{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T11:08:55Z","timestamp":1776942535109,"version":"3.51.4"},"publisher-location":"Berlin, Heidelberg","reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783642076534","type":"print"},{"value":"9783662049549","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-04954-9_3","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,16]],"date-time":"2013-04-16T03:31:36Z","timestamp":1366083096000},"page":"25-48","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Software as Science\u2014Science as Software"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Mahoney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"3_CR1","volume-title":"Conference on Academic and Related Research Programs in Computing Science","author":"K Address","year":"1967","unstructured":"Keynote Address, Conference on Academic and Related Research Programs in Computing Science, 5\u20138 June 1967; publ. in University Education in Computing Science, ed. Aaron Finerman (New York, 1968), 7. Renowned for his work in information theory, Pierce at the time was Executive Director of Research, Communications Sciences Division, Bell Telephone Laboratories."},{"key":"3_CR2","volume-title":"The Sciences of the Artificial","author":"H Simon","year":"1996","unstructured":"Herbert Simon, The Sciences of the Artificial (Cambridge, Mass., 1969; 2nded. 1981, 3rded. 1996)."},{"key":"3_CR3","unstructured":"Let me leave aside for the moment questions about how much \u201cnature\u201d ever presents itself to us directly."},{"key":"3_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marvin Minsky, \u201cForm and Content in Computer Science\u201d (1969 Turing Award), ACM Turing Award Lectures: The First Twenty Years, 1966\u20131985 (New York, 1987), 219\u201342.","DOI":"10.1145\/1283920.1283924"},{"key":"3_CR5","series-title":"ACM Turing Award Lectures","first-page":"287","volume-title":"Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search","author":"A Newell","year":"1975","unstructured":"Allan Newell and Herbert Simon, \u201cComputer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search\u201d (1975 Turing Award), ACM Turing Award Lectures, 287\u2013313. Newell and Simon had earlier joined with Alan Perlis in taking a similar position in \u201cWhat is Computer Science?\u201d a Letter to the Editor of Science 157 (22 September 1967): 1373\u20134."},{"key":"3_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2458(08)60431-3","volume":"10","author":"P Wegner","year":"1970","unstructured":"Peter Wegner, \u201cThree Computer Cultures: Computer Technology, Computer Mathematics, and Computer Science,\u201d Advances in Computers 10 (1970): 7\u201378.","journal-title":"Advances in Computers"},{"key":"3_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forsythe, in American Mathematical Monthly 75\/5 (1968): 454\u201362; Pierce, in Finerman, 24.","DOI":"10.1080\/00029890.1968.11971015"},{"key":"3_CR8","unstructured":"The Turing Award is considered the ACM\u2019s highest honor. \u201cIt is given to an individual selected for contributions of a technical nature made to the computing community. The contributions should be of lasting and major technical importance to the computer field.\u201d (http:\/\/www.acm.org\/awards\/taward.html). A look at the list shows that \u201ctechnical\u201d has usually (but not always) been construed as \u201ctheoretical,\u201d indeed \u201cmathematical.\u201d"},{"key":"3_CR9","volume-title":"Science in the 20th Century","author":"MS Mahoney","year":"1997","unstructured":"Michael S. Mahoney, \u201cComputer Science: The Search for a Mathematical Theory,\u201d in Science in the 20th Century, ed. John Krige and Dominique Pestre (Amsterdam, 1997), Chap. 31."},{"key":"3_CR10","unstructured":"It is curious that to this day the community distinguishes between computer science and theoretical computer science, as if the former involves some kind of science other than theoretical science. It is not clear what that other kind of science might be nor what is scientific about it."},{"key":"3_CR11","first-page":"17","volume-title":"The First Computers\u2014Histories and Architectures","author":"MS Mahoney","year":"2000","unstructured":"Michael S. Mahoney, \u201cComputer Science,\u201d see also \u201cThe Structures of Computation,\u201d in The First Computers\u2014Histories and Architectures, ed. Raul Rojas and Ulf Hashagen (Cambridge, Mass., 2000), 17\u201331."},{"key":"3_CR12","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Computers in Algebra in Number Theory","author":"G Birkhoff","year":"1971","unstructured":"For this and other examples of feedback from computer science to mathematics, see Garrett Birkhoff, \u201cThe Role of Modern Algebra in Computing,\u201d Computers in Algebra in Number Theory (Providence, R. I., 1971), 1\u201347. For a discussion of the changes in the mathematics curriculum prompted by computer science"},{"issue":"7","key":"3_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.2307\/2321752","volume":"81","author":"A Ralston","year":"1981","unstructured":"see Anthony Ralston, \u201cComputer Science, Mathematics, and the Undergraduate Curriculum in Both,\u201d American Mathematical Monthly 81\/7 (1981): 472\u201385.","journal-title":"American Mathematical Monthly"},{"key":"3_CR14","volume-title":"Modern Applied Algebra","author":"G Birkhoff","year":"1970","unstructured":"See, for example, Garrett Birkhoff and Thomas C. Bartee, Modern Applied Algebra (New York, 1970)"},{"key":"3_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-6465-2","volume-title":"Applied Abstract Algebra","author":"R Lidl","year":"1984","unstructured":"Rudolf Lidl and Gunter Pilz, Applied Abstract Algebra (New York, 1984)"},{"key":"3_CR16","volume-title":"Categories, Types, and Structures: An Introduction to Category Theory for the Working Computer Scientist","author":"A Asperti","year":"1991","unstructured":"Andrea Asperti, Categories, Types, and Structures: An Introduction to Category Theory for the Working Computer Scientist (Cambridge, Mass., 1991)."},{"key":"3_CR17","first-page":"56","volume-title":"Boundaries and Barriers","author":"SW Fontana","year":"1996","unstructured":"See W. Fontana and Leo W. Buss, \u201cThe Barrier of Objects: From Dynamical Systems to Bounded Organizations,\u201d in Boundaries and Barriers, ed. J. Casti and A. Karlqvist (Reading, Mass., 1996), 56\u2013116."},{"key":"3_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The proceedings of the Conference were published in CACM 7\/2 (1964): 51\u2013136; see in particular the \u201cSummary Remarks\u201d by Saul Gorn and the \u201cGeneral Discussion\u201d that followed, pp. 133\u20136.","DOI":"10.1145\/363921.363946"},{"key":"3_CR19","unstructured":"Such differences shine through the protocols of the Software Engineering Conferences at Garmisch and Rome. People differed about what it would mean to make the subject scientific, about the extent to which one can do so, about the importance of trying to make it so, about the means for achieving that goal. They had different agendas."},{"key":"3_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3278-0","volume-title":"Origins of Programming: Discourses on Methodology","author":"AP Ershov","year":"1990","unstructured":"Not all agendas have converged on the current configuration. For example, Ershov and other Russian computer scientists took their own approach to a science of software but did so in relative isolation from research in the West. To the historian, this independent line of development offers an opportunity for comparisons and contrasts, and holds out the possibility of linking agendas to the political, social, and economic context within which they take shape. See, for example, Andrei P. Ershov, Origins of Programming: Discourses on Methodology (New York, 1990)"},{"key":"3_CR21","first-page":"137","volume-title":"A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century","author":"MR Shura-Bura","year":"1978","unstructured":"Ershov and M. R. Shura-Bura, \u201cThe Early Development of Programming in the USSR,\u201d in A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, ed. N. Metropolis et al. (New York, 1978), 137\u201396"},{"key":"3_CR22","series-title":"Rand Memorandum RM-5424-PR","volume-title":"A Survey of Soviet Work in the Theory of Computer Programming","author":"RA Paola Di","year":"1967","unstructured":"R. A. Di Paola, \u201cA Survey of Soviet Work in the Theory of Computer Programming,\u201d Rand Memorandum RM-5424-PR (Santa Monica, 1967)."},{"key":"3_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801851520","volume-title":"Transforming Computer Technology: Information Processing for the Pentagon, 1962\u20131986","author":"AL Norberg","year":"1996","unstructured":"Arthur L. Norberg and Judy E. O\u2019Neill, Transforming Computer Technology: Information Processing for the Pentagon, 1962\u20131986 (Baltimore, 1996)."},{"key":"3_CR24","volume-title":"Computing as Servant and Science: The Impact of the National Science Foundation","author":"W Aspray","year":"1992","unstructured":"William Aspray, Bernard O. Williams, and Andrew H. Goldstein, Computing as Servant and Science: The Impact of the National Science Foundation, unpub. draft, 1992"},{"issue":"4","key":"3_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1109\/85.329758","volume":"16","author":"Aspray","year":"1994","unstructured":"cf. Aspray and Williams, \u201cArming American Scientists: NSF and the Provision of Scientific Computing Facilities for Universities, 1950\u20131973,\u201d Annals of the History of Computing 16\/4 (1994): 60\u201374.","journal-title":"Annals of the History of Computing"},{"issue":"5","key":"3_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.2307\/2314698","volume":"75","author":"GE Forsythe","year":"1968","unstructured":"[Hamming\u2019s note]: G. E. Forsythe, \u201cWhat to do Until the Computer Scientist Comes,\u201d American Mathematical Monthly 75\/5 (May 1968): 454\u201361.","journal-title":"American Mathematical Monthly"},{"key":"3_CR27","unstructured":"Richard W. Hamming, \u201cOne Man\u2019s View of Computer Science,\u201d ACM Turing Award Lectures (n. 4 above), 207\u201318 at 208."},{"key":"3_CR28","unstructured":"Available at http:\/\/www-formal.stanford.edu\/jmc\/history\/dartmouth.html."},{"key":"3_CR29","volume-title":"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions","author":"TS Kuhn","year":"1970","unstructured":"Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago, 1962; 2nd ed. 1970).","edition":"2"},{"key":"#cr-split#-3_CR30.1","unstructured":"For example, ACM Curriculum Committee on Computer Science, \"An Undergraduate Program in Computer Science-Preliminary Recommendations,\" CACM 8 (1965): 543-8"},{"key":"#cr-split#-3_CR30.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\"Curriculum 68-Recommendations for Academic Programs in Computer Science,\" CACM 11 (1968): 151-97","DOI":"10.1145\/362929.362976"},{"key":"#cr-split#-3_CR30.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\"Curriculum 78-Recommendations for the Undergraduate Program in Computer Science,\" CACM 22 (1979): 147-66","DOI":"10.1145\/359080.359083"},{"key":"#cr-split#-3_CR30.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Ralston and M. Shaw, \"Curriculum 78-Is Computer Science Really That Unmathematical?\" CACM 23 (1980): 67-70.","DOI":"10.1145\/358818.358820"},{"key":"3_CR31","volume-title":"Studies in Computer Science in Honor of Samuel D. Conte","year":"1994","unstructured":"For Purdue, see John Rice and Richard A. DeMillo, eds., Studies in Computer Science in Honor of Samuel D. Conte (New York and London, 1994)"},{"issue":"2","key":"3_CR32","first-page":"2","volume":"20","author":"DG Cornell","year":"1985","unstructured":"for Cornell, David Gries, \u201cTwenty Years of Computer Science at Cornell,\u201d Engineering: Cornell Quarterly 20\/2 (1985): 2\u201311.","journal-title":"Engineering: Cornell Quarterly"},{"key":"3_CR33","volume-title":"Science, the Endless Frontier: A Report to the President on a Program for Postwar Scientific Research","author":"V Bush","year":"1990","unstructured":"Vannevar Bush, Science, the Endless Frontier: A Report to the President on a Program for Postwar Scientific Research (Washington, D.C., 1945; reprint, 1960, 1990). For a thoughtful critique of Bush\u2019s basic premise"},{"key":"3_CR34","volume-title":"Pasteur\u2019s Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation","author":"DE Stokes","year":"1997","unstructured":"see Donald E. Stokes, Pasteur\u2019s Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation (Washington, DC, 1997)."},{"key":"3_CR35","unstructured":"\u201cTowards a Mathematical Science of Computation,\u201d Proc. IFIP Congress 62 (Amsterdam, 1963), 21\u201328 at 21."},{"key":"3_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u201cA Basis for a Mathematical Theory of Computation,\u201d in Computer Programming and Formal Systems, ed. P. Braffort and D. Hirschberg (Amsterdam, 1963), 33\u201369 at 69.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-237X(08)72018-4"},{"key":"3_CR37","unstructured":"Interview with M. S. Mahoney, 3 December 1990."},{"key":"3_CR38","first-page":"147","volume-title":"Software Engineering: Concepts and Techniques","year":"1976","unstructured":"Peter Naur, Brian Randell, and J. N. Buxton, eds., Software Engineering: Concepts and Techniques. Proceedings of the NATO Conferences (New York, 1976), 147."},{"key":"3_CR39","unstructured":"They offered for three main reasons: \u201c(1) Computers and programs are inherently mathematical objects. They manipulate formal symbols, and their input-output behavior can be described by mathematical functions. The notations we use to represent them strongly resemble the formal notations which are used throughout mathematics and systematically studied in mathematical logic. (2) Programs often accept arbitrarily large amounts of input data; hence, they have a potentially unbounded number of possible inputs. Thus a program embraces, in finite terms, an infinite number of possible computations; and mathematics provides powerful tools for reasoning about infinite numbers of cases. (3) Solving complex information-processing problems requires mathematical analysis. While some of this analysis is highly problem-dependent and belongs to specific application areas, some constructions and proof methods are broadly applicable, and thus become the subject of theoretical computer science. What Can Be Automated? [hereafter COSERS], ed. Bruce W. Arden (Cambridge, Mass., 1980), 139. The committee consisted of Richard M. Karp (Chair; Berkeley), Zohar Manna (Stanford), Albert R. Meyer (MIT), John C. Reynolds (Syracuse), Robert W. Ritchie (Washington), Jeffrey D. Ullman (Stanford), and Shmuel Winograd (IBM Research)."},{"key":"3_CR40","first-page":"352","volume-title":"Essays in Computing Science","author":"CAR Hoare","year":"1989","unstructured":"C. A. R. Hoare, \u201cThe Mathematics of Programming,\u201d in his Essays in Computing Science (Hemel Hempstead, 1989), 352."},{"key":"3_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226668253.001.0001","volume-title":"The Mangle of Practice: Time, Agency, & Science","author":"A Pickering","year":"1995","unstructured":"For a discussion of some of the issues, together with case studies, see Andrew Pickering, The Mangle of Practice: Time, Agency, & Science (Chicago, 1995)."},{"key":"3_CR42","unstructured":"COSERS, 9."},{"key":"3_CR43","first-page":"1069","volume":"86","author":"FP Brooks","year":"1986","unstructured":"Frederick P. Brooks, \u201cNo Silver Bullet\u2014Essence and Accidents of Software Engineering,\u201d Information Processing 86, ed. H. J. Kugler (Amsterdam, 1986), 1069\u201376; reprint in Computer 20\/4 (1987): 10\u201319","journal-title":"Information Processing"},{"key":"3_CR44","volume-title":"The Mythical Man-Month: Essays on Software Engineering","author":"FP Brooks","year":"1995","unstructured":"and in the Anniversary Edition of Frederick P. Brooks, The Mythical Man-Month: Essays on Software Engineering (Reading, Mass., 1995), Chap. 16. Chap. 17, \u201c\u2019No Silver Bullet\u2019 Retired\u201d is a response to critics of the original article and a review of the silver bullets that have missed the mark over the intervening decade."},{"key":"3_CR45","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Software Processes are Software Too","author":"L Osterweil","year":"1987","unstructured":"Since the late 1980s, this interaction has been moved to a meta-level, as researchers have sought to model the process by which the computational model is designed. See, for example, Leon Osterweil, \u201cSoftware Processes are Software Too,\u201d Proceedings: 9th International Conference on Software Engineering (Los Angeles, Calif., 1987), 2\u201313."},{"key":"3_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(68)90079-9","volume":"18","author":"A Lindenmayer","year":"1968","unstructured":"Aristide Lindenmayer, \u201cMathematical Models for Cellular Interactions in Development,\u201d Journal of Theoretical Biology 18 (1968): 280\u201399, 300\u201315.","journal-title":"Journal of Theoretical Biology"},{"key":"3_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781503617575","volume-title":"Who Wrote the Book of Life? A History of the Genetic Code","author":"L Kay","year":"2000","unstructured":"For a richly detailed and critical account of this development, see Lily Kay, Who Wrote the Book of Life? A History of the Genetic Code (Stanford, 2000). Evelyn Fox Keller also explores the metaphor critically in \u201cThe Body of a New Machine: Situating the Organism Between the Telegraph and the Computer,\u201d in Refiguring Life: Metaphors of Twentieth-Century Biology (New York, 1995)."},{"key":"3_CR48","volume-title":"The Unity of Knowledge","author":"J Neumann von","year":"1955","unstructured":"John von Neumann, \u201cMethod in the Physical Sciences,\u201d in The Unity of Knowledge, ed. L. Leary (Garden City, N.J., 1955); reprint in John von Neumann, Works, VI, 492."},{"key":"3_CR49","unstructured":"John von Neumann to Oswald Veblen, 26 March 1945, in John von Neumann, Works, VI, 357."},{"key":"3_CR50","volume-title":"On the Principles of Large-Scale Computing Machines","author":"H Goldstine","year":"1946","unstructured":"H. Goldstine and John von Neumann, \u201cOn the Principles of Large-Scale Computing Machines,\u201d ca. 1946, in John von Neumann, Works, V, 2."},{"key":"3_CR51","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior\u2014The Hixon Symposium","author":"J Neumann von","year":"1951","unstructured":"John von Neumann, \u201cOn a Logical and General Theory of Automata,\u201d in Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior\u2014The Hixon Symposium, ed. L. A. Jeffries (New York, 1951), 1\u201331; reprint in Papers of John von Neumann on Computing and Computer Theory, ed. William Aspray and Arthur Burks (Cambridge, Mass.\/London\/Los Angeles\/San Francisco, 1987), 391\u2013431 at 406."},{"key":"3_CR52","first-page":"161","volume-title":"Hidden Order: How Adaptation Builds Complexity","author":"JH Holland","year":"1995","unstructured":"John H. Holland, Hidden Order: How Adaptation Builds Complexity (Reading, Mass., 1995), 161\u20132."},{"key":"3_CR53","first-page":"171","volume-title":"Hidden Order: How Adaptation Builds Complexity","author":"JH Holland","year":"1995","unstructured":"John H. Holland, Hidden Order: How Adaptation Builds Complexity (Reading, Mass., 1995), 171\u20132."},{"key":"3_CR54","unstructured":"In introducing the ACM to readers of the first issue of its Journal in January, 1954, S. B. Williams anticipated the coinage: \u201cUntil the engineering societies, AIEE and IRE, became sufficiently interested to struggle with \u2018hardware,\u2019 the Association provided a forum for all phases of the field. Now the Association can direct its efforts to the other phases of computing systems, such as numerical analysis, logical design, application and use, and, last but not least, to programming,\u201d Journal of the ACM 1\/1 (1954): 3."},{"issue":"1","key":"3_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/2310294","volume":"65","author":"J Tukey","year":"1958","unstructured":"John Tukey, \u201cThe Teaching of Concrete Mathematics,\u201d American Mathematical Monthly 65\/1(1958): 1\u20139 at 2: \u201cToday the \u2018software\u2019 comprising the carefully planned interpretive routines, compilers, and other aspects of automative [sic] programming are at least as important to the modern electronic calculator as its \u2018hardware\u2019 of tubes, transistors, wires, tapes and the like.\u201d","journal-title":"American Mathematical Monthly"},{"key":"3_CR56","volume-title":"Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science","year":"1990","unstructured":"Jan van Leeuwen, ed., Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science (Amsterdam, Cambridge, Mass., 1990), vol. A, Algorithms and Complexity; vol. B, Formal Models and Semantics."},{"key":"3_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Only after writing these words did I discover that Wolfgang Coy had asked the same question, \u201c\u2019Informatique\u2019: What\u2019s in a Name?\u201d and had reached the same conclusion in his essay \u201cDefining Discipline\u201d, in Ch. Freksa, M. Jantzen, R. Valk (eds.), Foundations of Computer Science: Potential \u2014 Theory \u2014 Cognition (Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1997): \u201cBut the German \u2018Informatik\u2019 made a strange twist: While it uses the French word, it sticks firmly to the American usage of computer science (with elements from computer engineering).\u201d Together with many colleagues, Coy would like Informatik to be something quite different; but it is not yet, and it has not been so historically. See, inter alia, his \u201cF\u00fcr eine Theorie der Informatik!\u201d in Wolfgang Coy et al. (eds.) Sichtweisen der Informatik (Braunschweig, Wiesbaden: Vieweg, 1992), 17\u201332.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-322-84926-7_3"},{"key":"3_CR58","unstructured":"\u201cWe certainly cannot expect that the scientific basis of software can come from physics as in the older engineering branches. It may come from mathematics or from biology. Mathematics has clearly brought some help already, be it in cryptology or in program proof automation. Biology is largely untapped.\u201d"},{"key":"3_CR59","first-page":"702","volume-title":"The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy, vol. 1","author":"M Mahoney","year":"1997","unstructured":"See Michael Mahoney, \u201cThe Mathematical Realm of Nature,\u201d in The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy, vol. 1, ed. Daniel Garber and Michael Ayers (Cambridge, 1997), 702\u201355."},{"key":"#cr-split#-3_CR60.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wigner's article, based on the Richard Courant Lecture at New York University in 1959, appeared in Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 13 (1960): 1-14","DOI":"10.1002\/cpa.3160130102"},{"key":"#cr-split#-3_CR60.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"cf. Mark Steiner's recent book, The Applicability of Mathematics as a Philosophical Problem (Cambridge, Mass., 1998).","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674043985"},{"key":"3_CR61","first-page":"485","volume-title":"The Universal Turing Machine: A Half-Century Survey","author":"R Rosen","year":"1994","unstructured":"See Robert Rosen, \u201cEffective Processes and Natural Law,\u201d in The Universal Turing Machine: A Half-Century Survey, ed. Rolf Herken (Wien\/New York, 1994\/5), 485\u201398; cf. his earlier article, \u201cChurch\u2019s Thesis and its Relation to the Concept of Realizability in Biology and Physics,\u201d Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 24 (1962): 375\u201393."}],"container-title":["History of Computing: Software Issues"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-662-04954-9_3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T01:38:49Z","timestamp":1688175529000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-662-04954-9_3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002]]},"ISBN":["9783642076534","9783662049549"],"references-count":65,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-662-04954-9_3","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002]]}}}