{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T18:22:32Z","timestamp":1768242152113,"version":"3.49.0"},"publisher-location":"Berlin, Heidelberg","reference-count":81,"publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783642082306","type":"print"},{"value":"9783662076750","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,1,1]],"date-time":"1997-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":852076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-07675-0_6","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,26]],"date-time":"2013-03-26T18:44:33Z","timestamp":1364323473000},"page":"237-293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Contextual Grammars and Formal Languages"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Ehrenfeucht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gheorghe","family":"P\u0103un","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Rozenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"6_CR1","first-page":"167","volume":"32","author":"T B\u0103l\u0103nescu","year":"1987","unstructured":"T. B\u0103l\u0103nescu, M. Gheorghe, Program tracing and languages of action, Rev. Roum. Ling., 32 (1987), 167\u2013170.","journal-title":"Rev. Roum. Ling."},{"key":"6_CR2","first-page":"497","volume":"32","author":"I Bucurescu","year":"1987","unstructured":"I. Bucurescu, A. Pascu, Fuzzy contextual grammars, Rev. Roum. Math. Pures Appl., 32 (1987), 497\u2013507.","journal-title":"Rev. Roum. Math. Pures Appl."},{"key":"6_CR3","first-page":"23","volume":"25","author":"G Ciucar","year":"1988","unstructured":"G. Ciucar, On the syntactic complexity of Galiukschov semicontextual languages, Cah. Ling. Th. Appl., 25 (1988), 23\u201328.","journal-title":"Cah. Ling. Th. Appl."},{"key":"6_CR4","volume-title":"Grammar Systems. A Grammatical Approach to Distribution and Cooperation","author":"E Csuhaj-Varju","year":"1994","unstructured":"E. Csuhaj-Varju, J. Dassow, J. Kelemen, Gh. P\u00e2un, Grammar Systems. A Grammatical Approach to Distribution and Cooperation, Gordon and Breach, London, 1994."},{"key":"6_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/00207168508803449","volume":"17","author":"J Dassow","year":"1985","unstructured":"J. Dassow, On contextual grammar forms, Intern. J. Computer Math., 17 (1985), 37\u201352.","journal-title":"Intern. J. Computer Math."},{"key":"6_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-74932-2","volume-title":"Regulated Rewriting in Formal Language Theory","author":"J Dassow","year":"1989","unstructured":"J. Dassow, Gh. P\u00e2un, Regulated Rewriting in Formal Language Theory, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1989."},{"key":"6_CR7","first-page":"105","volume-title":"Mathematical Linguistics and Related Topics","author":"A Ehrenfeucht","year":"1995","unstructured":"A. Ehrenfeucht, L. Ilie, Gh. P\u00e2un, G. Rozenberg, A. Salomaa, On the generative capacity of certain classes of contextual grammars, In Mathematical Linguistics and Related Topics ( Gh. P\u00e2un, ed.), Ed. Acaderniei, Bucharest, 1995, 105\u2013118."},{"key":"6_CR8","unstructured":"A. Ehrenfeucht, A. Mateescu, Gh. P\u00e2un, G. Rozenberg, A. Salomaa, On representing RE languages by one-sided internal contextual languages, Technical Report 95\u201304,Dept. of Computer Sci., Leiden Univ., 1995, and Acta Cybernetica,to appear."},{"key":"6_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814447133_0005","volume-title":"Mathematical Aspects of Natural and Formal Languages","author":"A Ehrenfeucht","year":"1994","unstructured":"A. Ehrenfeucht, Gh. P\u00e2un, G. Rozenberg, Normal forms for contextual grammars, In Mathematical Aspects of Natural and Formal Languages ( Gh. P\u00e2un, ed.), World Sci. Publ., Singapore, 1994, 79\u201396."},{"issue":"6","key":"6_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s002360050059","volume":"33","author":"Andrzej Ehrenfeucht","year":"1996","unstructured":"A. Ehrenfeucht, Gh. P\u00e2un, G. Rozenberg, The linear landscape of external contextual languages, Acta Informatica,33 (1996), 571\u2013593..","journal-title":"Acta Informatica"},{"key":"6_CR11","unstructured":"A. Ehrenfeucht, Gh. P\u00e2un, G. Rozenberg, On representing recursively enumerable languages by internal contextual languages, Th. Computer Sci., 1996."},{"key":"6_CR12","volume-title":"Contextual array grammars, Technical Report 95-38","author":"R Freund","year":"1995","unstructured":"R. Freund, Gh. P\u00e2un, G. Rozenberg, Contextual array grammars, Technical Report 95\u201338, Dept. of Computer Sci., Leiden Univ., 1995."},{"key":"6_CR13","unstructured":"B. S. Galiukschov, Semicontextual grammars, Mat. logica i mat. ling.,Kalinin Univ., 1981, 38\u201350 (in Russ.)."},{"key":"6_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814447133_0007","volume-title":"Mathematical Aspects of Natural and Formal Languages","author":"G Georgescu","year":"1994","unstructured":"G. Georgescu, Infinite hierarchies of some types of contextual languages, In Mathematical Aspects of Natural and Formal Languages ( Gh. P\u00e2un, ed.), World Sci. Publ., Singapore, 1994, 137\u2013150."},{"key":"6_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3975(80)90014-6","volume":"10","author":"IM Havel","year":"1980","unstructured":"I. M. Havel, On branching and looping. Part I, Th. Computer Sci., 10 (1980), 187\u2013220.","journal-title":"Th. Computer Sci."},{"key":"6_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02481771","volume":"49","author":"T Head","year":"1987","unstructured":"T. Head, Formal language theory and DNA: an analysis of the generative capacity of specific recombinant behaviors, Bull. Math. Biology, 49 (1987), 737\u2013759.","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biology"},{"key":"6_CR17","unstructured":"T. Head, Gh. Phu\u2019\u2019, D. Pixton, Language theory and molecular genetics: generative mechanisms suggested by DNA recombination, in this Handbook."},{"key":"6_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814447133_0009","volume-title":"Mathematical Aspects of Natural and Formal Languages","author":"L Ilie","year":"1994","unstructured":"L. Ilie, On contextual grammars with parallel derivation, In Mathematical Aspects of Natural and Formal Languages ( Gh. P\u00e2un, ed.), World Sci. Publ., Singapore, 1994, 165\u2013172."},{"key":"6_CR19","unstructured":"L. Ilie, On ambiguity in contextual languages, Intern. Conf. Math. Ling., Tarragona, 1996."},{"issue":"1","key":"6_CR20","first-page":"63","volume":"45","author":"L Ilie","year":"1996","unstructured":"L. Ilie, A non-semilinear language generated by an internal contextual grammar with finite choice, Ann. Univ. Buc., Matem.-Inform. Series, 45, 1 (1996), 63\u201370.","journal-title":"Ann. Univ. Buc. Matem.-Inform. Series"},{"key":"6_CR21","first-page":"135","volume":"30","author":"S Istrail","year":"1978","unstructured":"S. Istrail, A problem about contextual grammars with choice, Stud. Cerc. Matem., 30 (1978), 135\u2013139.","journal-title":"Stud. Cerc. Matem."},{"key":"6_CR22","first-page":"287","volume":"30","author":"S Istrail","year":"1978","unstructured":"S. Istrail, Contextual grammars with regulated selection, Stud. Cerc. Matem., 30 (1978), 287\u2013294.","journal-title":"Stud. Cerc. Matem."},{"key":"6_CR23","first-page":"861","volume":"25","author":"S Istrail","year":"1980","unstructured":"S. Istrail, A fixed-point approach to contextual languages, Rev. Roum. Math. Pures Appl., 25 (1980), 861\u2013869.","journal-title":"Rev. Roum. Math. Pures Appl."},{"key":"6_CR24","first-page":"73","volume":"11","author":"M Ito","year":"1974","unstructured":"M. Ito, Generalized contextual languages, Cah. Ling. Th. Appl., 11 (1974), 73\u201377.","journal-title":"Cah. Ling. Th. Appl."},{"key":"6_CR25","unstructured":"P. Jancar, F. Mraz, M. Platek, M. Prochazka, J. Vogel, Restarting automata, Marcus grammars, and context-free grammars, Proc. Developments in Language Theory Conf., Magdeburg, 1995, 102\u2013111."},{"key":"6_CR26","unstructured":"L. Kari, On insertion and deletion in formal languages, PH D Thesis, Univ. of Turku, 1991."},{"key":"6_CR27","first-page":"316","volume":"26","author":"M Marcus","year":"1990","unstructured":"M. Marcus, Gh. P\u00e2un, Regulated Galiukschov semicontextual grammars, Kybernetika, 26 (1990), 316\u2013326.","journal-title":"Kybernetika"},{"key":"6_CR28","volume-title":"Algebraic Linguistics. Analytical Models","author":"S Marcus","year":"1967","unstructured":"S. Marcus, Algebraic Linguistics. Analytical Models, Academic Press, New York, 1967."},{"key":"6_CR29","first-page":"1525","volume":"14","author":"S Marcus","year":"1969","unstructured":"S. Marcus, Contextual grammars, Rev. Roum. Math. Pures Appl., 14 (1969), 1525\u20131534.","journal-title":"Rve. Roum. Math. Pures Appl."},{"key":"6_CR30","first-page":"69","volume":"6","author":"S Marcus","year":"1969","unstructured":"S. Marcus, Deux types nouveaux de grammaires g\u00e9n\u00e9ratives, Cah. Ling. Th. Appl., 6 (1969), 69\u201374.","journal-title":"Cah. Ling. Th. Appl."},{"key":"6_CR31","unstructured":"S. Marcus, Contextual grammars and natural languages, in this Handbook."},{"key":"6_CR32","unstructured":"S. Marcus, C. Martin-Vide, Gh. P\u00e2un, On the power of internal contextual grammars with maximal use of selectors, Fourth meeting on mathematics of language, Philadelphia, 1995."},{"key":"6_CR33","unstructured":"C. Martin-Vide, A. Mateescu, J. Miquel-Verges, Gh. P\u00e4un, Contextual grammars with maximal, minimal and scattered use of contexts, BISFAI \u201885 Conf. (M. Kappel, E. Shamir, eds. ), Jerusalem, 1995, 132\u2013142."},{"key":"6_CR34","unstructured":"C. Martin-Vide, J. Miquel-Verges, Gh. P\u00e2un, Contextual grammars with depth-first derivation, Tenth Twente Workshop on Language Technology, Twente, 1995."},{"key":"6_CR35","unstructured":"C. Martin-Vide, J. Miquel-Verges, Gh. P\u00e2un, A. Salomaa, An attempt to define the ambiguity of internal contextual languages, Intern. Conf. Math. Ling., Tarragona, 1996."},{"key":"6_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814447133_0016","volume-title":"Mathematical Aspects of Natural and Formal Languages","author":"Alexandru MATEESCU","year":"1994","unstructured":"A. Mateescu, Marcus contextual grammars with shuffled contexts, in vol. Mathematical Aspects of Natural and Formal Languages (Gh. P\u00e2un, ed.), World Sci. Publ., Singapore, 1994, 275\u2013284."},{"key":"6_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(80)90131-X","volume":"44","author":"HA Maurer","year":"1980","unstructured":"H. A. Maurer, A. Salomaa, D. Wood, Pure grammars, Inform. Control, 44 (1980), 47\u201372.","journal-title":"Inform. Control"},{"key":"6_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814447133_0019","volume-title":"Contextual grammars: the strategy of minimal competence, in vol. Mathematical Aspects of Natural and Formal Languages","author":"V Mitrana","year":"1994","unstructured":"V. Mitrana, Contextual grammars: the strategy of minimal competence, in vol. Mathematical Aspects of Natural and Formal Languages (Gh. P\u00e2un, ed.), World Sci. Publ., Singapore, 1994, 319\u2013331."},{"key":"6_CR39","first-page":"271","volume-title":"Contextual insertion and deletion, in vol. Mathematical Linguistics and Related Topics","author":"V Mitrana","year":"1995","unstructured":"V. Mitrana, Contextual insertion and deletion, in vol. Mathematical Linguistics and Related Topics (Gh. P\u00e2un, ed.), The Publ. House of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 1995, 271\u2013278."},{"key":"6_CR40","first-page":"1395","volume":"25","author":"XM Nguyen","year":"1980","unstructured":"X. M. Nguyen, On the n-contextual grammars, Rev. Roum. Math. Pures Appl., 25 (1980), 1395\u20131406.","journal-title":"Rev. Roum. Math. Pures Appl."},{"key":"6_CR41","first-page":"21","volume":"5","author":"XM Nguyen","year":"1980","unstructured":"X. M. Nguyen, N-contextual grammars with syntactical invariant choice, Found. Control Engineering, 5 (1980), 21\u201329.","journal-title":"Found. Control Engineering"},{"key":"6_CR42","first-page":"1221","volume":"26","author":"XM Nguyen","year":"1981","unstructured":"X. M. Nguyen, Some classes of n-contextual grammars, Rev. Roum. Math. Pures Appl., 26 (1981), 1221\u20131233.","journal-title":"Rev. Roum. Math. Pures Appl."},{"key":"6_CR43","volume-title":"On Some Generalizations of Contextual Grammars","author":"XM Nguyen","year":"1981","unstructured":"X. M. Nguyen, On Some Generalizations of Contextual Grammars, PhD Thesis, Univ. of Bucharest, 1981."},{"issue":"74","key":"6_CR44","first-page":"345","volume":"25","author":"XM Nguyen","year":"1982","unstructured":"X. M. Nguyen, Gh. Nun, On the generative capacity of n-contextual grammars, Bull. Math. Soc. Sci. Math. Roumanie, 25, 74 (1982), 345\u2013354.","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Soc. Sci. Math. Roumanie"},{"key":"6_CR45","first-page":"313","volume":"11","author":"M Novotny","year":"1974","unstructured":"M. Novotny, On a class of contextual grammars, Cah. Ling. Th. Appl., 11 (1974), 313\u2013315.","journal-title":"Cah. Ling. Th. Appl."},{"key":"6_CR46","first-page":"353","volume":"21","author":"M Novotny","year":"1976","unstructured":"M. Novotny, Each generalized contextual language is context-sensitive, Rev. Roum. Math. Pures Appl., 21 (1976), 353\u2013362.","journal-title":"Rev. Roum. Math. Pures Appl."},{"key":"6_CR47","first-page":"1053","volume":"21","author":"M Novotny","year":"1976","unstructured":"M. Novotny, On some variants of contextual grammars, Rev. Roum. Math. Pures Appl., 21 (1976), 1053\u20131062.","journal-title":"Rev. Roum. Math. Pures Appl."},{"key":"6_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.21136\/CMJ.1982.101832","volume":"32","author":"M Novotny","year":"1982","unstructured":"M. Novotny, Contextual grammars vs. context-free algebras, Czech. Math. Journal, 32 (1982), 529\u2013547.","journal-title":"Czech. Math. Journal"},{"key":"6_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/00207168508803451","volume":"17","author":"M Novotny","year":"1985","unstructured":"M. Novotny, On some constructions of grammars for linear languages, Intern. J. Computer Math., 17 (1985), 65\u201377.","journal-title":"Intern. J. Computer Math."},{"key":"6_CR50","first-page":"1111","volume":"26","author":"G P\u00e2un","year":"1974","unstructured":"Gh. P\u00e2un, On contextual grammars, Stud. Cere. Matem., 26 (1974), 1111\u20131129.","journal-title":"Stud. Cere. Matem."},{"key":"6_CR51","first-page":"559","volume":"27","author":"G Nun","year":"1975","unstructured":"Gh. Nun, On the complexity of contextual grammars with choice, Stud. Cere. Matem., 27 (1975), 559\u2013569.","journal-title":"Stud. Cere. Matem."},{"key":"6_CR52","first-page":"1147","volume":"22","author":"G Nun","year":"1977","unstructured":"Gh. Nun, Contextual grammars with restriction in derivation, Rev. Roum. Math. Pures Appl., 22 (1977), 1147\u20131154.","journal-title":"Rev. Roum. Math. Pures Appl."},{"issue":"70","key":"6_CR53","first-page":"183","volume":"22","author":"G Nun","year":"1978","unstructured":"Gh. Nun, On some classes of contextual grammars, Bull. Math. Soc. Sci. Math. Roumanie, 22 (70) (1978), 183\u2013189.","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Soc. Sci. Math. Roumanie"},{"issue":"70","key":"6_CR54","first-page":"425","volume":"22","author":"G Nun","year":"1978","unstructured":"Gh. Nun, An infinite hierarchy of contextual languages with choice, Bull. Math. Soc. Sci. Math. Roumanie, 22 (70) (1978), 425\u2013430.","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Soc. Sci. Math. Roumanie"},{"key":"6_CR55","first-page":"425","volume":"30","author":"G P\u00e2un","year":"1978","unstructured":"Gh. P\u00e2un, Operations with contextual grammars and languages, Stud. Cere. Matem., 30 (1978), 425\u2013439.","journal-title":"Stud. Cere. Matem."},{"issue":"5","key":"6_CR56","first-page":"397","volume":"14","author":"G Nun","year":"1978","unstructured":"Gh. Nun, Two infinite hierarchies defined by branching grammars, Kybernetika, 14, 5 (1978), 397\u2013407.","journal-title":"Kybernetika"},{"key":"6_CR57","first-page":"33","volume":"2","author":"G P\u00e2un","year":"1979","unstructured":"Gh. P\u00e2un, A formal linguistic model of action systems, Ars Semeiotica, 2 (1979), 33\u201347.","journal-title":"Ars Semeiotica"},{"key":"6_CR58","first-page":"1467","volume":"24","author":"G Nun","year":"1979","unstructured":"Gh. Nun, Marcus\u2019 contextual grammars and languages. A survey, Rev. Roum. Math. Pures Appl., 24 (1979), 1467\u20131486.","journal-title":"Rev. Roum. Math. Pures Appl."},{"key":"6_CR59","volume-title":">Generative Mechanisms for Some Economic Processes","author":"G Nun","year":"1980","unstructured":"Gh. Nun, Generative Mechanisms for Some Economic Processes, The Technical Publ. House, Bucharest, 1980 (in Romanian)."},{"key":"6_CR60","volume-title":"Contextual Grammars","author":"G Nun","year":"1982","unstructured":"Gh. Nun, Contextual Grammars, The Publ. House of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 1982 (in Romanian)."},{"key":"6_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02433842","volume":"1","author":"G Nun","year":"1983","unstructured":"Gh. Nun, Modelling economic processes by means of formal grammars: a survey of results at the middle of 1981, Acta Appl. Math., 1 (1983), 79\u201395.","journal-title":"Acta Appl. Math."},{"key":"6_CR62","unstructured":"Gh. P\u00e2un, On semicontextual grammars, Bull. Math. Soc. Sci. Math. Roumanie,28(76) (1984), 63\u201368"},{"key":"6_CR63","first-page":"360","volume":"21","author":"G P\u00e2un","year":"1985","unstructured":"Gh. P\u00e2un, Two theorems about Galiukschov semicontextual languages, Kybernetika, 21 (1985), 360\u2013365.","journal-title":"Kybernetika"},{"key":"6_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3233\/FI-1985-8202","volume":"8","author":"G Nun","year":"1985","unstructured":"Gh. Nun, Semiconditional contextual grammars, Fundamenta Inform., 8 (1985), 151\u2013161.","journal-title":"Fundamenta Inform"},{"key":"6_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/00207168508803447","volume":"17","author":"G Nun","year":"1985","unstructured":"Gh. Nun, On some open problems about Marcus contextual languages, Intern. J. Computer Math., 17 (1985), 9\u201323.","journal-title":"Intern. J. Computer Math."},{"key":"6_CR66","first-page":"167","volume":"33","author":"G Nun","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gh. Nun, A new class of contextual grammars, Rev. Roum. Ling., 33 (1988), 167\u2013171.","journal-title":"Rev. Roum. Ling."},{"key":"6_CR67","first-page":"72","volume":"3940","author":"G Nun","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gh. Nun, Further remarks on the syntactical complexity of Marcus contextual languages, Ann. Univ. Bue., Ser. Matem.-Inform., 39\u201340 (1991), 72\u201382.","journal-title":"Ann. Univ. Bue. Ser. Matem.-Inform"},{"key":"6_CR68","first-page":"263","volume":"52","author":"G Nun","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gh. Nun, Marcus Contextual grammars. After 25 years, Bulletin EATCS, 52 (1994), 263\u2013273.","journal-title":"Bulletin EATCS"},{"key":"6_CR69","first-page":"641","volume":"25","author":"G Nun","year":"1980","unstructured":"Gh. Nun, X. M. Nguyen, On the inner contextual grammars, Rev. Roum. Math. Pures Appl., 25 (1980), 641\u2013651.","journal-title":"Rev. Roum. Math. Pures Appl."},{"key":"6_CR70","first-page":"370","volume-title":"Developments in Language Theory","author":"G P\u00e2un","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gh. P\u00e2un, G. Rozenberg, A. Salomaa, Contextual grammars: erasing, determinism, one-sided contexts, In Developments in Language Theory ( G. Rozenberg, A. Salomaa, eds.), World Sci. Publ., Singapore, 1994, 370\u2013388."},{"key":"6_CR71","first-page":"67","volume":"1","author":"G P\u00e2un","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gh. P\u00e2un, G. Rozenberg, A. Salomaa, Grammars based on the shuffle operation, J. Universal Computer Sci., 1 (1995), 67\u201381.","journal-title":"J. Universal Computer Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"6_CR72","first-page":"83","volume":"41","author":"G P\u00e2un","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gh. P\u00e2un, G. Rozenberg, A. Salomaa, Contextual grammars: parallelism and blocking of derivation, Fundamenta Inform., 41, 12 (1996), 83\u2013108.","journal-title":"Fundamenta Inform"},{"key":"6_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814447133_0022","volume-title":"Mathematical Aspects of Natural and Formal Languages","author":"G P\u00e2un","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gh. P\u00e2un, G. Rozenberg, A. Salomaa, Marcus contextual grammars: modularity and leftmost derivation, In Mathematical Aspects of Natural and Formal Languages ( Gh. P\u00e2un, ed.), World Sci. Publ., Singapore, 1994, 375\u2013392."},{"issue":"12","key":"6_CR74","first-page":"83","volume":"41","author":"G P\u00e2un","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gh. P\u00e2un, G. Rozenberg, A. Salomaa, Contextual grammars: deterministic derivations and growth functions, Rev. Roum. Math. Pures Appl., 41, 12 (1996), 83\u2013108.","journal-title":"Rev. Roum. Math. Pures Appl."},{"key":"6_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-218X(94)00014-5","volume":"61","author":"G P\u00e2un","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gh. P\u00e2un, A. Salomaa, Thin and slender languages, Discr. Appl. Math., 61 (1995), 257\u2013270.","journal-title":"Discr. Appl. Math."},{"key":"6_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(74)91049-3","volume":"25","author":"M Penttonen","year":"1974","unstructured":"M. Penttonen, One-sided and two-sided contexts in formal grammars, Inform. Control, 25 (1974), 371\u2013392.","journal-title":"Inform. Control"},{"key":"6_CR77","volume-title":"Formal Languages","author":"A Salomaa","year":"1973","unstructured":"A. Salomaa, Formal Languages, Academic Press, New York, London, 1973."},{"issue":"80","key":"6_CR78","first-page":"167","volume":"32","author":"CC Squier","year":"1988","unstructured":"C. C. Squier, Semicontextual grammars: an example, Bull. Math. Soc. Sci. Math. Roumanie, 32 (80) (1988), 167\u2013170.","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Soc. Sci. Math. Roumanie"},{"issue":"83","key":"6_CR79","first-page":"167","volume":"35","author":"S Vicolov","year":"1991","unstructured":"S. Vicolov, Two theorems about Marcus contextual languages, Bull. Math. Soc. Sci. Math. Roumanie, 35 (83) (1991), 167\u2013170.","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Soc. Sci. Math. Roumanie"},{"key":"6_CR80","first-page":"350","volume-title":"On the total parallelism in contextual grammars, in vol. Mathematical Linguistics and Related Topics","author":"S Vicolov-Dumitrescu","year":"1995","unstructured":"S. Vicolov-Dumitrescu, On the total parallelism in contextual grammars, in vol. Mathematical Linguistics and Related Topics (Gh. P\u00e2un, ed.), The Publ. House of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 1995, 350\u2013360."},{"key":"6_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(75)90145-X","volume":"27","author":"SH von Solms","year":"1975","unstructured":"S. H. von Solms, The characterization by automata of certain classes of languages in the context-sensitive area, Inform. Control, 27 (1975), 262\u2013271.","journal-title":"Inform. Control"}],"container-title":["Handbook of Formal Languages"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-662-07675-0_6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T12:21:36Z","timestamp":1768220496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-662-07675-0_6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997]]},"ISBN":["9783642082306","9783662076750"],"references-count":81,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-662-07675-0_6","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 March 2013","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}}]}}