{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:03:23Z","timestamp":1791299003149,"version":"4.1.0"},"publisher-location":"Berlin, Heidelberg","reference-count":103,"publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783662435045","type":"print"},{"value":"9783662435052","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-43505-2_47","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,28]],"date-time":"2015-05-28T20:47:54Z","timestamp":1432846074000},"page":"961-981","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Learning Classifier Systems"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Martin V.","family":"Butz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"47_CR1","volume-title":"Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems","author":"J.H. Holland","year":"1975","unstructured":"J.H. Holland: Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems (Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor 1975)"},{"key":"47_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-543104-0.50012-3","volume-title":"Progress in Theoretical Biology","author":"J.H. Holland","year":"1976","unstructured":"J.H. Holland: Adaptation. In: Progress in Theoretical Biology, Vol. 4, ed. by R. Rosen, F.M. Snell (Academic, New York 1976) pp. 263\u2013293"},{"key":"47_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90050-7","volume":"40","author":"L.B. Booker","year":"1989","unstructured":"L.B. Booker, D.E. Goldberg, J.H. Holland: Classifier systems and genetic algorithms, Artif. Intell. 40, 235\u2013282 (1989)","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"47_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-737550-2.50020-8","volume-title":"Pattern Directed Inference Systems","author":"J.H. Holland","year":"1978","unstructured":"J.H. Holland, J.S. Reitman: Cognitive systems based on adaptive algorithms. In: Pattern Directed Inference Systems, ed. by D.A. Waterman, F. Hayes-Roth (Academic, New York 1978) pp. 313\u2013329"},{"key":"47_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.301","volume":"4","author":"L.P. Kaelbling","year":"1996","unstructured":"L.P. Kaelbling, M.L. Littman, A.W. Moore: Reinforcement learning: A\u00a0survey, J. Artif. Intell. Res. 4, 237\u2013285 (1996)","journal-title":"J. Artif. Intell. Res."},{"key":"47_CR6","volume-title":"Reinforcement Learning: An\u00a0Introduction","author":"R.S. Sutton","year":"1998","unstructured":"R.S. Sutton, A.G. Barto: Reinforcement Learning: An\u00a0Introduction (MIT Press, Cambridge 1998)"},{"key":"47_CR7","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Genet. Algorithms Appl.","author":"J.H. Holland","year":"1985","unstructured":"J.H. Holland: Properties of the bucket brigade algorithm, Proc. Int. Conf. Genet. Algorithms Appl. (1985) pp. 1\u20137"},{"key":"47_CR8","volume-title":"Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning","author":"D.E. Goldberg","year":"1989","unstructured":"D.E. Goldberg: Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning (Addison-Wesley, Reading 1989)"},{"key":"47_CR9","series-title":"Ph.D. Thesis","volume-title":"A\u00a0learning system based on genetic adaptive algorithms","author":"S.F. Smith","year":"1980","unstructured":"S.F. Smith: A\u00a0learning system based on genetic adaptive algorithms, Ph.D. Thesis (Univ. of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh 1980)"},{"key":"47_CR10","series-title":"Ph.D. Thesis","volume-title":"An analysis of the behavior of a\u00a0class of genetic adaptive systems","author":"K.A. Jong De","year":"1975","unstructured":"K.A. De Jong: An analysis of the behavior of a\u00a0class of genetic adaptive systems, Ph.D. Thesis (Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor 1975)"},{"key":"47_CR11","series-title":"Ph.D. Thesis","volume-title":"Intelligent behavior as an adaptation to the task environment","author":"L.B. Booker","year":"1982","unstructured":"L.B. Booker: Intelligent behavior as an adaptation to the task environment, Ph.D. Thesis (The Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor 1982)"},{"key":"47_CR12","first-page":"16","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Genet. Algorit. Appl.","author":"S.W. Wilson","year":"1985","unstructured":"S.W. Wilson: Knowledge growth in an artificial animal, Proc. Int. Conf. Genet. Algorit. Appl. (1985) pp. 16\u201323"},{"key":"47_CR13","first-page":"199","volume":"2","author":"S.W. Wilson","year":"1987","unstructured":"S.W. Wilson: Classifier systems and the animat problem, Mach. Learn. 2, 199\u2013228 (1987)","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"47_CR14","first-page":"3174B","volume":"44","author":"D.E. Goldberg","year":"1983","unstructured":"D.E. Goldberg: Computer-aided gas pipeline operation using genetic algorithms and rule learning, Diss. Abstr. Int. 44, 3174B (1983)","journal-title":"Diss. Abstr. Int."},{"key":"47_CR15","first-page":"121","volume":"3","author":"K.A. Jong De","year":"1988","unstructured":"K.A. De Jong: Learning with genetic algorithms: An\u00a0overview, Mach. Learn. 3, 121\u2013138 (1988)","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"47_CR16","first-page":"161","volume":"13","author":"K.A. Jong De","year":"1993","unstructured":"K.A. De Jong, W.M. Spears, D.F. Gordon: Using genetic algorithms for concept learning, Mach. Learn. 13, 161\u2013188 (1993)","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"47_CR17","first-page":"184","volume-title":"Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Genet. Algorithms (ICGA87)","author":"R.L. Riolo","year":"1987","unstructured":"R.L. Riolo: Bucket brigade performance: I. Long sequences of classifiers, Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Genet. Algorithms (ICGA87), ed. by J.J. Grefenstette (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Cambridge 1987) pp. 184\u2013195"},{"key":"47_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.1994.2.1.19","volume":"2","author":"R.E. Smith","year":"1994","unstructured":"R.E. Smith, H. Brown Cribbs: Is a\u00a0learning classifier system a\u00a0type of neural network?, Evol. Comput. 2, 19\u201336 (1994)","journal-title":"Evol. Comput."},{"key":"47_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45027-0_1","volume":"1813","author":"J.H. Holland","year":"2000","unstructured":"J.H. Holland, L.B. Booker, M. Colombetti, M. Dorigo, D.E. Goldberg, S. Forrest, R.L. Riolo, R.E. Smith, P.L. Lanzi, W. Stolzmann, S.W. Wilson: What is a\u00a0learning classifier system?, Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 1813, 3\u20136 (2000)","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sci."},{"key":"47_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.1994.2.1.1","volume":"2","author":"S.W. Wilson","year":"1994","unstructured":"S.W. Wilson: ZCS: A\u00a0zeroth level classifier system, Evol. Comput. 2, 1\u201318 (1994)","journal-title":"Evol. Comput."},{"key":"47_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.1995.3.2.149","volume":"3","author":"S.W. Wilson","year":"1995","unstructured":"S.W. Wilson: Classifier fitness based on accuracy, Evol. Comput. 3, 149\u2013175 (1995)","journal-title":"Evol. Comput."},{"key":"47_CR22","series-title":"Ph.D. Thesis","volume-title":"Learning from delayed rewards","author":"C.J.C.H. Watkins","year":"1989","unstructured":"C.J.C.H. Watkins: Learning from delayed rewards, Ph.D. Thesis (King's College, Cambridge 1989)"},{"key":"47_CR23","volume-title":"Studies in Computational Intelligence","author":"J. Drugowitsch","year":"2008","unstructured":"J. Drugowitsch: Design and Analysis of Learning Classifier Systems: A\u00a0Probabilistic Approach, Studies in Computational Intelligence (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2008)"},{"key":"47_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-007-5024-8","volume":"70","author":"J. Drugowitsch","year":"2008","unstructured":"J. Drugowitsch, A. Barry: A\u00a0formal framework and extensions for function approximation in learning classifier systems, Mach. Learn. 70, 45\u201388 (2008)","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"47_CR25","volume-title":"Rule-Based Evolutionary Online Learning Systems: A\u00a0Principled Approach to LCS Analysis and Design","author":"M.V. Butz","year":"2006","unstructured":"M.V. Butz: Rule-Based Evolutionary Online Learning Systems: A\u00a0Principled Approach to LCS Analysis and Design (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2006)"},{"key":"47_CR26","first-page":"96","volume":"4","author":"B. Widrow","year":"1960","unstructured":"B. Widrow, M. Hoff: Adaptive switching circuits, West. Electron. Show Conv. 4, 96\u2013104 (1960)","journal-title":"West. Electron. Show Conv."},{"key":"47_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2006.890271","volume":"11","author":"P.-Y. Oudeyer","year":"2007","unstructured":"P.-Y. Oudeyer, F. Kaplan, V.V. Hafner: Intrinsic motivation systems for autonomous mental development, IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 11, 265\u2013286 (2007)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput."},{"key":"47_CR28","first-page":"371","volume-title":"Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Simul. Adapt. Behav.","author":"G. Venturini","year":"1994","unstructured":"G. Venturini: Adaptation in dynamic environments through a\u00a0minimal probability of exploration, from animals to animats 3, Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Simul. Adapt. Behav. (1994) pp. 371\u2013381"},{"key":"47_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2009.2019829","volume":"13","author":"A. Orriols-Puig","year":"2009","unstructured":"A. Orriols-Puig, E. Bernad\u00f3-Mansilla, D.E. Goldberg, K. Sastry, P.L. Lanzi: Facetwise analysis of XCS for problems with class imbalances, IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 13, 1093\u20131119 (2009)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput."},{"key":"47_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10710-005-7619-9","volume":"6","author":"M.V. Butz","year":"2005","unstructured":"M.V. Butz, K. Sastry, D.E. Goldberg: Strong, stable, and reliable fitness pressure in XCS due to tournament selection, Genet. Program. Evol. Mach. 6, 53\u201377 (2005)","journal-title":"Genet. Program. Evol. Mach."},{"key":"47_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.2006.14.3.345","volume":"14","author":"M.V. Butz","year":"2006","unstructured":"M.V. Butz, M. Pelikan, X. Llor\u00e0, D.E. Goldberg: Automated global structure extraction for effective local building block processing in XCS, Evol. Comput. 14, 345\u2013380 (2006)","journal-title":"Evol. Comput."},{"key":"47_CR32","first-page":"665","volume-title":"Proc. 3rd Ann. Conf.","author":"S.W. Wilson","year":"1998","unstructured":"S.W. Wilson: Generalization in the XCS classifier system, genetic programming 1998, Proc. 3rd Ann. Conf. (1998) pp. 665\u2013674"},{"key":"47_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2003.818194","volume":"8","author":"M.V. Butz","year":"2004","unstructured":"M.V. Butz, T. Kovacs, P.L. Lanzi, S.W. Wilson: Toward a\u00a0theory of generalization and learning in XCS, IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 8, 28\u201346 (2004)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput."},{"key":"47_CR34","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Soft Computing in Engineering Design and Manufacturing","author":"T. Kovacs","year":"1997","unstructured":"T. Kovacs: XCS classifier system reliably evolves accurate, complete, and minimal representations for Boolean functions. In: Soft Computing in Engineering Design and Manufacturing, ed. by R. Roy, P.K. Chawdhry, R.K. Pant (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1997) pp. 59\u201368"},{"key":"47_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcs.2010.07.007","volume":"425","author":"P.O. Stalph","year":"2012","unstructured":"P.O. Stalph, X. Llor\u00e0, D.E. Goldberg, M.V. Butz: Resource management and scalability of the XCSF learning classifier system, Theor. Comput. Sci. 425, 126\u2013141 (2012)","journal-title":"Theor. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"47_CR36","first-page":"141","volume":"2","author":"M.V. Butz","year":"2009","unstructured":"M.V. Butz, P.L. Lanzi: Sequential problems that test generalization in learning classifier systems, Evol. Comput. 2, 141\u2013147 (2009)","journal-title":"Evol. Comput."},{"key":"47_CR37","series-title":"Studies in Computational Intelligence","volume-title":"Learning Classifier Systems in Data Mining","year":"2008","unstructured":"L. Bull, E. Bernad\u00f3-Mansilla, J. Holmes (Eds.): Learning Classifier Systems in Data Mining, Studies in Computational Intelligence, Vol. 125 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2008)"},{"key":"47_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4175.001.0001","volume-title":"Learning with Kernels: Support Vector Machines, Regularization, Optimization, and Beyond","author":"B. Sch\u00f6kopf","year":"2001","unstructured":"B. Sch\u00f6kopf, A.J. Smola: Learning with Kernels: Support Vector Machines, Regularization, Optimization, and Beyond (MIT Press, Cambridge 2001)"},{"key":"47_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470608593","volume-title":"Kernel Adaptive Filtering: A\u00a0Comprehensive Introduction","author":"W. Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"W. Liu, J.C. Principe, S. Haykin: Kernel Adaptive Filtering: A\u00a0Comprehensive Introduction, 1st edn. (Wiley, Hoboken 2010)","edition":"1"},{"key":"47_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s005000100111","volume":"6","author":"M.V. Butz","year":"2002","unstructured":"M.V. Butz, S.W. Wilson: An algorithmic description of XCS, Soft Comput. 6, 144\u2013153 (2002)","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"47_CR41","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Festschrift in honor of John H. Holland","author":"S.W. Wilson","year":"1999","unstructured":"S.W. Wilson: Get real! XCS with continuous-valued inputs. In: Festschrift in honor of John H. Holland, ed. by L. Booker, S. Forrest, M. Mitchell, R.L. Riolo (Center for the Study of Complex Systems, Ann Arbor 1999) pp. 111\u2013121"},{"key":"47_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45027-0_11","volume":"1813","author":"S.W. Wilson","year":"2000","unstructured":"S.W. Wilson: Get real! XCS with continuous-valued inputs, Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 1813, 209\u2013219 (2000)","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sci."},{"key":"47_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016535925043","volume":"1","author":"S.W. Wilson","year":"2002","unstructured":"S.W. Wilson: Classifiers that approximate functions, Nat. Comput. 1, 211\u2013234 (2002)","journal-title":"Nat. Comput."},{"key":"47_CR44","volume-title":"Adaptive Filter Theory","author":"S. Haykin","year":"2002","unstructured":"S. Haykin: Adaptive Filter Theory, 4th edn. (Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River 2002)","edition":"4"},{"key":"47_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.1162\/089976605774320557","volume":"17","author":"S. Vijayakumar","year":"2005","unstructured":"S. Vijayakumar, A. D'Souza, S. Schaal: Incremental online learning in high dimensions, Neural Comput. 17, 2602\u20132634 (2005)","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"47_CR46","first-page":"103","volume":"5","author":"P. Stalph","year":"2012","unstructured":"P. Stalph, J. Rubinsztajn, O. Sigaud, M.V. Butz: Function approximation with LWPR and XCSF: A\u00a0comparative study, Evol. Comput. 5, 103\u2013116 (2012)","journal-title":"Evol. Comput."},{"key":"47_CR47","first-page":"1835","volume-title":"Proc. Genet. Evol. Comput. Conf. (GECCO 2005)","author":"M.V. Butz","year":"2005","unstructured":"M.V. Butz: Kernel-based, ellipsoidal conditions in the real-valued XCS classifier system, Proc. Genet. Evol. Comput. Conf. (GECCO 2005) (2005) pp. 1835\u20131842"},{"key":"47_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1162\/106365603322365315","volume":"11","author":"C. Stone","year":"2003","unstructured":"C. Stone, L. Bull: For real! XCS with continuous-valued inputs, Evol. Comput. 11, 299\u2013336 (2003)","journal-title":"Evol. Comput."},{"key":"47_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2007.903551","volume":"12","author":"M.V. Butz","year":"2008","unstructured":"M.V. Butz, P.L. Lanzi, S.W. Wilson: Function Approximation With XCS: Hyperellipsoidal Conditions, Recursive Least Squares, and Compaction, IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 12, 355\u2013376 (2008)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput."},{"key":"47_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-17508-4_6","volume":"6471","author":"D. Loiacono","year":"2010","unstructured":"D. Loiacono, P.L. Lanzi: Recursive least squares and quadratic prediction in continuous multistep problems, Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 6471, 70\u201386 (2010)","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sci."},{"key":"47_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s10710-011-9147-0","volume":"13","author":"P.O. Stalph","year":"2012","unstructured":"P.O. Stalph, M.V. Butz: Learning local linear Jacobians for flexible and adaptive robot arm control, Genet. Program. Evol. Mach. 13, 137\u2013157 (2012)","journal-title":"Genet. Program. Evol. Mach."},{"key":"47_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1162\/089976698300016963","volume":"10","author":"S. Schaal","year":"1998","unstructured":"S. Schaal, C.G. Atkeson: Constructive incremental learning from only local information, Neural Comput. 10, 2047\u20132084 (1998)","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"47_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1162\/106365603322365289","volume":"11","author":"E. Bernad\u00f3-Mansilla","year":"2003","unstructured":"E. Bernad\u00f3-Mansilla, J.M. Garrell-Guiu: Accuracy-based learning classifier systems: Models, analysis, and applications to classification tasks, Evol. Comput. 11, 209\u2013238 (2003)","journal-title":"Evol. Comput."},{"key":"47_CR54","unstructured":"K. Bache, M. Lichman: UCI Machine Learning Repository (Univ. of California, School of Information and Computer Sciences 2013) http:\/\/archive.ics.uci.edu\/ml"},{"key":"47_CR55","volume-title":"Data Mining. Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques with Java Implementations","author":"I.H. Witten","year":"2000","unstructured":"I.H. Witten, E. Frank: Data Mining. Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques with Java Implementations (Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco 2000)"},{"key":"47_CR56","first-page":"461","volume-title":"Proc. Genet. Evol. Comput. Conf. (GECCO 2001)","author":"X. Llor\u00e0","year":"2001","unstructured":"X. Llor\u00e0, J.M. Garrell: Knowledge independent data mining with fine-grained parallel evolutionary algorithms, Proc. Genet. Evol. Comput. Conf. (GECCO 2001) (2001) pp. 461\u2013468"},{"key":"47_CR57","volume-title":"Proc. 18th Int. Conf. Mach. Learn. (ICML 2001)","author":"X. Llor\u00e0","year":"2001","unstructured":"X. Llor\u00e0, J.M. Garrell: Inducing partially-defined instances with evolutionary algorithms, Proc. 18th Int. Conf. Mach. Learn. (ICML 2001) (2001)"},{"key":"47_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-48104-4_8","volume":"2321","author":"E. Bernad\u00f3","year":"2002","unstructured":"E. Bernad\u00f3, X. Llor\u00e0, J.M. Garrell: XCS and GALE: A\u00a0comparative study of two learning classifier systems and six other learning algorithms on classification tasks, Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 2321, 115\u2013132 (2002)","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sci."},{"key":"47_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45110-2_80","volume":"2724","author":"J. Bacardit","year":"2003","unstructured":"J. Bacardit, J.M. Garrell: Evolving multiple discretizations with adaptive intervals for a\u00a0Pittsburgh rule-based learning classifier system, Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 2724, 1818\u20131831 (2003)","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sci."},{"key":"47_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-71231-2_19","volume":"4399","author":"J. Bacardit","year":"2007","unstructured":"J. Bacardit, M.V. Butz: Data mining in learning classifier systems: Comparing XCS with GAssist, Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 4399, 282\u2013290 (2007)","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sci."},{"key":"47_CR61","volume-title":"Data mining in learning classifier systems: Comparing XCS with GAssist","author":"J. Bacardit","year":"2004","unstructured":"J. Bacardit, M.V. Butz: Data mining in learning classifier systems: Comparing XCS with GAssist (IlliGAL, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champign 2004)"},{"key":"47_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-88138-4_15","volume":"4998","author":"J. Bacardit","year":"2008","unstructured":"J. Bacardit, N. Krasnogor: Empirical evaluation of ensemble techniques for a\u00a0Pittsburgh learning classifier system, Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 4998, 255\u2013268 (2008)","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sci."},{"key":"47_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.2009.17.3.307","volume":"17","author":"J. Bacardit","year":"2009","unstructured":"J. Bacardit, N. Krasnogor: Performance and efficiency of memetic Pittsburgh learning classifier systems, Evol. Comput. 17, 307\u2013342 (2009)","journal-title":"Evol. Comput."},{"key":"47_CR64","first-page":"577","volume-title":"Proc. Genet. Evol. Comput. Conf. (GECCO 2007)","author":"K. Sastry","year":"2007","unstructured":"K. Sastry, D.E. Goldberg, X. Llor\u00e1: Towards billion-bit optimization via a\u00a0parallel estimation of distribution algorithm, Proc. Genet. Evol. Comput. Conf. (GECCO 2007) (2007) pp. 577\u2013584"},{"key":"47_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s12293-008-0005-4","volume":"1","author":"J. Bacardit","year":"2009","unstructured":"J. Bacardit, E. Burke, N. Krasnogor: Improving the scalability of rule-based evolutionary learning, Memet. Comput. 1, 55\u201367 (2009)","journal-title":"Memet. Comput."},{"key":"47_CR66","first-page":"1798","volume-title":"Proc. Genet. Evol. Comput. Conf. (GECCO 2007)","author":"X. Llor\u00e0","year":"2007","unstructured":"X. Llor\u00e0, K. Sastry, T.-L. Yu, D.E. Goldberg: Do not match, inherit: Fitness surrogates for genetics-based machine learning techniques, Proc. Genet. Evol. Comput. Conf. (GECCO 2007) (2007) pp. 1798\u20131805"},{"key":"47_CR67","first-page":"321","volume-title":"Anticipatory Learning Classifier Systems and Factored Reinforcement Learning","author":"O. Sigaud","year":"2009","unstructured":"O. Sigaud, M.V. Butz, O. Kozlova, C. Meyer: Anticipatory Learning Classifier Systems and Factored Reinforcement Learning (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2009) pp. 321\u2013333"},{"key":"47_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.1999.7.2.125","volume":"7","author":"P.L. Lanzi","year":"1999","unstructured":"P.L. Lanzi: An analysis of generalization in the XCS classifier system, Evol. Comput. 7, 125\u2013149 (1999)","journal-title":"Evol. Comput."},{"key":"47_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2005.850265","volume":"9","author":"M.V. Butz","year":"2005","unstructured":"M.V. Butz, D.E. Goldberg, P.L. Lanzi: Gradient descent methods in learning classifier systems: Improving XCS performance in multistep problems, IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 9, 452\u2013473 (2005)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput."},{"key":"47_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02481348","volume":"5","author":"J. Hurst","year":"2001","unstructured":"J. Hurst, L. Bull: Self-adaptation in classifier system controllers, Artif. Life Robot. 5, 109\u2013119 (2001)","journal-title":"Artif. Life Robot."},{"key":"47_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/artl.2006.12.3.353","volume":"12","author":"J. Hurst","year":"2006","unstructured":"J. Hurst, L. Bull: A\u00a0neural learning classifier system with self-adaptive constructivism for mobile robot learning, Artif. Life 12, 1\u201328 (2006)","journal-title":"Artif. Life"},{"key":"47_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1037\/h0061626","volume":"55","author":"E.C. Tolman","year":"1948","unstructured":"E.C. Tolman: Cognitive maps in rats and men, Psychol. Rev. 55, 189\u2013208 (1948)","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"47_CR73","first-page":"316","volume-title":"Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Simul. Adapt. Behav.","author":"R.L. Riolo","year":"1991","unstructured":"R.L. Riolo: Lookahead planning and latent learning in a\u00a0classifier system, from animals to animats, Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Simul. Adapt. Behav. (1991) pp. 316\u2013326"},{"key":"47_CR74","first-page":"658","volume-title":"Proc. 3rd Ann. Conf.","author":"W. Stolzmann","year":"1998","unstructured":"W. Stolzmann: Anticipatory classifier systems, Genetic Programming 1998, Proc. 3rd Ann. Conf. (1998) pp. 658\u2013664"},{"key":"47_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0891-5","volume-title":"Anticipatory Learning Classifier Systems","author":"M.V. Butz","year":"2002","unstructured":"M.V. Butz: Anticipatory Learning Classifier Systems (Kluwer, Boston 2002)"},{"key":"47_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021330114221","volume":"1","author":"M.V. Butz","year":"2002","unstructured":"M.V. Butz, D.E. Goldberg, W. Stolzmann: The anticipatory classifier system and genetic generalization, Nat. Comput. 1, 427\u2013467 (2002)","journal-title":"Nat. Comput."},{"key":"47_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44640-0_5","volume":"1996","author":"P. G\u00e9rard","year":"2001","unstructured":"P. G\u00e9rard, O. Sigaud: YACS: Combining dynamic programming with generalization in classifier systems, Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 1996, 52\u201369 (2001)","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sci."},{"key":"47_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2003.10.004","volume":"160","author":"P. G\u00e9rard","year":"2005","unstructured":"P. G\u00e9rard, J.-A. Meyer, O. Sigaud: Combining latent learning and dynamic programming in MACS, Eur. J. Oper. Res. 160, 614\u2013637 (2005)","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"47_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45027-0_16","volume":"1813","author":"W. Stolzmann","year":"2000","unstructured":"W. Stolzmann, M.V. Butz: Latent learning and action planning in robots with anticipatory classifier systems, Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 1813, 301\u2013317 (2000)","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"47_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1145\/122344.122377","volume":"2","author":"R.S. Sutton","year":"1991","unstructured":"R.S. Sutton: DYNA: an integrated architecture for learning, planning, and reacting, ACM SIGART Bull. 2(4), 160\u2013163 (1991)","journal-title":"ACM SIGART Bull."},{"key":"47_CR81","first-page":"287","volume-title":"Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Simul. Adapt. Behav.","author":"W. Stolzmann","year":"2000","unstructured":"W. Stolzmann, M.V. Butz, J. Hoffmann, D.E. Goldberg: First cognitive capabilities in the anticipatory classifier system, from animals to animats 6, Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Simul. Adapt. Behav. (2000) pp. 287\u2013296"},{"key":"47_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/1059712302010002001","volume":"10","author":"M.V. Butz","year":"2002","unstructured":"M.V. Butz, J. Hoffmann: Anticipations control behavior: Animal behavior in an anticipatory learning classifier system, Adapt. Behav. 10, 75\u201396 (2002)","journal-title":"Adapt. Behav."},{"key":"47_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-48104-4_1","volume":"2321","author":"M.V. Butz","year":"2002","unstructured":"M.V. Butz: Biasing exploration in an anticipatory learning classifier system, Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 2321, 3\u201322 (2002)","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sci."},{"key":"47_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-45002-3_16","volume-title":"Anticipatory Behavior in Adaptive Learning Systems: Foundations, Theories, and Systems","author":"M.V. Butz","year":"2003","unstructured":"M.V. Butz, D.E. Goldberg: Generalized state values in an anticipatory learning classifier system. In: Anticipatory Behavior in Adaptive Learning Systems: Foundations, Theories, and Systems, ed. by M.V. Butz, O. Sigaud, P. G\u00e9rard (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2003) pp. 282\u2013301"},{"key":"47_CR85","volume-title":"Springer Handbook of Robotics","author":"B. Siciliano","year":"2007","unstructured":"B. Siciliano, O. Khatib: Springer Handbook of Robotics (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2007)"},{"key":"47_CR86","first-page":"1357","volume-title":"Proc. Genet. Evol. Comput. Conf. (GECCO 2008)","author":"M.V. Butz","year":"2008","unstructured":"M.V. Butz, O. Herbort: Context-dependent predictions and cognitive arm control with XCSF, Proc. Genet. Evol. Comput. Conf. (GECCO 2008) (2008) pp. 1357\u20131364"},{"key":"47_CR87","first-page":"1171","volume-title":"Proc. Genet. Evol. Comput. Conf. (GECCO 2009)","author":"M.V. Butz","year":"2009","unstructured":"M.V. Butz, G.K.M. Pedersen, P.O. Stalph: Learning sensorimotor control structures with XCSF: Redundancy exploitation and dynamic control, Proc. Genet. Evol. Comput. Conf. (GECCO 2009) (2009) pp. 1171\u20131178"},{"key":"47_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(98)01221-2","volume":"2","author":"D.M. Wolpert","year":"1998","unstructured":"D.M. Wolpert, R.C. Miall, M. Kawato: Internal models in the cerebellum, Trends Cogn. Sci. 2, 338\u2013347 (1998)","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"47_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74262-3_2","volume":"4520","author":"J.G. Fleischer","year":"2007","unstructured":"J.G. Fleischer: Neural correlates of anticipation in cerebellum, basal ganglia, and hippocampus, Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 4520, 19\u201334 (2007)","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sci."},{"key":"47_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C.T. Fernando, E. Szathmary, P. Husbands: Selectionist and evolutionary approaches to brain function: A\u00a0critical appraisal, Front. Comput. Neurosci. 6, doi: 10.3389\/fncom.2012.00024 (2012)","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2012.00024"},{"key":"47_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45027-0_10","volume":"1813","author":"A. Tomlinson","year":"2000","unstructured":"A. Tomlinson, L. Bull: A\u00a0corporate XCS, Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 1813, 195\u2013208 (2000)","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sci."},{"key":"47_CR92","first-page":"1513","volume-title":"Proc. Genet. Evol. Comput. Conf. (GECCO 2006)","author":"X. Llor\u00e0","year":"2006","unstructured":"X. Llor\u00e0, K. Sastry: Fast rule matching for learning classifier systems via vector instructions, Proc. Genet. Evol. Comput. Conf. (GECCO 2006) (2006) pp. 1513\u20131520"},{"key":"47_CR93","first-page":"1349","volume-title":"Proc. Genet. Evol. Comput. Conf. (GECCO 2008)","author":"M.V. Butz","year":"2008","unstructured":"M.V. Butz, P.L. Lanzi, X. Llor\u00e0, D. Loiacono: An analysis of matching in learning classifier systems, Proc. Genet. Evol. Comput. Conf. (GECCO 2008) (2008) pp. 1349\u20131356"},{"key":"47_CR94","volume-title":"Rules of the Mind","author":"J.R. Anderson","year":"1993","unstructured":"J.R. Anderson: Rules of the Mind (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale 1993)"},{"key":"47_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4378.001.0001","volume-title":"Made-Up Minds: A\u00a0Constructivist Approach to Artificial Intelligence","author":"G.L. Drescher","year":"1991","unstructured":"G.L. Drescher: Made-Up Minds: A\u00a0Constructivist Approach to Artificial Intelligence (MIT Press, Cambridge 1991)"},{"key":"47_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0402_2","volume":"4","author":"A. Newell","year":"1980","unstructured":"A. Newell: Physical symbol systems, Cogn. Sci. 4, 135\u2013183 (1980)","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"47_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.111.4.1036","volume":"111","author":"J.R. Anderson","year":"2004","unstructured":"J.R. Anderson, D. Bothell, M.D. Byrne, S. Douglass, C. Lebiere, Y. Qin: An integrated theory of the mind, Psychol. Rev. 111, 1036\u20131060 (2004)","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"47_CR98","first-page":"1065","volume":"11","author":"O. Sigaud","year":"2007","unstructured":"O. Sigaud, S. Wilson: Learning classifier systems: A\u00a0survey, soft computing\u00a0\u2013 a\u00a0fusion of foundations, Methodol. Appl. 11, 1065\u20131078 (2007)","journal-title":"Methodol. Appl."},{"key":"47_CR99","series-title":"Stud. Fuzziness and Soft Comput","volume-title":"Foundations of Learning Classifier Systems","year":"2005","unstructured":"L. Bull, T. Kovacs (Eds.): Foundations of Learning Classifier Systems, Stud. Fuzziness and Soft Comput, Vol. 183 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2005)"},{"key":"47_CR100","volume-title":"Applications of Learning Classifier Systems","year":"2004","unstructured":"L. Bull (Ed.): Applications of Learning Classifier Systems (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2004)"},{"key":"47_CR101","first-page":"154","volume-title":"Learn. Classif. Syst. Int. Workshops, IWLCS 2006-2007","author":"L. Bull","year":"2008","unstructured":"L. Bull: On lookahead and latent learning in Simple LCS, Learn. Classif. Syst. Int. Workshops, IWLCS 2006-2007, ed. by J. Bacardit, E. Bernad-Mansilla, M.V. Butz (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2008) pp. 154\u2013168"},{"key":"47_CR102","unstructured":"P:L. Lanzi: xcslib - The XCS Library. http:\/\/xcslib.sourceforge.net\/"},{"key":"47_CR103","unstructured":"P. O. Stalph, M. V. Butz: Documentation of JavaXCSF (COBOSLAB, University of W\u00fcrzburg, Germany, Y2009N001 2009)"}],"container-title":["Springer Handbook of Computational Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-662-43505-2_47","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T04:12:05Z","timestamp":1748405525000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-662-43505-2_47"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"ISBN":["9783662435045","9783662435052"],"references-count":103,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-662-43505-2_47","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}}}