{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T21:04:44Z","timestamp":1791061484625,"version":"4.1.0"},"publisher-location":"Vienna","reference-count":134,"publisher":"Springer Vienna","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783211835371","type":"print"},{"value":"9783709163016","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6301-6_3","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,6]],"date-time":"2012-12-06T07:13:17Z","timestamp":1354777997000},"page":"37-58","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Impaired iron homeostasis in Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"K. L.","family":"Double","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Gerlach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.B.H.","family":"Youdim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Riederer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"3_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00978370","volume":"18","author":"R Andrew","year":"1993","unstructured":"Andrew R, Watson DG, Best SA, Midgley JM, Wenlong H, Petty RK (1993) The determination of hydroxydopamines and other trace amines in the urine of Parkinsonian patients and normal controls. Neurochem Res 18: 1175\u20131177","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"3_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.1.47","volume":"57","author":"G Bartzokis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bartzokis G, Sultzer D, Cummings J, Holt L, Hance D, Henderson V, Mintz J (2000) In vivo evaluation of brain iron in Alzheimer disease using magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57: 47\u201353","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"3_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.1.182","volume":"45","author":"G Becker","year":"1995","unstructured":"Becker G, Seufert J, Bogdahn U, Reichman H, Reiners K (1995) Degeneration of substantia nigra in chronic Parkinson\u2019s disease visualized by transcranial color-coded real-time sonography. Neurology 45: 182\u2013184","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06358.x","volume":"57","author":"D Ben-Shachar","year":"1991a","unstructured":"Ben-Shachar D, Riederer P, Youdim MBH (1991a) Iron-melanin interaction and lipid peroxidation: implications for Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurochem 57: 1609\u20131614","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"3_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06432.x","volume":"57","author":"D Ben-Shacha","year":"1991b","unstructured":"Ben-Shachar D, Youdim MBH (1991b) Intranigral iron injection induces behavioural and biochemical \u201cparkinsonism\u201d in rats. J Neurochem 57: 2133\u20132135","journal-title":"J Neuroche"},{"key":"3_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(99)00046-0","volume":"25","author":"D Berg","year":"1999","unstructured":"Berg D, Grote C, Rausch W, Maurer M, Wesemann W, Riederer P, Becker G (1999) Iron accumulation in the substantia nigra in rats visualized by ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 25: 901\u2013904","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"3_CR7","volume-title":"Echogenicity of the substantia nigra is related to iron content and may characterize subjects with an increased vulnerability of the nigrostriatal system. Submitted","author":"D Berg","year":"2000","unstructured":"Berg D, Becker G, Roggendorf W, Hoggenmueller U, Klein R, Tatschner T, Bena P, Tucha O, Preier M, Lange K, Reiners K, Gerlach M (2000) Echogenicity of the substantia nigra is related to iron content and may characterize subjects with an increased vulnerability of the nigrostriatal system. Submitted"},{"key":"3_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111364","volume":"73","author":"P Biemond","year":"1984","unstructured":"Biemond P, Van Eijk H, Swaak A, Koster J (1984) Iron mobilisation from ferritin by superoxide derived from stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes: possible mechanism in inflammation diseases. J Clin Invest 73: 1576\u20131579","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"3_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(92)90182-G","volume":"13","author":"A Bindoli","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bindoli A, Rigobello M, Deeble D (1992) Biochemical and toxicological properties of the oxidation products of catecholamines. Free Radic Biol Med 13: 391\u2013405","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"3_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(88)90513-1","volume":"174","author":"R Boyer","year":"1988","unstructured":"Boyer R, Grabill T, Petrovich R (1988) Reactive release of ferritin iron: a kinetic assay. Anal Biochem 174: 17\u201322","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"3_CR11","first-page":"406","volume":"153","author":"E Broussolle","year":"1997","unstructured":"Broussolle E, Defuentes G, Plauchu H, Chazot G (1997) Incidence and clinical profile of familial forms of Parkinson\u2019s disease. A study of 428 index-cases from a department of neurology. Rev Neurol (Paris) 153: 406\u2013411","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"3_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4439(91)90100-N","volume":"1097","author":"R Carstem","year":"1991","unstructured":"Carstem R, Brinck C, Hindemith-Augustsson A, Rorsman H, Rosengren E (1991) The neuromelanin of the human substantia nigra. Biochim Biophys Acta 1097: 152\u2013160","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"3_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490270421","volume":"27","author":"J Connor","year":"1990","unstructured":"Connor J, Menzies S, St. Martin S, Mufson E (1990) The cellular distribution of transferrin, ferritin and iron in the human brain. J Neurosci Res 27: 595\u2013611","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"3_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490310214","volume":"31","author":"J Connor","year":"1992","unstructured":"Connor J, Synder B, JL B, Fine R, Mufson E (1992) Regional distribution of iron and iron-regulatory proteins in the brain in Aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Neurosci Res 31: 327\u2013335","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"3_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1995.65020717.x","volume":"65","author":"JR Connor","year":"1995","unstructured":"Connor JR, Snyder BS, Arosio P, Loeffler DA, LeWitt P (1995) A quantitative analysis of isoferritins in select regions of aged, parkisonian and Alzheimer\u2019s diseased brains. J Neurochem 65: 717\u2013724","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"3_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1989.tb09133.x","volume":"52","author":"DT Dexter","year":"1989a","unstructured":"Dexter DT, Cater CJ, Wells FR, Javoy-Agid F, Agid Y, Lees A, Jenner P, Marsden CD (1989a) Basel lipid peroxidation in substantia nigra is increased in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurochem 52: 381\u2013389","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"3_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1989.tb07264.x","volume":"52","author":"DT Dexter","year":"1989b","unstructured":"Dexter DT, Wells FR, Lees AJ, Agid F, Agid Y, Jenner P, Marsden CD (1989b) Increased nigral iron content and alterations in other metal ions occurring in brain in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurochem 52: 1830\u20131836","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"3_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1990.tb08814.x","volume":"55","author":"DT Dexter","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dexter DT, Carayon A, Vihailhet M, Ruberg M, Agid F, Agid Y, Lees AJ, Wells FR, Jenner P, Marsden CD (1990) Decreased ferritin levels in brain of Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurochem 55: 16\u201320","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"3_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/114.4.1953","volume":"114","author":"DT Dexter","year":"1991","unstructured":"Dexter DT, Carayon A, Javoy-Agid F, Agid Y, Wells FR, Daniel SE, Lees AJ, Jenner P, Marsden CD (1991) Alterations in the levels of iron, ferritin and other trace metals in Parkinson\u2019s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases affecting the basal ganglia. Brain 114: 1953\u20131975","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"3_CR20","first-page":"273","volume-title":"Adv Neurol","author":"D Dexter","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dexter D, Sian J, Jenner P, Marsden C (1993) Implications of alterations in trace element levels in brain in Parkinson\u2019s disease and other neurological disorders affecting the basal ganglia. In: Narabayashi H, Nagatsu N, Yanagisawa N, Mizuno Y (eds), Adv Neurol 60: 273\u2013281"},{"key":"3_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870090115","volume":"9","author":"D Dexter","year":"1994a","unstructured":"Dexter D, Holley A, Flitter W et al (1994a) Increased levels of lipid hydroperoxides in the parkinsonian substantia nigra: an HPLC and ESR study. Mov Disord 9: 92\u201397","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"3_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410350107","volume":"35","author":"D Dexter","year":"1994b","unstructured":"Dexter D, Sian J, Rose S, Hindmarsh J, Mann V, Cooper J, Wells F, Daniel S, Lees A, Schapira A (1994b) Indices of oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in individuals with cidental Lewy body disease. Ann Neurol 35: 38\u201344","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"3_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1998.70062492.x","volume":"70","author":"K Double","year":"1997","unstructured":"Double K, Maywald M, Schmittel M, Riederer P, Gerlach M (1997) In vitro studies of ferritin iron release and neurotoxicity. J Neurochem 70: 2492\u20132499","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"3_CR24","first-page":"287","volume":"80","author":"KL Double","year":"1998","unstructured":"Double KL, Riederer P, Gerlach M (1998) The role of iron in 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxicity. Adv Neurol 80: 287\u2013296","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"3_CR25","first-page":"333","volume":"12","author":"K Double","year":"1999","unstructured":"Double K, Riederer P, Gerlach M (1999) The significance of neuromelanin in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Drug News Dev 12: 333\u2013340","journal-title":"Drug News Dev"},{"key":"3_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Double K, Zecca L, Costo P, Mauer M, Greisinger C, Ito S, Ben-Shachar D, Bringmann G, Fariello RG, Riederer P, Gerlach M (2000) Structural characteristics of human substantia nigra neuromelanin and synthetic dopamine melanins. J Neurochem (in press)","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2000.0752583.x"},{"key":"3_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)90950-G","volume":"518","author":"A Dwork","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dwork A, Lawler G, Zybert P, Durkin M, Osman M, Willson N, Barkai A (1990) An autoradiographic study of the uptake and distribution of iron by the brain of the young rat. Brain Res 518: 31\u201339","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"3_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9603","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.21.9603","volume":"92","author":"B Faucheux","year":"1995a","unstructured":"Faucheux B, Nillesse N, Damier P, Spik G, Mouatt-Prigent A, Pierce A, Leveugle B, Kubis N, Hauw J, Agid Y, Hirsch E (1995a) Expression of lactoferrin receptors is increased in the mesenceplon of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 9603\u20139607","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"3_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)00629-5","volume":"691","author":"BA Faucheux","year":"1995b","unstructured":"Faucheux BA, Herrero MT, Villares J, Levey R, Javoy-Agid F, Obeso JA, Hauw JJ, Agid Y, Hirsch EC (1995b) Autoradiographic localization and density of [125I]ferrotransferrin binding sites in the basal ganglia of control subjects, patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and MPTP-lesioned monkeys. Brain Res 691: 115\u2013124","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"3_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(96)01412-6","volume":"749","author":"B Faucheux","year":"1997","unstructured":"Faucheux B, Hauw J, Agid Y, Hirsch E (1997) The density of [125I]-transferrin binding sites on perikarya of melaninzed neurons of the substantia nigra is decreased in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain Res 749: 170\u2013174","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"3_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1999.8711","volume":"159","author":"A Fredriksson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fredriksson A, Schroder N, Eriksson P, Izquierdo I, Archer T (1999) Neonatal iron exposure induces neurobehavioural dysfunctions in adult mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 159: 25\u201330","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"3_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(98)00058-X","volume":"23","author":"E Gahtan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gahtan E, Overmier J (1999) Inflammatory pathogenesis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: biologial mechanisms and cognitive sequeli. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 23: 615\u2013633","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"3_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1994.63030793.x","volume":"63","author":"M Gerlach","year":"1994a","unstructured":"Gerlach M, Ben-Shachar D, Riederer P, Youdim M (1994a) Altered brain metabolism ofiron as a cause of neurodegenerative diseases? J Neurochem 63: 793\u2013807","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"3_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1994.63030793.x","volume":"63","author":"M Gerlach","year":"1994b","unstructured":"Gerlach M, Riederer P, Youdim MBH (1994b) Brain iron and other trace metals in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurochem 63: 793\u2013807","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"3_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1995.65020923.x","volume":"65","author":"M Gerlach","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gerlach M, Trautwein AX, Zecca L, Youdim MBH, Riederer P (1995) M\u00f6ssbauer pectroscopic studies of purified human neuromelanin isolated from the substantia nigra. J Neurochem 65: 923\u2013926","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"3_CR36","first-page":"258","volume":"12","author":"M Gerlach","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gerlach M, Double K, Riederer P, Hirsch E, Jellinger K, Jenner K, Trautwein A, Youdim M (1997) Iron in the parkinsonian substantia nigra. Mov Disord 12: 258\u2013260","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"3_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)90719-P","volume":"581","author":"W Gibb","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gibb W (1992) Melanin, tyrosine hydroxylase, calbindin and substance P in the human midbrain and substantia nigra in relation to nigrastriatal projections and differential neuron susceptibility in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain Res 581: 283\u2013291","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"3_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(94)90055-8","volume":"63","author":"M G\u00f6tz","year":"1994","unstructured":"G\u00f6tz M, K\u00a8\u00b9nig G, Riederer P, Youdim M (1994) Oxidative stress: Free radical production in neural degeneration. Pharmacol Ther 63: 37\u2013122","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"3_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)91334-B","volume":"593","author":"P Good","year":"1992","unstructured":"Good P, Olanow C, Perl D (1992) Neuromelanin-containing neurons of the substantia nigra accumulate iron and aluminum in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a LAMMA study. Brain Res 593: 343\u2013346","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"3_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.6.1138","volume":"45","author":"JM Gorell","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gorell JM, Ordidge RJ, Brown GG, Deniau JC, Buderer NM, Helpern JA (1995) Increased iron-related MRI contrast in the substantia nigra in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurology 45: 1138\u20131143","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)13535-9","volume":"14","author":"DG Graham","year":"1978","unstructured":"Graham DG (1978) Oxidation pathways for catecholamines in the genesis of neuromelanin and cytotoxic quinones. Mol Pharmacol 14: 633\u2013643","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"3_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00334497","volume":"81","author":"I Grundke-Iqbal","year":"1990","unstructured":"Grundke-Iqbal I, Fleming J, Tung Y-C, Lassmann H, Iqbal K, Joshi J (1990) Ferritin is a component of the neuritic (senile) plaque in Alzheimer dementia. Acta Neuropathol 81: 105\u2013110","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"3_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1958.tb12607.x","volume":"3","author":"B Hallgren","year":"1958","unstructured":"Hallgren B, Sourander P (1958) The effect of age on the non-haemin iron in the human brain. J Neurochem 3: 41\u201351","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"3_CR44","unstructured":"Halliday G, Shepherd C, McCann H, Reid W, Grayson D, Broe A, Kril J (2000) Anti-inflammatory mediations do not decrease Alzheimer\u2019s disease neuropatholgy. Arch Neurol (in press)"},{"key":"3_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(86)90207-0","volume":"11","author":"B Halliwell","year":"1986","unstructured":"Halliwell B, Gutteridge J (1986) Iron and free radical reactions: two aspects of antioxidant protection. Trends Biol Sci 11: 1372\u20131375","journal-title":"Trends Biol Sci"},{"key":"3_CR46","first-page":"367","volume":"7","author":"E Hanson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hanson E, Leibold E (1999) Regulation of the iron regulatory proteins by reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. Gene Expression 7: 367\u2013376","journal-title":"Gene Expression"},{"key":"3_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/10715769900301611","volume":"13","author":"Y He","year":"1999","unstructured":"He Y, Lee T, Leong S (1999) Time course of dopaminergic cell death and changes in iron, ferritin and transferrin levels in the rat substantia nigra after 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioning. Free Radic Res 13: 103\u2013112","journal-title":"Free Radic Res"},{"key":"3_CR48","unstructured":"Graybiel A, Agid Y (1988) Melanized dopamine neurons are differentially susceptible to degeneration in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Nature: 345\u2013348"},{"key":"3_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6842-4_9","volume":"50","author":"E Hirsch","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hirsch E, Faucheux B, Damier P, Mouatt-Prigent A, Agid Y (1997) Neuronal vulnerability in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neural Transm Suppl 50: 79\u201388","journal-title":"J Neural Transm Suppl"},{"key":"3_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1996.67020838.x","volume":"67","author":"J Hu","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hu J, Connor J (1996) Demonstration and characterisation of the iron regulatory protein in human brain. J Neurochem 67: 838\u2013844","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"3_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(94)90372-7","volume":"169","author":"B Janetzky","year":"1994","unstructured":"Janetzky B, Hauck S, Youdim M, Riederer P, Jellinger K, Pantucek F, Z\u00f6chling R, Boissl K, Reichmann H (1994) Unaltered aconitase activity, but decreased complex I activity in substantia nigra pars compacta of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurosci Lett 169: 126\u2013128","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"3_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02252926","volume":"2","author":"K Jellinger","year":"1990","unstructured":"Jellinger K, Paulus W, Grundke-Iqbal I, Riederer P, Youdim MBH (1990) Brain iron and ferritin in Parkinson\u2019s disease and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Neural Transm (PD Sect) 2: 327\u2013340","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (PD Sect)"},{"key":"3_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1992.tb08362.x","volume":"59","author":"K Jellinger","year":"1992","unstructured":"Jellinger K, Kienzel E, Rumpelmair G, Riederer P, Stachellberger H, Ben-Shachar D, Youdim MBH (1992) Iron-melanin complex in substantia nigra of Parkinsonian brains: An X-ray microanalysis. J Neurochem 59: 1168\u20131171","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"3_CR54","first-page":"297","volume":"46","author":"K Jellinger","year":"1995","unstructured":"Jellinger K, Linert L, Kienzl E, Youdim MBH (1995) Chemical evidence for 6hydroxydopamine to be an endogenous toxic factor in the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neural Transm Suppl 46: 297\u2013314","journal-title":"J Neural Transm Suppl"},{"key":"3_CR55","first-page":"24","volume":"13","author":"P Jenner","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jenner P (1998) Oxidative mechanisms in nigral cell death in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 13: 24\u201334","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"3_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199819060-00001","volume":"19","author":"T Karplus","year":"1998","unstructured":"Karplus T, Saag K (1998) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cognitive function. Drug Safety 19: 427\u2013433","journal-title":"Drug Safety"},{"key":"3_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1992.tb08350.x","volume":"59","author":"A Kastner","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kastner A, Hirsch E, Lejeune O, Javoy-Agid F, Rascol O, Agid Y (1992) Is the vulnerability of neurons in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease related to their neuromelanin content? J Neurochem 59: 1080\u20131089","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"3_CR58","first-page":"1574","volume":"142","author":"T Kawanami","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kawanami T, Tooyama I, Yamada T, Walker D, McGeer P (1993) Lacto-transferrin immunocytochemistry in Alzheimer and normal human brain. Am J Pathol 142: 1574\u20131585","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"3_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(95)00210-S","volume":"134","author":"E Kienzl","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kienzl E, Puchinger L, Jellinger K, Linert W, Stachelberger H, Jameson R (1995) The role of transition metals in the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol Sci 134: 69\u201378","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"3_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/33416","volume":"392","author":"T Kitada","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kitada T, Asakawa S, Hattori N, Matsumine H, Yamamura Y, Minoshima S, Yokochi M, Shimizu N (1998) Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism. Nature 392: 605\u2013608","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02252960","volume":"9","author":"W Kolasiewiecz","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kolasiewiecz W, Joras T, Heim C, Melzacka M, Sieklucka M, Weiner N, Wesemann W, Riederer P, Sontag K (1995) Injection of miniscle dose of FeC13 within the ventrolateral striatum causes a chronic disturbance of the integrative function within the limbic part of the ventral striatum. J Neural Transm (P-D Sect) 9: 15\u201329","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (P-D Sect)"},{"key":"3_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01291883","volume":"104","author":"J Lan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lan J, Jiang D (1997) Excessive iron accumulation in the brain: a possible potential source of neurodegeneration in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neural Transm 104: 649\u2013660","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"3_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1995.tb05734.x","volume":"47","author":"D Lapenna","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lapenna D, Degioia S, Ciofani G, Cuccurullo F (1995) Captopril induces iron release from ferritin and oxidative stress. J Pharm Pharmacol 47: 1\u20136","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"3_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)90202-X","volume":"650","author":"B Leveugle","year":"1994","unstructured":"Leveugle B, Spik G, Perl D, Bouras C, Fillit H, Hof P (1994) The iron binding protein lactrotransferrin is present in pathologic lesions in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders: a comparative immunohistochemical analysis. Brain Res 650: 20\u201331","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"3_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010050468","volume":"91","author":"B Leveugle","year":"1996","unstructured":"Leveugle B, Faucheux B, Bouras C, Nillesse N, Spik G, Hirsch E, Agid Y, Hof P (1996) Cellular distribution of the iron-binding protein lactoferrin in the mesencephalon of Parkinson\u2019s disease cases. Acta Neuropathol 91: 566\u2013572","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"3_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1997.69041530.x","volume":"69","author":"H Li","year":"1997","unstructured":"Li H, Dryhurst G (1997) Irreversible inhibition of mitochondrial complex I by 7-(2aminoethyl)-3,4-dihydro-5-hydroxy-2H-1,4-benzothiazine-3-carboxylic acid (DHBT1): a putative nigral endotoxin of relevence to Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurochem 69: 1530\u20131541","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"3_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4439(96)00020-8","volume":"1316","author":"W Linert","year":"1996","unstructured":"Linert W, Herlinger E, Jameson RF, Kienzl E, Jellinger K, Youdim MBH (1996) Dopamine, 6-hydroxydopamine, iron and dioxygen \u00a1\u00aa their mutual interactions and possible implication in the development of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Biochem Biophys Acta 1316: 160\u2013168","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Acta"},{"key":"3_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.3.714","volume":"49","author":"G Logroscino","year":"1997","unstructured":"Logroscino G, Marder K, Graziano J, Freyer G, Slavkovich V, LoIacono N, Cote L, Mayeux R (1997) Altered systemic iron metabolism in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurology 49: 714\u2013717","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3_CR69","first-page":"XXIV","volume":"106","author":"L Lopiano","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lopiano L, Digilio G, Fasano M, Giraudo S, Rizzone M, Torre E, Bergamasco B (1999) Iron and neuromelanin in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neural Transm 106: XXIV","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"3_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360612","volume":"36","author":"VM Mann","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mann VM, Cooper JM, Daniel SE, Srai K, Jenner P, Marsden CD, Schapira AH (1994) Complex I, iron, and ferritin in Parkinson\u2019s disease substantia nigra. Ann Neurol 36: 876\u2013881","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"3_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(88)90108-6","volume":"86","author":"R Marttila","year":"1988","unstructured":"Marttila R, Lorentz H, Rinne U (1988) Oxygen toxicity protecting enzymes in Parkinson\u2019s disease: increase of superoxide dismutase-like activity in the substantia nigra and basal nucleus. J Neurol Sci 86: 321\u2013331","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"3_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1159\/000026185","volume":"17","author":"S McCann","year":"1998","unstructured":"McCann S, LeCouteur D, Green A, Brayne C, Johnson A, Chan D, McManus M, Pond S (1998) The epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease in an Australian population. Neuroepidemiology 17: 310\u2013317","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"3_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.8.1285","volume":"38","author":"P McGeer","year":"1988","unstructured":"McGeer P, Itagaki S, Boyes B, McGeer E (1988) Reactive microglia are positive for HLA-DR in the substantia nigra of Parkinson\u2019s and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurology 38: 1285\u20131291","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.2.425","volume":"47","author":"P McGeer","year":"1996","unstructured":"McGeer P, Schulzer M, McGeer E (1996) Arthritus and anti-inflammatory agents as possible protective factors for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a review of 17 epidemiological studies. Neurology 47: 425\u2013432","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.5.1113","volume":"47","author":"I McKeith","year":"1996","unstructured":"McKeith I, Galasko D, Kosaka K, Perry E, Dickson D, Hansen L, Salmon D, Lowe J, Mirra S, Byrne E, Lennox G, Quinn N, Edwardson J, Ince P, Bergeron C, Burns A, Miller B, Lovestone S, Collerton D, Jansen E, Ballard C, de Vos R, Wilcock G, Jellinger K, Perry R (1996) Consensus guidelines for the clinical and pathologic diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB): report of the consortium on DLB international workshop. Neurology 47: 1113\u20131124","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(97)00016-6","volume":"23","author":"R Meneghini","year":"1997","unstructured":"Meneghini R (1997) Iron homeostasis, oxidative stress and DNA damage. Free Radic Biol Med 23: 783\u2013792","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"3_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S99","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410440116","volume":"44","author":"Y Mizuno","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mizuno Y, Yoshino H, Ikebe S, Hattori N, Kobayashi T, Shimoda-Matsubayashi S, Matsumine H (1998) Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ann Neurol 44: S99\u2013109","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"3_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(89)90065-8","volume":"6","author":"H Monteiro","year":"1989","unstructured":"Monteiro H, Vile G, Winterbourn C (1989) Release of iron from ferritin by semiquinone, anthracycline, bibyridyl and nitroaromatic radicals. Free Radic Biol Med 6: 587\u2013591","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"3_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2560923","volume":"256","author":"HP Monterio","year":"1988","unstructured":"Monterio HP, Winterbourn CC (1988) The superoxide-dependent transfer of iron from ferritin to transferrin and lactoferrin. Biochem J 256: 923\u2013928","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"3_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1994.tb00997.x","volume":"20","author":"C Morris","year":"1994","unstructured":"Morris C, Candy J, Omar S, Bloxham C, Edwardson J (1994) Transferrin receptors in the Parkinsonian midbrain. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 20: 468\u2013472","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"key":"3_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00006a010","volume":"38","author":"A Napolitano","year":"1995","unstructured":"Napolitano A, Crescenzi O, Pezzella A, Prota G (1995) Generation of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine by peroxidase HZOZ oxidation of dopamine. J Med Chem 38: 917\u2013922","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"3_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)90833-8","volume":"660","author":"E Oestreicher","year":"1994","unstructured":"Oestreicher E, Sengstock GJ, Riederer P, Olanow CW, Dunn AJ, Arendash GW (1994) Degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons increases iron within the substantia nigra: a histochemical and neurochemical study. Brain Res 660: 8\u201318","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"3_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(96)00150-7","volume":"31","author":"D Offen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Offen D, Ziv I, Barzilai A, Gorodin S, Glater E, Hochman A, Melamed E (1997) Dopamine-melanin induces apoptosis in PC12 cells; Possible implications for the etiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurochem Int 31: 207\u2013216","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"3_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(82)90390-1","volume":"33","author":"T Perry","year":"1982","unstructured":"Perry T, Godin D, Hansen S (1982) Parkinson\u2019s disease: a disorder due to nigral glutathione deficiency. Neurosci Lett 33: 305\u2013310","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"3_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(88)90049-4","volume":"4","author":"B Pilas","year":"1988","unstructured":"Pilas B, Sarna T, Kalyanaraman B, Swartz H (1988) The effect of melanin on iron associated decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Free Radic Biol Med 4: 285\u2013293","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"3_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5324.387","volume":"277","author":"M Polymeropoulos","year":"1997","unstructured":"Polymeropoulos M, Higgins J, Golbe L (1997) Mapping of a gene for Parkinson\u2019s disease to chromosome 4q21-q23. Science 277: 387\u2013388","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02251241","volume":"2","author":"J Rabey","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rabey J, Hefti F (1990) Neuromelanin synthesis in rat and human substantia nigra. J Neural Transm (P-D Sect) 2: 1\u201314","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (P-D Sect)"},{"key":"3_CR88","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Levodopa \u00a1\u00aa the first 25 years. Proc Symposium Berlin, October","author":"P Riederer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Riederer P, Youdim M (1994) A site-specific inflammation causing disturbed blood-brain barrier and oxidative stress as pathogenic basis of Parkinson\u2019s disease. In: Poewe W, Lees A (eds), Levodopa \u00a1\u00aa the first 25 years. Proc Symposium Berlin, October 1994, Roche, Basel, pp 145\u2013156"},{"key":"3_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1989.tb09150.x","volume":"52","author":"P Riederer","year":"1989","unstructured":"Riederer P, Sofic E, Rausch WD, Schmidt B, Reynolds GP, Jellinger K, Youdim MB (1989) Transition metals, ferritin, glutathione, and ascorbic acid in parkinsonian brains. J Neurochem 52: 515\u2013520","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"3_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(90)90680-W","volume":"283","author":"D Rief","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rief D, Simmons R (1990) Nitric oxide mediates iron release from ferritin. Arch Biochem Biophys 283: 537\u2013541","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"3_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1975.tb03887.x","volume":"24","author":"AD Rodgers","year":"1975","unstructured":"Rodgers AD, Curzon G (1975) Melanin formation by human brain in vitro. J Neurochem 24: 1123\u20131129","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"3_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1995.00540300057013","volume":"52","author":"P Ryvlin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ryvlin P, Broussolle E, Piollet H, Viallet F, Khalfallah Y, Chazot G (1995) Magnetic resonance imaging evidence of decreased putamental iron content in idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease. Arch Neurol 52: 583\u2013588","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"3_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1989.tb11759.x","volume":"53","author":"H Saggu","year":"1989","unstructured":"Saggu H, Cooksey J, Dexter D, Wells FR, Lees A, Jenner P, Marsden CD (1989) A selective increase in particular superoxide dismutase activity in parkinsonian substantia nigra. J Neurochem 53: 692\u2013697","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"3_CR94","first-page":"197","volume":"3","author":"JR Sanchez-Ramos","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sanchez-Ramos JR, Overvik E, Ames BN (1994) A marker of oxyradical-mediated DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2\u2019 deoxyguanosine) is increased in nigro-striatum of Parkinson\u2019s disease brain. Neurodegeneration 3: 197\u2013204","journal-title":"Neurodegeneration"},{"key":"3_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1985.tb01605.x","volume":"42","author":"T Sarna","year":"1985","unstructured":"Sarna T, Menon IA, Searly RC (1985) Photosensitization of melanins: A comparative study. Photochem Photobiol 42: 529\u2013532","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"3_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(86)90147-9","volume":"883","author":"T Sarna","year":"1986","unstructured":"Sarna T, Pilas B, Land EJ, Truscott TG (1986) Interaction of radicals from water radiolysis with melanins. Biochim Biophys Acta 883: 162\u2013167","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"3_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1997.6752","volume":"150","author":"H Schipper","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schipper H, Liberman A, Stopa E (1998) Neural heme oxygenase-1 expression in idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease. Exp Neurol 150: 60\u201368","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"3_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1994.1187","volume":"130","author":"G Sengstock","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sengstock G, Olanow C, Dunn A, Barone S, Arendash G (1994) Progressive changes in striatal dopaminergic markers, nigral volume and rotational behaviour following iron infusion into the rat substantia nigra. Exp Neurol 130: 82\u201394","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"3_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02917470","volume":"58","author":"GJ Sengstock","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sengstock GJ, Zawia NH, Olanow CW, Dunn AJ, Arendash GW (1997) Intranigral iron infusion in the rat. Acute elevations in nigral lipid peroxidation and striatal dopaminergic markers with ensuing nigral degeneration. Biol Trace Element Res 58: 177\u2013195","journal-title":"Biol Trace Element Res"},{"key":"3_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490350109","volume":"35","author":"GW Sengstock","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sengstock GW, Olanow CW, Menzies RA, Dunn AJ, Arendash GW (1993) Infusion of iron into the rat substantia nigra: Nigral pathology and dose dependent loss of dopaminergic markers. J Neurosci Res 35: 67\u201382","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"3_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1021\/tx980036t","volume":"11","author":"X Shen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Shen X, Dryhurst G (1998) Iron-and manganese-catalysed autoxidation of dopamine in the presence of L-cysteine: possible insights into iron-and manganese-mediated dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 11: 824\u2013837","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"3_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1021\/tx960145c","volume":"10","author":"X Shen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Shen X, Zhang F, Dryhurst G (1997) Oxidation of dopamine in the presence of cysteine: characterization of new toxic products. Chem Res Toxicol 10: 147\u2013155","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"3_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(96)00623-5","volume":"23","author":"T Shima","year":"1997","unstructured":"Shima T, Sarna T, Swartz H, Stroppolo A, Gerbasi R, Zecca L (1997) Binding of iron to neuromelanin of human substantia nigra and synthetic melanin: an electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Free Radic Biol Med 23: 110\u2013119","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"3_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360306","volume":"36","author":"J Sian","year":"(1994a)","unstructured":"Sian J, Dexter D, AJ L, Daniel S, Jenner P, Marsden C (1994a) Glutathione-related enzymes in brain in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ann Neurol 36: 356\u2013361","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"3_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360305","volume":"36","author":"J Sian","year":"(1994b)","unstructured":"Sian J, Dexter D, Lees A, Daniel S, Agid Y, Jovoy-Agid F, Jenner P, Marsden C (1994b) Alterations in glutathione levels in Parkinson\u2019s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders affecting the basal ganglia. Ann Neurol 36: 348\u2013355","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"3_CR106","first-page":"287","volume-title":"Glutathione in the nervous sytem","author":"J Sian","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sian J, Gerlach M, Riederer P (1997) The role of altered glutathione status in the development of Parkinson\u2019s disease. In: Shaw A (ed), Glutathione in the nervous sytem, Vol. 12. Taylor & Francis, New York, pp 287\u2013304"},{"key":"3_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith M, Harris P, Sayre L, Perry G (1997) Iron accumulation in Alzheimer disease is a source of redox-generated free radicals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 9866\u20139868","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.18.9866"},{"key":"3_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00002-X","volume":"788","author":"M Smith","year":"1998","unstructured":"Smith M, Wehr K, Harris P, Siedlak S, Connor J, Perry G (1998) Abnormal localization of iron regulatory protein in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Brain Res 788: 232\u2013236","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"3_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1996.0073","volume":"263","author":"J Smythies","year":"1996","unstructured":"Smythies J (1996) On the function of neuromelanin. Proc R Soc London B 263: 487\u2013489","journal-title":"Proc R Soc London B"},{"key":"3_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01244786","volume":"74","author":"E Sofic","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sofic E, Riederer P, Heinsen H, Beckman H, Reynolds GP, Hebenstreit G, Youdim MBH (1988) Increased iron(III) and total iron content in post mortem substantia nigra of parkinsonian brain. J Neural Transm 74: 199\u2013205","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"3_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(92)90355-B","volume":"142","author":"E Sofic","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sofic E, Lange K, Jellinger K, Riederer P (1992) Reduced and oxidized glutathione in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurosci Lett 142: 128\u2013130","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"3_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.3.626","volume":"48","author":"W Stewart","year":"1997","unstructured":"Stewart W, Kawas C, Corrada M, Metter E (1997) Risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and duration of NSAID use. Neurology 48: 626\u2013632","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1994.62010134.x","volume":"62","author":"J Temlett","year":"1994","unstructured":"Temlett J, Landsberg J, Watt F, Grime G (1994) Increased iron in the substantia nigra compacta of the MPTP-lesioned hemiparkinsonian African Green monkey: evidence from proton microprobe elemental microanalysis. J Neurochem 62: 134\u2013146","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"3_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(99)00080-1","volume":"31","author":"A Thomson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Thomson A, Rogers J, Leedman P (1999) Iron-regulatory proteins, iron-responsive elements and ferritin mRNA translation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 31: 1139\u20131152","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"3_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1999.tb02015.x","volume":"85","author":"G Torsdottir","year":"1999","unstructured":"Torsdottir G, Kristinsson J, Sveinbjornsdottir S, Snaedal J, Johannesson T (1999) Copper, ceruloplasmin, superoxide dismutase and iron paramaters in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Pharmacol Toxicol 85: 239\u2013243","journal-title":"Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"3_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(98)00009-2","volume":"100","author":"B Veldman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Veldman B, Wijn A, Knoers N, Praamsyta P, Horstink M (1998) Genetic and environmental and environmental risk factors in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 100: 15\u201326","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"3_CR117","first-page":"17","volume":"42","author":"F Watt","year":"1996","unstructured":"Watt F (1996) Nuclear microscope analysis in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease: A review. Cell Mol Biol 42: 17\u201326","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"3_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02260941","volume":"8","author":"W Wesemann","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wesemann W, Blaschke S, Solbach M, Grote C, Clement H-W, Riederer P (1994) Intranigral injected iron progressively reduces striatal dopamine metabolism. J Neural Transm (PD Sect) 8: 209\u2013214","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (PD Sect)"},{"key":"3_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870110305","volume":"11","author":"FQ Ye","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ye FQ, Allen PS, Martin WR (1996) Basel ganglia iron content in Parkinson\u2019s disease measured with magnetic resonance. Mov Disord 11: 243\u2013249","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"3_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.7.2696","volume":"93","author":"A Yoritaka","year":"1996","unstructured":"Yoritaka A, Hattori N, Uchida K, Tanaka M, Stadtman E, Mizuno Y (1996) Immunohistochemica1 detection of 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 2696\u20132713","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"3_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(95)11490-N","volume":"190","author":"T Yoshida","year":"1995","unstructured":"Yoshida T, Tanaka M, Sotomatsu A, Hirai S (1995) Activated microglia cause superoxide-mediated release of iron from ferritin. Neurosci Lett 190: 21\u201324","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"3_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1989.tb01782.x","volume":"126","author":"M Youdim","year":"1989","unstructured":"Youdim M, Ben-Shachar D, Riederer P (1989) Is Parkinson\u2019s disease a progressive siderosis of substantia nigra resulting from iron and melanin induced neurodegeneration? Acta Neurol Scand 126: 47\u201354","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"3_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1159\/000116719","volume":"31","author":"M Youdim","year":"1991","unstructured":"Youdim M, Ben-Shachar D, Riederer P (1991) Iron in brain function and dysfunction with emphasis on Parkinson\u2019s disease. Eur Neurol 31: 34\u201340","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"3_CR124","first-page":"259","volume-title":"(1993b) Adv Neurol","author":"M Youdim","year":"1993a","unstructured":"Youdim M, Ben-Shachar D, Eshel G, Finberg J, Riederer P (1993a) Neurotoxicity of iron and nitric oxide. Iron and ferritin in substantia nigra in Parkinson\u2019s disease. In: Narabyashi H, Nagatsu T, Yanagisawa N, Mizuno Y (eds) (1993b) Adv Neurol 60: 259\u2013266"},{"key":"3_CR125","first-page":"45","volume":"8","author":"M Youdim","year":"1993c","unstructured":"Youdim M, Ben-Shachar D, Riederer P (1993c) Iron-melanin interaction and Parkinson\u2019s disease. News Physiolog Sci (NIPS) 8: 45\u201349","journal-title":"News Physiolog Sci (NIPS)"},{"key":"3_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870080102","volume":"8","author":"M Youdim","year":"1993d","unstructured":"Youdim M, Ben-Shachar D, Riederer P (1993d) The possible role of iron in the etiopathology of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 8: 1\u201312","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"3_CR127","first-page":"113","volume":"43","author":"MBH Youdim","year":"1994","unstructured":"Youdim MBH, Ben-Shachar D, Riederer P (1994) The enigma of neuromelanin in Parkinson\u2019s disease substantia nigra. J Neural Transm Suppl 43: 113\u2013122","journal-title":"J Neural Transm Suppl"},{"key":"3_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1994.tb21790.x","volume":"738","author":"M Youdim","year":"1995","unstructured":"Youdim M, Lavie L, Riederer P (1995) Oxygen free radicals and neurodegeneration in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a role for nitric oxide. Ann NY Acad Sci 738: 64\u201367","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"3_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4439(95)00058-C","volume":"1271","author":"M Zareba","year":"1995","unstructured":"Zareba M, Bober A, Korytowski W, Zecca L, Sarna T (1995) The effect of a synthetic neuromelanin on yield of free hydroxyl radicals generated in model systems. Biochem Biophys Acta 1271: 343\u2013348","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Acta"},{"key":"3_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02257675","volume":"5","author":"L Zecca","year":"1993","unstructured":"Zecca L, Swartz HM (1993) Total and paramagnetic metals in human substantia nigra and its neuromelanin. J Neural Transm (P-D Sect) 5: 203\u2013213","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (P-D Sect)"},{"key":"3_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4439(92)90144-C","volume":"1138","author":"L Zecca","year":"1992","unstructured":"Zecca L, Mecacci O, Seraglia R, Parati E (1992) The chemical characterization of melanin contained in substantia nigra of human brain. Biochim Biophys Acta 1138: 6\u201310","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"3_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(96)00047-4","volume":"73","author":"L Zecca","year":"1996","unstructured":"Zecca L, Shima T, Stroppolo A, Goj C, Battiston A, Gerbasi R, Sarna T, Swartz HM (1996) Interaction of neuromelanin and iron in substantia nigra and other areas of human brain. Neuroscience 73: 407\u2013415","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"3_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00034a006","volume":"37","author":"F Zhang","year":"1994","unstructured":"Zhang F, Dryhurst G (1994) Effects of L-cysteine on the oxidation chemistry of dopamine: New reaction pathways of potential relevance to idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Med Chem 37: 1084\u20131098","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"3_CR134","volume-title":"Dr. Kay Double, Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, Barker Street, Randw\u00a8\u00aack, Sydney, NSW","author":"Authors\u2019 address","year":"2031","unstructured":"Authors\u2019 address: Dr. Kay Double, Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, Barker Street, Randw\u00a8\u00aack, Sydney, NSW, 2031 Australia. E-mail: K.Double@unsw.edu.au"}],"container-title":["Advances in Research on Neurodegeneration"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-7091-6301-6_3.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T10:46:11Z","timestamp":1745405171000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-7091-6301-6_3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000]]},"ISBN":["9783211835371","9783709163016"],"references-count":134,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-7091-6301-6_3","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000]]}}}