","key":"25_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1145\/358841.358847","volume":"23","author":"R Brooks","year":"1980","unstructured":"It has also been a problem for empirical research on programming. See Ruven E. Brooks, \u201cStudying Programmer Behavior Experimentally: The Problems of Proper Methodology\u201d, Communications of the ACM 23,4 (1980): 207\u201313; esp. 210.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"}],"container-title":["History of Computing: Software Issues"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-662-04954-9_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T23:29:20Z","timestamp":1715210960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-662-04954-9_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002]]},"ISBN":["9783642076534","9783662049549"],"references-count":12,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-662-04954-9_25","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002]]}}}