{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T05:39:03Z","timestamp":1790919543766,"version":"4.1.0"},"publisher-location":"Berlin, Heidelberg","reference-count":160,"publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783642077999","type":"print"},{"value":"9783662057674","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-05767-4_6","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,14]],"date-time":"2013-01-14T11:59:59Z","timestamp":1358164799000},"page":"115-141","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Macrophage Interactions"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Guidi-Rontani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Mock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"6_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.6.2291","volume":"90","author":"FA Abramova","year":"1993","unstructured":"Abramova FA, Grinberg LM, Yampolskaya OV, Walker DH (1993) Pathology on inhalational anthrax in 42 cases from the Sverdlovsk outbreak of 1979. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 2291\u20132294","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"6_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/343651a0","volume":"343","author":"N Anderson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Anderson N, Maller JL, Tonks N, Sturgill TW (1990) Requirement for integration of signals from two distinct phosphorylation pathways for activation of MAP kinase. Nature 343: 651\u2013653","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"6_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10079","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.21.10079","volume":"89","author":"CM Alpuche Aranda","year":"1993","unstructured":"Alpuche Aranda CM, Swanson JA, Loomis WP, Miller SI (1993) Salmonella typhimurium activates virulence gene transcription within acidified macrophage phagosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 10079\u201310083","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"6_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.175.1.117-127.1993","volume":"175","author":"M Arthur","year":"1993","unstructured":"Arthur M, Molinas C, Depardieu F, Courvalin P (1993) Characterization of Tn1546, a Tn3-related transposon conferring glycopeptide resistance by synthesis of depsipeptide peptidoglycan precursors in Enterococcus faecium BM4147. J Bacteriol 175: 117\u2013127","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"6_CR5","volume-title":"The Macrophage","author":"MJ Auger","year":"1993","unstructured":"Auger MJ, Ross JA (1993) The biology of the macrophage. In The Macrophage ( Lewis CE and McGee JO, eds) Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"6_CR6","unstructured":"Barnes JM (1947) The development of anthrax following the administration of spores by inhalation. Brit J Exp Pathol XXVIII: 385\u2013394"},{"key":"6_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.83.6.1274-1280.1962","volume":"83","author":"FA Beall","year":"1962","unstructured":"Beall FA, Taylor MJ, Thorne CB (1962) Rapid lethal effect in rats of a third component found upon fractionating the toxin of Bacillus anthracis. J Bacteriol 83:1274\u2013 1280","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"6_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.38.100184.000331","volume":"38","author":"L Beaman","year":"1984","unstructured":"Beaman L, Beaman BL (1984) The role of oxygen and its derivatives in microbial pathogenesis and host defense. Annu Rev Microbiol 38: 27\u201348","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"6_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.107.1.320-324.1971","volume":"107","author":"TC Beaman","year":"1971","unstructured":"Beaman TC, Pankratz HS, Gerhardt P (1971) Paracrystalline sheets reaggregated from solubilised exosporium of Bacillus cereus. J Bacteriol 107: 320\u2013324","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"6_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.127.3.1472-1481.1976","volume":"127","author":"DB Bechtel","year":"1976","unstructured":"Bechtel DB, Bulla LA (1976) Electron microscope study of sporulation and parasporal crystal formation in Bacillus thuringiensis. J Bacteriol 127: 1472\u20131481","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"6_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-22-1-147","volume":"22","author":"JA Berger","year":"1960","unstructured":"Berger JA, Marr AG (1960) Sonic disruption of spores of Bacillus cereus. J Gen Microbiol 22: 147\u2013157","journal-title":"J Gen Microbiol"},{"key":"6_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00542.x","volume":"15","author":"R Beyaert","year":"1996","unstructured":"Beyaert R, Cuenda A, Vanden Berghe W, Plaisance S, Lee JC, Haegeman G, Cohen P, Fiers W (1996) The p38\/RK mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway regulates interleukin-6 synthesis response to tumor necrosis factor. EMBO J 15: 1914\u20131923","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"6_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2958","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.62.7.2958-2962.1994","volume":"62","author":"R Bhatnagar","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bhatnagar R, Friedlander AM (1994) Protein synthesis is required for expression of anthrax lethal toxin cytotoxicity. Infect Immun 62: 2958\u20132962","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"6_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.57.7.2107-2114.1989","volume":"57","author":"R Bhatnagar","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bhatnagar R, Singh YS, Leppla SH, Friedlander AM (1989) Calcium is required for the expression of anthrax lethal toxin activity in the macrophage-like cell line J774A.1. Infect Immun 57: 2107\u20132114","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"6_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-5890(99)00110-8","volume":"36","author":"R Binder","year":"1999","unstructured":"Binder R, Kress A, Kan G, Herrmann K, Kirschfink M (1999) Neutrophil priming by cytokines and vitamin D binding protein (Gc-globulin): impact on C5amediated chemotaxis, degranulation and respiratory burst. Mol Immunol 36: 885\u2013892","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"6_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/80.1.41","volume":"80","author":"WL Bloom","year":"1947","unstructured":"Bloom WL, McGhee WJ, Cromartie WJ, Watson DWJ (1947) Studies on infection with Bacillus anthracis. J Infect Dis 80: 137\u2013142","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"6_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.4.1781-1786.2000","volume":"68","author":"F Brossier","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brossier F, Weber-Levy M, Mock M, Sirard JC (2000) Role of toxin functional domains in anthrax pathogenesis. Infect Immun 68: 1781\u20131786","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"6_CR18","first-page":"145","volume":"8","author":"H Buchner","year":"1888","unstructured":"Buchner H, Merkel F, Enderlen E (1888) Untersuchungen \u00fcber den Durchtritt von Infectionserregern durch die intacte Lungenoberfl\u00e4che. Arch f Hyg 8: 145\u2013245","journal-title":"Arch f Hyg"},{"key":"6_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5394.1717","volume":"282","author":"E Caron","year":"1998","unstructured":"Caron E, Hall A (1998) Identification of two distinct mechanisms of phagocytosis controlled by different Rho GTPases. Science 282: 1717\u20131721","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"6_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1990.tb00685.x","volume":"4","author":"A Cataldi","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cataldi A, Labruy\u00e8re E, Mock M (1990) Construction and characterization of a protective antigen-deficient Bacillus anthracis strain. Mol Microbiol 4: 1111\u20131117","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"6_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1999.00878.x","volume":"87","author":"S Charlton","year":"1999","unstructured":"Charlton S, Moir AJ, Baillie L, Moir A (1999) Characterization of the exosporium of Bacillus cereus. J Appl Microbiol 87: 241\u2013245","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"6_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6729","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.24.6729-6735.1998","volume":"180","author":"MO Clements","year":"1998","unstructured":"Clements MO, Moir A (1998) Role of the gerI operon of Bacillus cereus 569 in the response of spores to germinants. J Bacteriol 180: 6729\u20136735.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"6_CR23","first-page":"458","volume-title":"Spores","author":"EF Cleveland","year":"1975","unstructured":"Cleveland EF, Gilvarg C (1975) Selective degradation of peptidoglycan from Bacillus megaterium spores during germination. In: Spores VI ed. Gerhardt P, Costilow RN, Sadoff HL, pp 458\u2013464. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology"},{"key":"6_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.149.2.331","volume":"149","author":"A Colanzi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Colanzi A, Deerinck TJ, Ellisman MH, Malhotra V (2000) A specific activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1) is required for golgi fragmentation during mitosis. J Cell Biol 149: 331\u2013339","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"6_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-140-3-471","volume":"140","author":"BM Corfe","year":"1994","unstructured":"Corfe BM, Sammons RL, Smith DA, Mauel C (1994) The gerB region of the Bacillus subtilis 168 chromosome encodes a homologue of the gerA spore germination operon. Microbiology 140: 471\u2013478","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"6_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1984.tb08000.x","volume":"139","author":"G Dalhammar","year":"1984","unstructured":"Dalhammar G, Steiner H (1984) Characterization of inhibitor A, a protease from Bacillus thuringiensis which degrades attacins and cecropins, two classes of antibacterial proteins in insects. Eur J Biochem 139: 247\u2013252","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"6_CR27","volume-title":"Comptes Rendus de lAcad\u00e9mie des Sciences LVII","author":"C Davaine","year":"1863","unstructured":"Davaine C (1863) Recherches sur les infusoirs du sang dans la maladie connue sous le nom de \u201csang de rate\u201d. Comptes Rendus de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences LVII"},{"key":"6_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400038250","volume":"58","author":"DG Davies","year":"1960","unstructured":"Davies DG (1960) The influence of temperature and humidity on spore formation and germination in Bacillus anthracis. J Hyg Camb 58: 177\u2013186","journal-title":"J Hyg Camb"},{"key":"6_CR29","first-page":"935","volume":"130","author":"A De","year":"1885","unstructured":"De Bary A (1885) Vorlesungen \u00fcber Bakter Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig DesRosier JP, Lara JC (1984) Synthesis of the exosporium during sporulation of Bacillus cereus. J Gen Microbiol 130: 935\u2013940","journal-title":"J Gen Microbiol"},{"key":"6_CR30","first-page":"19","volume":"68","author":"V Vos","year":"1990","unstructured":"De Vos V (1990) The ecology of anthrax in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Salisbury Med Bull Suppl 68: 19\u201323","journal-title":"Salisbury Med Bull Suppl"},{"key":"6_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V77.8.1627.1627","volume":"77","author":"CA Dinarello","year":"1991","unstructured":"Dinarello CA (1991) Interleukin-1 and interleukin-1 antagonism. Blood 77:1627\u2013 1652","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"6_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909093411107","volume":"9","author":"TC Dixon","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dixon TC, Meselson M, Guillemin J, Hanna PC (1999) Anthrax. N Engl J Med 9: 815\u2013826","journal-title":"Anthrax. N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1007\/s000180050399","volume":"55","author":"NS Duesbery","year":"1999","unstructured":"Duesbery NS, Vande Woude GF (1999) Anthrax toxins. Cell Mol Life Sci 55: 1599\u20131609","journal-title":"Anthrax toxins. Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"6_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5364.734","volume":"280","author":"NS Duesbery","year":"1998","unstructured":"Duesbery NS, Webb CP, Leppla SH, Gordon VM, Klimpel KR, Copeland TD, Ahn NG, Oskarsson MK, Fukasawa K, Paull KD, Vandewoude GF (1998) Proteolytic inactivation of MAP-kinase-kinase by anthrax lethal factor. Science 280: 734\u2013737","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"6_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.177.6.1605","volume":"177","author":"GL Eissenberg","year":"1993","unstructured":"Eissenberg GL, Goldman WE, Schlesinger PH (1993) Histoplasma capsulatum modulates the acidification of phagolysosomes. J Exp Med 177: 1605\u20131611","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"6_CR36","first-page":"50","volume":"15","author":"E Enderlen","year":"1889","unstructured":"Enderlen E (1889) Ueber den Durchtritt von Milzbrandsporen durch die intacte Lungenoberfl\u00e4che des Schafes. Deutsche Z f Thiermedicin u Vergeich Path 15: 50\u201356","journal-title":"Deutsche Z f Thiermedicin u Vergeich Path"},{"key":"6_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.1999.4687","volume":"25","author":"J English","year":"1999","unstructured":"English J, Pearson G, Wilsbacher J, Swantek J, Karandikar M, Xu S, Cobb MH (1999) New insights into the control of MAP kinase pathways. Exp Cell Res 25: 255\u2013270","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"6_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.57.1.1-33.1993","volume":"57","author":"J Errington","year":"1993","unstructured":"Errington J (1993) Bacillus subtilis sporulation: regulation of gene expression and control of morphogenesis. Microbiol Rev 57: 1\u201333","journal-title":"Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"6_CR39","volume-title":"American Society for Microbiology Abstract #E-79","author":"JL Erwin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Erwin JL, Little SF, Friedlander AM, DaSilva L, Bavari S, Chanh TC (2000) Macrophage-derived cell lines do not express pro-inflammatory cytokines after exposure to anthrax lethal toxin. American Society for Microbiology Abstract #E-79"},{"key":"6_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-77377-8_11","volume":"181","author":"RAB Ezekowitz","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ezekowitz RAB (1992) Chronic granulomatous disease: an update and a paradigm for the use of interferon-gamma as adjunct immunotherapy in infectious diseases. Current Top Microbiol Immunol 181: 283\u2013292","journal-title":"Current Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"6_CR41","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Encapsulation of Bacillus anthracis spores and spore identification. Salisbury Medical Bulletin. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Anthrax. Winchester","author":"JW Ezzell","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ezzell JW, Abshire TG (1995) Encapsulation of Bacillus anthracis spores and spore identification. Salisbury Medical Bulletin. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Anthrax. Winchester, England, Sept. 19\u201321"},{"key":"6_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1999.00881.x","volume":"87","author":"JW Ezzell","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ezzell JW, Welkos SL (1999) The capsule of Bacillus anthracis, a review. J Appl Microbiol 87: 250\u2013257","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"6_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1990.tb00594.x","volume":"4","author":"IM Feavers","year":"1990","unstructured":"Feavers IM, Foulkes J, Setlow B, Sun D, Nicholson W, Selow P, Moir A (1990) The regulation of transcription of the gerA spore germination operon of Bacillus subtilis. Mol Microbiol 4: 275\u2013282","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"6_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/118.1.114","volume":"118","author":"DC Fish","year":"1968","unstructured":"Fish DC, Klein F, Lincoln RE, Walker JS, Dobbs JP (1968) Pathophysiological changes in the rat associated with anthrax toxin. J Infect Dis 118: 114\u2013124","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"6_CR45","first-page":"607","volume-title":"Die mikroorganismen","author":"C Fl\u00fcgge","year":"1886","unstructured":"Fl\u00fcgge C (1886) Die mikroorganismen. Verlag FCW Vogel, Leipzig S: 607\u2013608"},{"key":"6_CR46","first-page":"273","volume-title":"Human mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MKK7) is a highly conserved cjun N-terminal kinase\/stress-activated protein kinase","author":"IN Foltz","year":"1998","unstructured":"Foltz IN, Gerl RE, Wieler JS, Luckach M, Salmon RA, Schrader JW (1998) Human mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MKK7) is a highly conserved cjun N-terminal kinase\/stress-activated protein kinase ( JNK\/SAPK) activated by environmental stresses and physiological stimuli. J Biol Chem 273: 9344\u20139351"},{"key":"6_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25S","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1994.tb04355.x","volume":"76","author":"SJ Foster","year":"1994","unstructured":"Foster SJ (1994) The role and regulation of cell wall structural dynamics during differentiation of endospore-forming bacteria. J Appl Bacteriol Symp Suppl 76:25S\u2013 39S","journal-title":"J Appl Bacteriol Symp Suppl"},{"key":"6_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1990.tb02023.x","volume":"4","author":"SJ Foster","year":"1990","unstructured":"Foster SJ, Johnstone K (1990) Pulling the trigger: the mechanism of bacterial spore germination. Mol Microbiol 4: 137\u2013141.","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"6_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)38364-3","volume":"261","author":"AM Friedlander","year":"1986","unstructured":"Friedlander AM (1986) Macrophages are sensitive to anthrax lethal toxin through an acid-dependent process. J Biol Chem 261: 7123\u20137126","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"6_CR50","volume-title":"Trafficking of bacterial toxins. CRC Press","author":"AM Friedlander","year":"1990","unstructured":"Friedlander AM (1990) The anthrax toxin. In: Saelinger CB (ed) Trafficking of bacterial toxins. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida"},{"key":"6_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.61.1.245-252.1993","volume":"61","author":"AM Friedlander","year":"1993","unstructured":"Friedlander AM, Bhatnagar R, Leppla SH, Johnson L, Singh Y (1993a) Characterization of macrophage sensitivity and resistance to anthrax lethal toxin. Infect Immun 61: 245\u2013252","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"6_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.5.1239","volume":"167","author":"AM Friedlander","year":"1993","unstructured":"Friedlander AM, Welkos SL, Pitt MLM, Ezzell JW, Worsham PL, Rose KJ (1993b) Postexposure prophylaxis against experimental inhalation anthrax. J Infect Dis 167: 1239\u20131242","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"6_CR53","first-page":"691","volume":"73","author":"DL Fritz","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fritz DL, Jaax NK, Lawrence WB, Davis KJ, Pitt MLM, Ezzell JW, Friedlender AM (1995) Pathology of experimental inhalation anthrax in the Rhesus monkey. Lab Invest 73: 691\u2013702","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"6_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/16.8.1901","volume":"16","author":"M Fukuda","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fukuda M, Gotoh Y, Nishida E (1997) Interaction of MAP kinase with MAP kinase kinase: its possible role in the control of nucleocytoplasmic transport of MAP kinase. EMBO J 16: 1901\u20131908","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"6_CR55","volume-title":"Basic principles and clinical correlates","author":"JI Gallin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gallin JI, Snyderman R (1999) Inflammation. Basic principles and clinical correlates. Raven Press, New York"},{"key":"6_CR56","first-page":"145","volume-title":"A glycoprotein multimer from Bacillus thuringiensis sporangia","author":"M Garcia-Patrone","year":"1995","unstructured":"Garcia-Patrone M, Tandercarz JS (1995) A glycoprotein multimer from Bacillus thuringiensis sporangia: Dissociation into subunits and sugar composition. Mol Cell Biochem 145: 29\u201337"},{"key":"6_CR57","first-page":"1504","volume":"26","author":"P Gerhardt","year":"1967","unstructured":"Gerhardt P (1967) Cytology of Bacillus anthracis. Fed Proc 26: 1504\u20131517","journal-title":"Fed Proc"},{"key":"6_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.88.6.1774-1789.1964","volume":"88","author":"P Gerhardt","year":"1964","unstructured":"Gerhardt P, Ribi E (1964) Ultrastructure of the exosporium enveloping spores of Bacillus cereus. J Bact 88: 1774\u20131789","journal-title":"J Bact"},{"key":"6_CR59","first-page":"416","volume":"44","author":"CA Gleiser","year":"1963","unstructured":"Gleiser CA, Berdjis CC, Hartman HA, Gochenour WS (1963) Pathology of experimental respiratory anthrax in Macaca mulatta. Brit J Exp Pathol 44: 416\u2013426","journal-title":"Brit J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"6_CR60","volume-title":"Progress in cell cycle research","author":"Y Gotoh","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gotoh Y, Nishida E (1995) The MAP kinase cascade: Its role in Xenopus oocytes, eggs and embryos. In: Meijer L, Guidet S, Tung HYL (eds) Progress in cell cycle research. Plenum Press, New York"},{"key":"6_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1977.tb00697.x","volume":"42","author":"GW Gould","year":"1977","unstructured":"Gould GW (1977) Recent advances in the understanding of resistance and dormancy in bacterial spores. J Appl Bacteriol 42: 297\u2013309","journal-title":"J Appl Bacteriol"},{"key":"6_CR62","first-page":"291","volume":"49","author":"BD Green","year":"1985","unstructured":"Green BD, Battisti L, Koehler TM, Thorne CB,Ivins BE (1985) Demonstration of a capsule plasmid in Bacillus anthracis. Infect Immun 49: 291\u2013297","journal-title":"Demonstration of a capsule plasmid in Bacillus anthracis. Infect Immun"},{"key":"6_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.66.5.712","volume":"66","author":"S Greenberg","year":"1999","unstructured":"Greenberg S (1999) Modular components of phagocytosis. Leukoc Biol 66: 712\u2013177","journal-title":"Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"6_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.113.4.757","volume":"113","author":"S Greenberg","year":"1991","unstructured":"Greenberg S, El Khoury J, Di Virgilio F, Kaplan EM, Silverstein SC (1991) Ca++-independent F-actin assembly and disassembly during Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis in mouse macrophages. J Cell Biol 113: 757\u2013767","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"6_CR65","first-page":"285","volume":"157","author":"C Guidi-Rontani","year":"1997","unstructured":"Guidi-Rontani C, Duflot E, Mock M (1997) Anthrax lethal toxin-induced mitogenic response of human T-cells FEMS Microbiol Lett 157: 285\u2013289","journal-title":"Anthrax lethal toxin-induced mitogenic response of human T-cells FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"6_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01485.x","volume":"33","author":"C Guidi-Rontani","year":"1999","unstructured":"Guidi-Rontani C, Pereira Y, Ruffie S, Sirard JC, Mock M (1999b) Identification and characterization of a germination operon on the virulence plasmid pXO1 of Bacillus anthracis. Mol Microbiol 33: 407\u2013414","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"6_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01137.x","volume":"31","author":"C Guidi-Rontani","year":"1999","unstructured":"Guidi-Rontani C, Weber-Levy M, Labruyere E, Mock M (1999 a) Germination of Bacillus anthracis spores within alveolar macrophages. Mol Microbiol 31: 9\u201317","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"6_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1969.tb00454.x","volume":"13","author":"Y Hachisuka","year":"1969","unstructured":"Hachisuka Y (1969) Germination of B. anthracis spores in the peritoneal cavity of rats and establishment of anthrax. Jpn J Microbiol 13: 199\u2013207","journal-title":"Jpn J Microbiol"},{"key":"6_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.91.6.2382-2384.1966","volume":"91","author":"Y Hachisuka","year":"1966","unstructured":"Hachisuka Y, Kojima K, Sato T (1966) Fine filaments on the outside of the exosporium of Bacillus anthracis spores. J Bact 91: 2382\u20132384","journal-title":"J Bact"},{"key":"6_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.154.2.591-597.1983","volume":"154","author":"T Hackstadt","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hackstadt T (1983) Estimation of the cytoplasmic pH of Coxiella burnetii and effect of substrate oxidation on proton motive force. J Bact 154: 591\u2013597","journal-title":"J Bact"},{"key":"6_CR71","first-page":"131","volume":"13","author":"HO Halvorson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Halvorson HO (1997) Two generations of spore research: from father to son. Microbiologia SEM 13: 131\u2013148","journal-title":"Microbiologia SEM"},{"key":"6_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.5.2374-2378.1998","volume":"66","author":"SE Hammond","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hammond SE, Hanna PC (1998) Lethal factor active-site mutations affect catalytic activity in vitro. Infect Immun 66: 2374\u20132378","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"6_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V92.9.3007","volume":"92","author":"MB Hampton","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hampton MB, Kettle AJ, Winterbourn CC (1998) Inside the neutrophil phagosome: oxidants, myeloperoxidase, and bacterial killing. Blood 92: 3007\u20133017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"6_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10198","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.21.10198","volume":"90","author":"PC Hanna","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hanna PC, Acosta D, Collier RJ (1993) On the role of macrophages in anthrax. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 10198\u201310201","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"6_CR75","first-page":"7","volume":"1","author":"PC Hanna","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hanna PC, Kochi S, Collier RJ (1992) Biochemical and physiological changes induced by anthrax lethal toxin in J774 macrophage-like cells. Molec Biol of the cell 1: 7\u201318","journal-title":"Molec Biol of the cell"},{"key":"6_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03403527","volume":"1","author":"PC Hanna","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hanna PC, Kruskal BA, Ezekowitz RAB, Bloom BR, Collier RJ (1994) Role of macrophage oxidative burst in the action of anthrax lethal toxin. Mol Med 1: 7\u201318","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"6_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-19-1-91","volume":"19","author":"PW Harris-Smith","year":"1958","unstructured":"Harris-Smith PW, Smith H, Keppie J (1958) Production in vitro of the toxin of Bacillus anthracis previously recognized in vivo. J Gen Microbiol 19: 91\u2013103","journal-title":"J Gen Microbiol"},{"key":"6_CR78","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Tissue injury in inflammation","author":"PM Henson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Henson PM, Johnston RB Jr (1987) Tissue injury in inflammation. Oxidants, proteinases, and cationic proteins. J Clin Invest 79: 669\u2013674"},{"key":"6_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22672","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.49.31290","volume":"271","author":"JR Hill","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hill JR, Corbett JA, Kwon G, Marshall CA, McDaniel ML (1996) Nitric oxide regulates interleukin 1 bioactivity released from murine macrophages. J Biol Chem 271: 22672\u201322678","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"6_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0450363","volume":"45","author":"GM Hills","year":"1949","unstructured":"Hills GM (1949) Chemical factors in the germination of spore-bearing aerobes. The effects of amino-acids on the germination of Bacillus anthracis, with some observations on the relation of optical form to biological activity. Biochem J 45: 363\u2013370","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"6_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4485","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.15.4485-4492.1999","volume":"181","author":"AR Hoffmaster","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hoffmaster AR, Koehler TM (1999) Autogenous regulation of the Bacillus anthracis pag operon. J Bacteriol 181: 4485\u20134492","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"6_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4432","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.62.10.4432-4439.1994","volume":"62","author":"DL Hoover","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hoover DL, Friedlander AM, Rogers LC, Yoon IK, Warren RL, Cross AS (1994) Anthrax edema toxin differentially regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced monocyte production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 by increasing intracellular cyclic AMP. Infect Immun 62: 4432\u20134439","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"6_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0504.990419","volume":"5","author":"TV Inglesby","year":"1999","unstructured":"Inglesby TV (1999) Anthrax: A possible case history. Emerg Infect Dis 5: 556\u2013560","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"6_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2323\/jgam.42.141","volume":"42","author":"R Irie","year":"1996","unstructured":"Irie R, Fujita YY, Kobayashi M (1996) Nucleotide sequence and gene organization of the gerK spore germination locus of Bacillus subtilis 168. J Gen Appl Microbiol 42: 141\u2013153","journal-title":"J Gen Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"6_CR85","first-page":"44","volume-title":"The chemical basis of the virulence of Bacillus anthracis. IX","author":"J Keppie","year":"1963","unstructured":"Keppie J, Harris-Smith PW, Smith H (1963) The chemical basis of the virulence of Bacillus anthracis. IX: Its aggressins and their mode of action. Brit J Exp Pathol 44: 446\u2013453"},{"key":"6_CR86","first-page":"446","volume":"37","author":"J Keppie","year":"1953","unstructured":"Keppie J, Smith H, Harris-Smith PW (1953) The chemical basis of the virulence of Bacillus anthracis. II: some biological properties of bacterial products. Brit J Exp Pathol 37: 446\u2013453","journal-title":"Brit J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"6_CR87","first-page":"36","volume-title":"The chemical basis of the virulence of Bacillus anthracis. III","author":"J Keppie","year":"1955","unstructured":"Keppie J, Smith H, Harris-Smith PW (1955) The chemical basis of the virulence of Bacillus anthracis. III: The role of the terminal bacteraemia in death of guinea-pigs from anthrax. Brit J Exp Pathol 36: 315\u2013322"},{"key":"6_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1136\/mp.52.4.220","volume":"52","author":"JR Kerr","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kerr JR (1999) Cell adhesion molecules in the pathogenesis of and host defence against microbial infection. Mol Pathol 52: 220\u2013230","journal-title":"Mol Pathol"},{"key":"6_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/116.2.123","volume":"116","author":"F Klein","year":"1966","unstructured":"Klein F, Walker JS, Fitzpatrick DF, Lincoln RE, Mahlandt BG, Jones WI et al. (1966) Pathophysiology of anthrax. J Infect Dis 116: 123\u2013138","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"6_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1994.tb00500.x","volume":"13","author":"KR Klimpel","year":"1994","unstructured":"Klimpel KR, Arora N, Leppla SH (1994) Anthrax toxin lethal factor contains a zinc metalloprotease consensus sequence which is required for lethal toxin activity. Mol Microbiol 13: 1093\u20131100","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"6_CR91","first-page":"277","volume":"2","author":"R Koch","year":"1876","unstructured":"Koch R (1876) Die etiologie der milzbrand krankheit hegrundet auf die entwickelungsgeschichte des Bacillus anthracis. Beitr Biol Pflanz 2: 277\u2013283","journal-title":"Beitr Biol Pflanz"},{"key":"6_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1994.tb07306.x","volume":"124","author":"SK Kochi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kochi SK, Schiavo G, Mock M, Montecucco C (1994) Zinc content of the Bacillus anthracis lethal factor. FEMS Microbiol Lett 124: 343\u2013348","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"6_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.176.3.586-595.1994","volume":"176","author":"TM Koehler","year":"1994","unstructured":"Koehler TM, Dai Z, Kaufman-Yarbray M (1994) Regulation of the Bacillus anthracis protective antigen gene: CO2 and a trans-acting element activate transcription from one of two promoters. J Bacteriol 176: 586\u2013595.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"6_CR94","first-page":"4922","volume":"29","author":"E Labruyere","year":"1990","unstructured":"Labruyere E, Mock M, Ladant D, Michelson S, Gilles AM, Laoide B, Barzu O (1990) Characterization of ATP and calmodulin-binding properties of a truncated form of Bacillus anthracis adenylate cyclase Biochemistry 29: 4922\u20134928","journal-title":"Characterization of ATP and calmodulin-binding properties of a truncated form of Bacillus anthracis adenylate cyclase Biochemistry"},{"key":"6_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1969.10665490","volume":"18","author":"FM Laforce","year":"1969","unstructured":"Laforce FM, Bumford FH, Feeley JC, Stokes SL, Snow DB (1969) Epidemiologic study of a fatal case of inhalation anthrax. Arch Environ Health 18: 798\u2013805","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"key":"6_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/372739a0","volume":"372","author":"JC Lee","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lee JC, Laydon JT, McDonnell PC, Gallagher TF, Kumar S, Green D, McNulty D, Blumenthal MJ Heys JR, Landvatter SW, et al. (1994) A protein kinase involved in the regulation of inflammatory cytokine biosynthesis. Nature 372: 739\u2013746","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"6_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3162","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.10.3162","volume":"79","author":"SH Leppla","year":"1982","unstructured":"Leppla SH (1982) Anthrax toxin edema factor: a bacterial adenylate cyclase that increases cyclic AMP concentrations of eukaryotic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 3162\u20133166","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"6_CR98","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Bacillus anthracis calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase: chemical and enzymatic properties and interactions with eukaryotic cells","author":"SH Leppla","year":"1984","unstructured":"Leppla SH (1984) Bacillus anthracis calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase: chemical and enzymatic properties and interactions with eukaryotic cells. In: Greengard P, Robison BA (eds) Advances in cyclic nucleotide and protein phosphorylation research. Raven Press, New York, pp 189\u2013198"},{"key":"6_CR99","first-page":"277","volume-title":"Sourcebook of bacterial protein toxins","author":"SH Leppla","year":"1991","unstructured":"Leppla SH (1991) The anthrax toxin complex. In: Alouf JE, Freer JH (eds) Sourcebook of bacterial protein toxins. Academic, London, pp 277\u2013301"},{"key":"6_CR100","first-page":"543","volume-title":"Bacterial toxins and virulence factors in disease","author":"SH Leppla","year":"1995","unstructured":"Leppla SH (1995) Anthrax toxins. In: Moss J, Iglewski B, Vaughan M, Tu AT (eds) Bacterial toxins and virulence factors in disease. Dekker, New York, pp 543\u2013572"},{"key":"6_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119688","volume":"100","author":"SM Levitz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Levitz SM, Harrison TS, Tabuni A, Liu X (1997) Chloroquine induces human mononuclear phagocytes to inhibit and kill Cryptococcus neoformans by a mechanism independent of iron deprivation. J Clin Invest 100: 1640\u20131646","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"6_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-230X(08)60765-4","volume":"74","author":"TS Lewis","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lewis TS, Shapiro PS, Ahn NG (1998) Signal transduction through MAP kinase cascades. Adv Cancer Res 74: 49\u2013139","journal-title":"Adv Cancer Res"},{"key":"6_CR103","first-page":"361","volume-title":"Microbial toxins","author":"RE Lincoln","year":"1970","unstructured":"Lincoln RE, Fish DC (1970) Anthrax toxin. In: Montie TC, Kadis S, Ajl SJ (eds) Microbial toxins, vol III. Academic Press, New York, pp 361\u2013414"},{"key":"6_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/115.5.481","volume":"115","author":"RE Lincoln","year":"1965","unstructured":"Lincoln RE, Hodges DR, Klein F, Mahlandt BG, Jones WI, Haines BW, Rhian MA, Walker JS (1965) Role of the lymphatics in the pathogenesis of anthrax. J Infect Dis 115: 481\u201394","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"6_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1038\/294254a0","volume":"294","author":"RJ Manchee","year":"1981","unstructured":"Manchee RJ, Broster MG, Melling J, Henstridge RM, Stagg ZJ (1981) Bacillus anthracis on Gruinard Island. Nature 294: 254\u2013255","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"6_CR106","volume-title":"Salisbury Medical Bulletin","author":"RJ Manchee","year":"1990","unstructured":"Manchee RJ, Broster MG, Stagg AJ, Hibbs SE, Patience B (1990) Out of Gruinard Island, No. 68 Special Supplement, pp 17\u201318. In: Turnbull PCB (ed), Proceedings of the International Workshop on \u201cAnthrax\u201d, Winchester, England, April 11\u201313, 1989. Salisbury Medical Bulletin."},{"key":"6_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.101.1.196-201.1970","volume":"101","author":"LL Matz","year":"1970","unstructured":"Matz LL, Beaman TC, Gerhardt P (1970) Chemical composition of exosporium from spores of Bacillus cereus. J Bacteriol 101: 196\u2013201","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"6_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.1996.tb00192.x","volume":"23","author":"KP Mccann","year":"1996","unstructured":"McCann KP, Robinson C, Sammons RL, Smith DA, Corfe BM (1996) Alanine germination receptors of Bacillus subtilis. Lett Appl Microbiol 23: 290\u2013294","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"6_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.29861","volume-title":"Immunity in infective diseases","author":"E Metchnikoff","year":"1905","unstructured":"Metchnikoff E (1905) Immunity in infective diseases. Cambridge University Press, London"},{"key":"6_CR110","first-page":"271","volume":"6","author":"J Miles","year":"1988","unstructured":"Miles J, Latter PM, Smith IR, Heal OW (1988) Ecological aspects of killing Bacillus anthracis on Gruinard Island with formaldehyde. Reclamation Revegetation Res 6: 271\u2013283","journal-title":"Reclamation Revegetation Res"},{"key":"6_CR111","volume-title":"J Appl Bact 76:9S-16 S","author":"A Moir","year":"1994","unstructured":"Moir A, Kemp EH, Robinson C, Corfe BM (1994) The genetic analysis of bacterial spore germination. J Appl Bact 76:9S-16 S"},{"key":"6_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.44.100190.002531","volume":"44","author":"A Moir","year":"1990","unstructured":"Moir A, Smith DA (1990) The genetics of bacterial spore germination. Annu Rev Microbiol 44: 531\u2013553","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"6_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3200687","volume":"320","author":"A Menard","year":"1996","unstructured":"Menard A, Papini E, Mock M, Montecucco C (1996) The cytotoxic activity of Bacillus anthracis lethal factor is inhibited by leukotriene A4 hydrolase and metallopeptidase inhibitors. Biochem J 320: 687\u2013691","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"6_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.49.3.298-337.1985","volume":"49","author":"JW Moulder","year":"1985","unstructured":"Moulder JW (1985) Comparative biology of intracellular parasitism. Microbiol Rev 49: 298\u2013337","journal-title":"Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"6_CR115","first-page":"215","volume-title":"Gould GW","author":"WG Murrell","year":"1969","unstructured":"Murrell WG (1969) Chemical composition of spores and spore structures. In: Gould GW, Hurst A (eds), The bacterial spore. Academic Press, London, New York. pp 215\u2013273"},{"key":"6_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198009113031106","volume":"303","author":"CF Nathan","year":"1980","unstructured":"Nathan CF, Murray HW, Cohn ZA (1980) The macrophage as an effector cell. N Engl J Med 303: 622\u2013626","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.47.1.306-310.1985","volume":"46","author":"J O\u2019Brien","year":"1985","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien J, Friedlander AM, Dreier T, Ezzell J, Leppla SH (1985) Effect of anthrax toxin components on human neutrophils. Infect Immun 46: 306\u2013310","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"6_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.115.3.1179-1190.1973","volume":"115","author":"DF Ohye","year":"1973","unstructured":"Ohye DF, Murrell WG (1973) Exosporium and spore coatformation in Bacillus cereus T. J Bacteriol 115: 1179\u20131190","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"6_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6509","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.20.6509-6515.1999","volume":"181","author":"RT Okinaka","year":"1999","unstructured":"Okinaka RT, Cloud K, Hampton O, Hoffmaster AR, Hill KK, Keim P, Koehler TM, Lamke G, Kumano S, Mahillon J, Manter D, Martinez Y, Ricke D, Svensson R, Jackson PJ (1999) Sequence and organization of pXO1, the large Bacillus anthracis plasmid harboring the anthrax toxin genes. J Bacteriol 181: 6509\u20136515","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"6_CR120","unstructured":"Pasteur (1877) Etude sur la maladie du charbonneuse. Comptes Rendus de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences LXXXIV: 900\u2013906"},{"key":"6_CR121","first-page":"199","volume":"462","author":"R Pellizzari","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pellizzari R, Guidi-Rontani C,Vitale G, Mock M, Montecucco C (1999) Anthrax lethal factor cleaves MKK3 in macrophages and inhibits the LPS\/IFN-induced release of NO and TNF. FEBS Lett 462: 199\u2013204","journal-title":"Anthrax lethal factor cleaves MKK3 in macrophages and inhibits the LPS\/IFN-induced release of NO and TNF. FEBS Lett"},{"key":"6_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3472","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.59.10.3472-3477.1991","volume":"59","author":"C Pezard","year":"199","unstructured":"Pezard C, Berche P, Mock M (199 1) Contribution of individual toxin components to the virulence of Bacillus anthracis. Infect Immun 59: 3472\u20133477","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"6_CR123","first-page":"341","volume":"5","author":"H Preisz","year":"1909","unstructured":"Preisz H (1909) Experimentelle Studien \u00fcber Virulenz, Empf\u00e4nglichkeit und Immunit\u00e4t beim Milzbrand. Zeitschr Immunit\u00e4tsf 5: 341\u2013452","journal-title":"Zeitschr Immunit\u00e4tsf"},{"key":"6_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.00953.x","volume":"29","author":"JE Roberts","year":"1998","unstructured":"Roberts JE, Watters JW, Ballard JD, Dietrich WF (1998) Ltx1, a mouse locus that influences the susceptibility of macrophages to cytolysis caused by intoxication with Bacillus anthracis lethal factor, maps to chromosome 11. Mol Microbiol 29: 581\u2013591","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"6_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700730219","volume":"LXXIII","author":"JM Ross","year":"1957","unstructured":"Ross JM (1957) The pathogenesis of anthrax following the administration of spores by the respiratory route. J Path Bact LXXIII: 485\u2013494","journal-title":"J Path Bact"},{"key":"6_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.3.2.99","volume":"3","author":"AD Russell","year":"1990","unstructured":"Russell AD (1990) Bacterial spores and chemical sporicidal agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 3: 99\u2013119","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"6_CR127","first-page":"6294","volume-title":"Bacillus subtilis spores. J Bacteriol","author":"Sakae Y,Yasuda Y, Tochikubo K","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sakae Y,Yasuda Y, Tochikubo K (1995) Immunoelectron microscopic localization of one of the spore germination proteins, GerAB, in Bacillus subtilis spores. J Bacteriol 177: 6294\u20136296"},{"key":"6_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/116.4.401","volume":"116","author":"F Shafa","year":"1966","unstructured":"Shafa F, Moberly BJ, Gerhardt P (1966) Cytological features of anthrax spores phagocytized in vitro by rabbit alveolar macrophages. J Infect Dis 116: 401\u2013413","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"6_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11099","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)60433-8","volume":"264","author":"Y Singh","year":"1989","unstructured":"Singh Y, Leppla SH, Bhatnagar R, Friedlander AM (1989) Internalization and processing of Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin by toxin-sensitive and -resistant cells. J Biol Chem 264: 11099\u201311102","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"6_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5188","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.176.16.5188-5192.1994","volume":"176","author":"JC Sirard","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sirard JC, Mock M, Fouet A (1994) The three Bacillus anthracis toxin genes are coordinately regulated by carbonate and temperature. J Bact 176: 5188\u20135192","journal-title":"J Bact"},{"key":"6_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/173869a0","volume":"173","author":"H Smith","year":"1954","unstructured":"Smith H., Keppie J (1954) Observations on experimental anthrax: Demonstration of a specific lethal factor produced in vivo by Bacillus anthracis. Nature 173: 869\u2013870","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"6_CR132","first-page":"34","volume-title":"The chemical basis of the virulence of Bacillus anthracis","author":"H Smith","year":"1953","unstructured":"Smith H, Keppie J, Stanley JL (1953) The chemical basis of the virulence of Bacillus anthracis. I: properties of bacteria grown in vivo and preparation of extracts. Brit J Exp Pathol 34: 477\u2013485"},{"key":"6_CR133","first-page":"460","volume":"36","author":"H Smith","year":"1955","unstructured":"Smith H, Keppie J, Stanley JL (1955) The chemical basis of the virulence of Bacillus anthracis. V: The specific toxin produced by B. anthracis in vivo. Brit J Exp Pathol 36: 460\u2013472","journal-title":"Brit J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"6_CR134","first-page":"684","volume":"43","author":"H Smith","year":"1962","unstructured":"Smith H, Stanley JL (1962) The terminal phase of anthrax. Brit J Exp Pathol 43: 684\u2013686","journal-title":"Brit J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"6_CR135","first-page":"501","volume-title":"Anthrax toxin","author":"J Stephen","year":"1981","unstructured":"Stephen J (1981) Anthrax toxin. In: Dorner F, Drews J (eds) Anthrax toxin. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp 501\u2013513"},{"key":"6_CR136","first-page":"381","volume-title":"Pharmacology of bacterial toxins","author":"J Stephen","year":"1986","unstructured":"Stephen J (1986) Anthrax toxin. In: Dorner F, Drews J (eds) Pharmacology of bacterial toxins. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 381\u2013395"},{"key":"6_CR137","first-page":"271","volume":"8","author":"M Sterne","year":"1937","unstructured":"Sterne M (1937) Variation in Bacillus anthracis. Onderstepoort J Vet Sci Anim Ind 8: 271\u2013349","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Sci Anim Ind"},{"key":"6_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3055","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.6.3055-3060.1999","volume":"67","author":"G Tang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tang G, Leppla SH (1999) Proteasome activity is required for anthrax lethal toxin to kill macrophages. Infect Immun 67: 3055\u20133060","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"6_CR139","unstructured":"Thompson HA, Williams JC (199 1) in Q fever: The biology of Coxiella burnetti. J.C. Williams, H.A. Thompson, Eds. (CRC Press, Boston) 117\u2013129."},{"key":"6_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1987.tb02408.x","volume":"62","author":"RW Titball","year":"1987","unstructured":"Titball RW, Manchee RJ (1987) Factors affecting the germination of spores of Bacillus anthracis. J Applied Bact 62: 269\u2013273","journal-title":"J Applied Bact"},{"key":"6_CR141","first-page":"630","volume":"22","author":"J Tomcsik","year":"1959","unstructured":"Tomcsik J, Bouille M, Baumann-Grace JB (1959) R\u00e9action sp\u00e9cifique de l\u2019exosporium chez Bacillus cereus et Bacillus anthracis. Schweiz Z Path Bakt 22: 630\u2013640","journal-title":"Schweiz Z Path Bakt"},{"key":"6_CR142","first-page":"86","volume":"78","author":"J Tomcsik","year":"1933","unstructured":"Tomcsik J, Szongott H (1933) Ueber ein spezifisches protein der kaspel des milzbrandbazillus. Zeitschr Immunit\u00e4tsf 78: 86\u201399","journal-title":"Zeitschr Immunit\u00e4tsf"},{"key":"6_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5329","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.175.17.5329-5338.1993","volume":"175","author":"I Uchida","year":"1993","unstructured":"Uchida I, Hornung JM, Thorne CB, Klimpel KR, Leppla SH (1993) Cloning and characterization of a gene whose product is a trans-activator of anthrax toxin synthesis. J Bacteriol 175: 5329\u20135338","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"6_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1997.3041667.x","volume":"23","author":"I Uchida","year":"1997","unstructured":"Uchida I, Makino S, Sekizaki T, Terakado N (1997) Cross-talk to the genes for Bacillus anthracis capsule synthesis by atxA, the gene encoding the trans-activator of anthrax toxin synthesis. Mol Microbiol 23: 1229\u20131240","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"6_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.10.040192.002211","volume":"10","author":"P Vassali","year":"1992","unstructured":"Vassali P (1992) The pathophysiology of tumor necrosis factor. Annu Rev Immunol 10: 411\u2013452","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"6_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1998.9040","volume":"248","author":"G Vitale","year":"1998","unstructured":"Vitale G, Pellizzari R, Recchi C, Napolitani G, Mock M, Montecucco C (1998) Anthrax lethal factor cleaves the N-terminus of MAPKKs and induces tyrosine\/ threonine phosphorylation of MAPKs in cultured macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 248: 706\u2013711","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"6_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-179-42078","volume":"179","author":"BH Wade","year":"1985","unstructured":"Wade BH, Wright GG, Hewlett EL, Leppla SH, Mandell GL (1985) Anthrax toxin components stimulate chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 179: 159\u2013162","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"6_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(97)84666-X","volume":"18","author":"AM Weissman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Weissman AM (1997) Regulating protein degradation by ubiquitination. Immunol Today 18: 189\u201398","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"key":"6_CR149","first-page":"283","volume":"20","author":"E Welhrli","year":"1980","unstructured":"Welhrli E, Scherrer P, K\u00fcbler O (1980) The crystalline layers in spores of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis studied by freeze-etching and high resolution electron microscopy. Eur J Cell Biol 20: 283\u2013289","journal-title":"Eur J Cell Biol"},{"key":"6_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0882-4010(89)90108-3","volume":"7","author":"SL Welkos","year":"1989","unstructured":"Welkos SL, Trotter RW, Friedlander AM (1989) Resistance to the Sterne strain of B. anthracis: phagocytic cell responses of resistant and susceptible mice. Microbial Pathogenesis 7: 15\u201335","journal-title":"Microbial Pathogenesis"},{"key":"6_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.164.5.1700","volume":"164","author":"GG Wright","year":"1986","unstructured":"Wright GG, Mandell GL (1986) Anthrax toxin blocks priming of neutrophils by lipopolysaccharide and by muramyl dipeptide. J Exp Med 164: 1700\u20131709","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"6_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7407","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.17.12.7407","volume":"17","author":"Z Wu","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wu Z, Wu J, Jacinto E, Karin M (1997) Molecular cloning and characterization of human JNKK2, a novel jun NH(2)-terminal kinase-specific kinase. Molec Cell Biol 17: 7407\u20137416","journal-title":"Molec Cell Biol"},{"key":"6_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1984.tb00778.x","volume":"28","author":"Y Yasuda","year":"1984","unstructured":"Yasuda Y, Tochikubo K (1984) Effect of glucose on the interaction of hydrophobic compounds with the alanine receptor field of Bacillus subtilis spores during initiation of germination. Microbiol Immunol 28: 1203\u20131210","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"6_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08208.x","volume":"139","author":"Y Yasuda","year":"1996","unstructured":"Yasuda Y, Sakae Y, Tochikubo K (1996) Immunological detection of the GerA spore germination proteins in the spore integuments of Bacillus subtilis using scanning electron microscopy. FEMS Microbiol Lett 139: 235\u2013238","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"6_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/17.6.1740","volume":"17","author":"SH Yang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Yang SH, Whitmarsh AJ, Davis RJ, Sharrocks AD (1998) Differential targeting of MAP kinases to the ETS-domain transcription factor Elk-1. EMBO J 17: 1740\u20131749","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"6_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5395.1911","volume":"282","author":"T Yujiri","year":"1998","unstructured":"Yujiri T, Sather S, Fanger GR, Johnson GL (1998) Role of MEKK1 in cell survival and activation of JNK and ERK pathways defined by targeted gene disruption. Science 282: 1911\u20131914","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"6_CR157","first-page":"982","volume":"122","author":"GM Zaucha","year":"1998","unstructured":"Zaucha GM, Pitt MLM, Estep J, Ivins BE, Friedlander AM (1998) The pathology of experimental anthrax in rabbits exposed by inhalation and subcutaneous inoculation. Arch Pathol Lab Med 122: 982\u2013992","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"6_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3108","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.5.15.1720751","volume":"5","author":"YZ Zhang","year":"1991","unstructured":"Zhang YZ, Naleway JJ, Larison KD, Huang Z, Haugland RP (1991) Detecting lacZ gene expression in living cells with new lipophilic, fluorogenic beta-galactosidase substrates. FASEB J 5: 3108\u20133113","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"6_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.162.2.756-762.1985","volume":"162","author":"AR Zuberi","year":"1985","unstructured":"Zuberi AR, Feavers IM, Moir A (1985) Identification of three complementation units in the gerA spore germination locus of B. subtilis 168. J Bacteriol 162: 756\u2013762","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"6_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(87)90468-9","volume":"51","author":"AR Zuberi","year":"1987","unstructured":"Zuberi AR, Moir A, Feavers IM (1987) The nucleotide sequence and gene organization of the gerA spore germination operon of Bacillus subtilis 168. Gene 51: 1\u201311","journal-title":"Gene"}],"container-title":["Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology","Anthrax"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-662-05767-4_6.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T17:32:45Z","timestamp":1687973565000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-662-05767-4_6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002]]},"ISBN":["9783642077999","9783662057674"],"references-count":160,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-662-05767-4_6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0070-217X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0070-217X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002]]}}}