{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T21:48:09Z","timestamp":1742939289757,"version":"3.40.3"},"publisher-location":"Dordrecht","reference-count":92,"publisher":"Springer Netherlands","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9789400720299"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9789400720305"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,27]],"date-time":"2011-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1324944000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,27]],"date-time":"2011-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1324944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2030-5_9","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,30]],"date-time":"2012-01-30T12:13:46Z","timestamp":1327925626000},"page":"137-162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Computer Science Meets Evolutionary Biology: Pure Possible Processes and the Issue of Gradualism"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Philippe","family":"Huneman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"9_CR1_9","first-page":"1085","volume":"24","author":"C Adami","year":"2002","unstructured":"Adami, C. 2002. What is complexity. Bio Essays 24: 1085\u20131094.","journal-title":"Bio Essays"},{"issue":"9","key":"9_CR2_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4463","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.9.4463","volume":"97","author":"C Adami","year":"2000","unstructured":"Adami, C., C. Ofria, and T. Collier. 2000. Evolution of biological complexity. PNAS 97(9): 4463\u20134468.","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"9_CR3_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1038\/35079590","volume":"411","author":"A Agrawal","year":"2001","unstructured":"Agrawal, A. 2001. Sexual selection and the maintenance of sexual reproduction. Nature 411: 692\u2013696.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9_CR4_9","first-page":"375","volume-title":"Philosophical perspectives: Mind, causation, and world","author":"M Bedau","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bedau, M. 1997. Weak emergence. In Philosophical perspectives: Mind, causation, and world, vol. 11, ed. J. Tomberlin, 375\u2013399. Oxford: Blackwell."},{"key":"9_CR5_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1162\/106454698568486","volume":"4","author":"M Bedau","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bedau, M. 1998. Four puzzles about life. Artificial Life 4: 125\u2013140.","journal-title":"Artificial Life"},{"key":"9_CR6_9","unstructured":"Bedau, M. 1999. Can unrealistic computer models illuminate theoretical biology. In Proceedings of the 1999 genetic and evolutionary computation conference workshop program, Florida, ed. A. Wu, 20\u201323."},{"key":"9_CR7_9","first-page":"5","volume":"6","author":"M Bedau","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bedau, M. 2003. Downward causation and the autonomy of weak emergence. Principia, Revista Internacional de Epistemologia 6: 5\u201350.","journal-title":"Principia, Revista Internacional de Epistemologia"},{"key":"9_CR8_9","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Artificial life","author":"M Bedau","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bedau, M., E. Snyder, and N. Packard. 1998. A classification of long-term evolutionary dynamics. In Artificial life, vol. VI, ed. C. Adami et al., 189\u2013198. Cambridge: MIT Press."},{"key":"9_CR9_9","volume-title":"The evolution of complexity by means of natural selection","author":"JT Bonner","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bonner, J.T. 1998. The evolution of complexity by means of natural selection. Princeton: Princeton University Press."},{"key":"9_CR10_9","unstructured":"Burtsev, M., V. Red\u2019ko, and R. Gusarev. 2003. Alife model of evolutionary emergence of purposeful adaptive behaviour. Available on www.keldysh.ru\/mrbur-web\/publ\/ecal01full.pdf."},{"key":"9_CR11_9","volume-title":"Endless forms most beautiful","author":"S Carroll","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carroll, S. 2005. Endless forms most beautiful. Sunderland: Sinauer."},{"key":"9_CR12_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Channon, A., and R. Damper. 1998. Perpetuating evolutionary emergence. In ed. R. Pfeifer, B. Blumberg, J. A. Meyer, and S. Wilson, 534\u2013539. Cambridge: MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3119.003.0080"},{"issue":"7","key":"9_CR13_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1080\/002077200406570","volume":"31","author":"A Channon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Channon, A., and R.I. Damper. 2000. Towards the evolutionary emergence of complex increasingly advantageous behaviours. International Journal of Systems Science 31(7): 843\u2013860.","journal-title":"International Journal of Systems Science"},{"issue":"26","key":"9_CR14_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15017","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.26.15017","volume":"96","author":"J Chu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chu, J., and C. Adami. 1999. A simple explanation for taxon abundance patterns. PNAS 96(26): 15017\u201315019.","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"9_CR15_9","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Evolutionary innovations","author":"J Cracraft","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cracraft, J. 2000. The origin of evolutionary novelties: Pattern and process at different hierarchical levels. In Evolutionary innovations, ed. M. Nitecki, 21\u201343. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"9_CR16_9","unstructured":"Crubelier, B., P. Preux, and C. Cambier. 1997. Studying adaptation with Echo. ftp:\/\/ftp.cogs.susx.ac.uk\/pub\/ecal97\/online\/F045.ps.gz."},{"key":"9_CR17_9","volume-title":"Evolutionary dynamics \u2013 Exploring the interplay between accident, selection, neutrality and function","author":"J Crutchfield","year":"2001","unstructured":"Crutchfield, J. 2001. When evolution is revolution \u2013 Origins of innovation. In Evolutionary dynamics \u2013 Exploring the interplay between accident, selection, neutrality and function, ed. J.P. Crutchfield and P. Schuster. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9_CR18_9","unstructured":"Crutchfield, J., and E. van Nimwegen. 1999. The evolutionary unfolding of complexity. In Evolution and computation, Lectures notes in computer science, ed. L.F. Landweber, E. Winfree, R. Lipton, and S. Freeland. Berlin: Springer."},{"issue":"23","key":"9_CR19_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10742","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.23.10742","volume":"92","author":"J Crutchfield","year":"1992","unstructured":"Crutchfield, J., and M. Mitchell. 1992. The evolution of emergent computation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 92(23): 10742.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Science"},{"key":"9_CR20_9","first-page":"89","volume":"7","author":"J Crutchfield","year":"1993","unstructured":"Crutchfield, J., M. Mitchell, and P. Hraber. 1993. Revisiting the edge of chaos: Evolving cellular automata to perform computations. Complex systems 7: 89\u2013130.","journal-title":"Complex systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"9_CR21_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00647962","volume":"4","author":"J Damuth","year":"1988","unstructured":"Damuth, J., and L. Heisler. 1988. Alternative formulations of multilevel selection. Biology and Philosophy 4(3): 407\u2013430.","journal-title":"Biology and Philosophy"},{"key":"9_CR22_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-58484-6_278","volume-title":"Parallel problem solving from nature-III","author":"R Das","year":"1994","unstructured":"Das, R., M. Mitchell, and J. Crutchfield. 1994. A genetic algorithm discovers particle-based computation in cellular automata. In Parallel problem solving from nature-III, ed. Y. Davidor, H.-P. Schwefel, and R. M\u00e4nner, 344\u2013353. Berlin: Springer."},{"key":"9_CR23_9","volume-title":"Darwin\u2019s dangerous idea","author":"D Dennett","year":"1995","unstructured":"Dennett, D. 1995. Darwin\u2019s dangerous idea. New-York: Simon & Shuster."},{"key":"9_CR24_9","volume-title":"The unfinished synthesis","author":"N Eldredge","year":"1985","unstructured":"Eldredge, N. 1985. The unfinished synthesis. New-York: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9_CR25_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.2.757","volume":"91","author":"W Fontana","year":"1994","unstructured":"Fontana, W., and L. Buss. 1994. What would be conserved if \u2018the tape were played twice\u2019? PNAS 91: 757\u2013761.","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"9_CR26_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5368.1451","volume":"280","author":"W Fontana","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fontana, W., and P. Schuster. 1998. Continuity in evolution: On the nature of transitions. Science 280: 1451\u20131455.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"9_CR27_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1145\/234313.234350","volume":"28","author":"S Forrest","year":"1996","unstructured":"Forrest, S. 1996. Genetic algorithms. ACM Computer surveys 28(1): 77\u201380.","journal-title":"ACM Computer surveys"},{"key":"9_CR28_9","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Complex systems; mechanisms of adaptation","author":"S Forrest","year":"1994","unstructured":"Forrest, S., and T. Jones. 1994. Modeling complex adaptive systems with Echo. In Complex systems; mechanisms of adaptation, ed. R.J. Stonier and X.H. Yu, 3\u201321. Amsterdam: Ios Press."},{"issue":"16","key":"9_CR29_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9185","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.151253198","volume":"98","author":"R F\u00fcchslin","year":"2001","unstructured":"F\u00fcchslin, R., and J. Mc Caskill. 2001. Evolutionary self organisation of cell-free genetic coding. PNAS 98(16): 9185\u20139190.","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"9_CR30_9","volume-title":"Evolutionary dynamics. Exploring the interplay of selection, accident, neutrality and function","author":"S Gavrilets","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gavrilets, S. 2003. Evolution and speciation in a hyperspace: The roles of neutrality, selection, mutation and random drift. In Evolutionary dynamics. Exploring the interplay of selection, accident, neutrality and function, ed. P. Schuster and J. Crutchfield. New York: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9_CR31_9","volume-title":"Darwinim\u2019s struggle for survival","author":"J Gayon","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gayon, J. 1998. Darwinim\u2019s struggle for survival. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"9_CR32_9","volume-title":"Form and transformation: Generative and relational principles in biology","author":"B Godwin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Godwin, B. 1996. Form and transformation: Generative and relational principles in biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"9_CR33_9","first-page":"24","volume-title":"Proceedings of the fourth international conference on genetic algorithms","author":"DE Golberg","year":"1991","unstructured":"Golberg, D.E., K. Deb, and B. Korb. 1991. Don\u2019t worry, be messy. In Proceedings of the fourth international conference on genetic algorithms, ed. R.K. Belew and L.B. Booker, 24\u201330. San Mateo: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"9_CR34_9","volume-title":"Ontogeny and phylogeny","author":"SJ Gould","year":"1977","unstructured":"Gould, S.J. 1977. Ontogeny and phylogeny. Belknap: New Haven."},{"key":"9_CR35_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300005224","volume":"3","author":"SJ Gould","year":"1977","unstructured":"Gould, S.J., and N. Eldredge. 1977. Punctuated equilibria. Paleobiology 3: 115.","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"9_CR36_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300004310","volume":"8","author":"SJ Gould","year":"1982","unstructured":"Gould, S.J., and E. Vrba. 1982. Exaptation: A missing term in the science of form. Paleobiology 8: 4\u201315.","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"9_CR37_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-008-9429-0","volume":"169","author":"Till Gr\u00fcne-Yanoff","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcne-Yanoff, Till. 2009. The explanatory potential of artificial societies. Synthese 169: 539\u2013555.","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"9_CR38_9","volume-title":"The pattern on the stone: The simple ideas that make computers work","author":"D Hillis","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hillis, D. 1998. The pattern on the stone: The simple ideas that make computers work. London: Basic Books."},{"key":"9_CR39_9","volume-title":"Hidden order. How adaptation builds complexity","author":"J Holland","year":"1995","unstructured":"Holland, J. 1995. Hidden order. How adaptation builds complexity. Readings: Helix."},{"key":"9_CR40_9","volume-title":"The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography","author":"J Hubbell","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hubbell, J. 2001. The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography. Princeton: Princeton University Press."},{"key":"9_CR41_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/0195158709.001.0001","volume-title":"Extending ourselves","author":"P Humphreys","year":"2004","unstructured":"Humphreys, P. 2004. Extending ourselves. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9_CR42_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-008-9125-3","volume":"18","author":"P Humphreys","year":"2008","unstructured":"Humphreys, P., and P. Huneman. 2008. Dynamical emergence and computation: An introduction. Minds & Machines 18: 425\u2013430.","journal-title":"Minds & Machines"},{"key":"9_CR43_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-008-9121-7","volume":"18","author":"P Huneman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Huneman, P. 2008a. Emergence and adaptation. Minds and Machines 18: 493\u2013520.","journal-title":"Minds and Machines"},{"key":"9_CR44_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1086\/596777","volume":"75","author":"P Huneman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Huneman, P. 2008b. Combinatorial vs. computational emergence: Emergence made ontological? Philosophy of Science 75: 595\u2013607.","journal-title":"Philosophy of Science"},{"key":"9_CR45_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195079517.001.0001","volume-title":"The origins of order","author":"S Kauffmann","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kauffmann, S. 1993. The origins of order. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9_CR46_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1956.28","volume":"10","author":"R Kettlewell","year":"1956","unstructured":"Kettlewell, R. 1956. Further selection experiments on industrial melanism in the Lepidoptera. Heredity 10: 287\u2013301.","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"9_CR47_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.2307\/2408648","volume":"39","author":"JG Kingsolver","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kingsolver, J.G., and M.A.R. Koehl. 1985. Aerodynamics, thermoregulation, and the evolution of insect wings: Differential scaling and evolutionary change. Evolution 39: 488\u2013504.","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"9_CR48_9","volume-title":"The plausibility of life: Resolving Darwin\u2019s dilemma","author":"M Kirschner","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kirschner, M., and G. Gerhardt. 2005. The plausibility of life: Resolving Darwin\u2019s dilemma. New Haven: Yale University Press."},{"key":"9_CR49_9","volume-title":"Genetic programming: On the programming of computers by means of natural selection","author":"JR Koza","year":"1992","unstructured":"Koza, J.R. 1992. Genetic programming: On the programming of computers by means of natural selection. Cambridge: MIT Press."},{"key":"9_CR50_9","unstructured":"K\u00fcppers, G., and J. Lenhard. 2005. Validation of simulation: Patterns in the social and natural sciences. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 8(4). http:\/\/jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk\/8\/4\/3.html."},{"key":"9_CR51_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1086\/289910","volume":"63","author":"M Lange","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lange, M. 1996. Life, \u2018Artificial life\u2019 and scientific explanations. Philosophy of Science 63: 225\u2013244.","journal-title":"Philosophy of Science"},{"key":"9_CR52_9","volume-title":"The philosophy of artificial life","author":"C Langton","year":"1996","unstructured":"Langton, C. 1996. Artificial life. In The philosophy of artificial life, ed. M. Boden. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9_CR53_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01568","volume":"423","author":"R Lenski","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lenski, R., C. Ofria, T. Pennock, and C. Adami. 2003. The evolutionary origin of complex features. Nature 423: 139\u2013144.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9_CR54_9","unstructured":"Maley, C. 2001. Comparing causal factors in the diversification of species. In Studies in complex systems, vol. II, ed. Y. Bar-Yam."},{"key":"9_CR55_9","volume-title":"Cellular automata","author":"D Margolus","year":"1987","unstructured":"Margolus, D., and J. Toffoli. 1987. Cellular automata. Cambridge: MIT Press."},{"key":"9_CR56_9","volume-title":"Origins of sex: Three billion years of genetic recombination","author":"L Margulis","year":"1986","unstructured":"Margulis, L., and D. Sagan. 1986. Origins of sex: Three billion years of genetic recombination. New Haven: Yale University Press."},{"key":"9_CR57_9","unstructured":"Maron, M. 2004. Evolution of industrial melanism: A spatial, predator-prey genetic algorithm. www.brainoff.com\/easy\/moth\/report.pdf."},{"key":"9_CR58_9","volume-title":"The major evolutionary transitions","author":"Smith J Maynard","year":"1995","unstructured":"Maynard, Smith J., and E. Szathmary. 1995. The major evolutionary transitions. New-York: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9_CR59_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1086\/392768","volume":"67","author":"J Maynard-Smith","year":"2000","unstructured":"Maynard-Smith, J. 2000. The concept of information in biology. Philosophy of Science 67: 177\u2013194.","journal-title":"Philosophy of Science"},{"key":"9_CR60_9","unstructured":"Mayr E. 1976. The emergence of evolutionary novelties. In Evolution and the diversity of life, 87\u2013113. Cambridge: Harvard University Press."},{"issue":"6","key":"9_CR61_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.2307\/2410505","volume":"48","author":"D Mc Shea","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mc Shea, D. 1994. Mechanisms of large-scale evolutionary trends. Evolution 48(6): 1747\u20131763.","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"issue":"2","key":"9_CR62_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.2307\/2410824","volume":"50","author":"D Mc Shea","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mc Shea, D. 1996. Metazoan complexity and evolution: Is there a trend ? Evolution 50(2): 477\u2013492.","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"issue":"2","key":"9_CR63_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1666\/0094-8373(2005)031[0146:TEOCWN]2.0.CO;2","volume":"31","author":"D Mc Shea","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mc Shea, D. 2005. The evolution of complexity without natural selection: A possible large-scale trend of the fourth kind. Paleobiology 31(2): 146\u2013156.","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"9_CR64_9","volume-title":"Darwinian dynamics","author":"R Michod","year":"1999","unstructured":"Michod, R. 1999. Darwinian dynamics. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9_CR65_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1007\/s10539-005-9018-2","volume":"20","author":"R Michod","year":"2005","unstructured":"Michod, R. 2005. On the transfer of fitness from the cell to the multicellular organism. Biology and Philosophy 20: 967\u2013987.","journal-title":"Biology and Philosophy"},{"key":"9_CR66_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-59046-3_10","volume-title":"Evolution and biocomputation: Computational models of evolution","author":"G Miller","year":"1995","unstructured":"Miller, G., and P. Todd. 1995. The role of mate choice in biocomputation; sexual selection as a process of search, optimization and diversification. In Evolution and biocomputation: Computational models of evolution, ed. W. Banzhaf and F.H. Eckmann, 169\u2013204. Berlin: Springer."},{"key":"9_CR67_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3927.001.0001","volume-title":"An introduction to genetic algorithms (complex adaptive systems)","author":"M Mitchell","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mitchell, M. 1998. An introduction to genetic algorithms (complex adaptive systems). Cambridge: MIT Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"9_CR68_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1162\/artl.1994.1.3.267","volume":"1","author":"M Mitchell","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mitchell, M., and S. Forrest. 1993. Genetic algorithms and artificial life. Artificial Life 1(3): 267\u2013289.","journal-title":"Artificial Life"},{"key":"9_CR69_9","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Evolutionary innovations","author":"G M\u00fcller","year":"2000","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, G. 2000. Developmental mechanisms at the origin of evolutionary novelty: A side-effect hypothesis. In Evolutionary innovations, ed. M. Nitecki, 99\u2013130. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"9_CR70_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, G.B. 2007. Evo-devo: Extending the evolutionary synthesis. Nature Reviews Genetics, published online 6 Nov 2007.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2219"},{"key":"9_CR71_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.21081","volume":"MDE 304","author":"GB M\u00fcller","year":"2005","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, G.B., and S. Newman. 2005. The innovation triad: An EvoDevo agenda. The Journal of Experimental Zoology MDE 304: 487\u2013503.","journal-title":"The Journal of Experimental Zoology"},{"key":"9_CR72_9","first-page":"218","volume-title":"Keywords and concepts in evolutionary developmental biology","author":"GB M\u00fcller","year":"2003","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, G.B., and G. Wagner. 2003. Innovation. In Keywords and concepts in evolutionary developmental biology, ed. B.K. Hall and W. Olson, 218\u2013227. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"9_CR73_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.21066","volume":"MDE 304","author":"SA Newman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Newman, S.A., and G.B. M\u00fcller. 2005. Origination and innovation in the vertebrate limb skeleton: An epigenetic perspective. The Journal of Experimental Zoology MDE 304: 593\u2013609.","journal-title":"The Journal of Experimental Zoology"},{"key":"9_CR74_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1994.0048","volume":"256","author":"D-E Nilsson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nilsson, D.-E., and S. Pelger. 1994. A pessimistic estimate of the time required for an eye to evolve. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Biological Sciences 256: 53\u201358.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Biological Sciences"},{"key":"9_CR75_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199267972.001.0001","volume-title":"The levels of selection in evolution","author":"S Okasha","year":"2006","unstructured":"Okasha, S. 2006. The levels of selection in evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"9_CR76_9","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Artificial life","author":"H Pattee","year":"1989","unstructured":"Pattee, H. 1989. Simulations, realizations and theories of life. In Artificial life, ed. C. Langton et al., 63\u201378. London: Addison Wesley."},{"key":"9_CR77_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226256573.001.0001","volume-title":"The shape of life. Genes, development and the evolution of animal form","author":"R Raff","year":"1996","unstructured":"Raff, R. 1996. The shape of life. Genes, development and the evolution of animal form. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"9_CR78_9","first-page":"371","volume-title":"Artificial life","author":"T Ray","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ray, T. 1992. An approach to the synthesis of life. In Artificial life, vol. II, ed. C. Langton, 371\u2013408. London: Addison Wesley."},{"issue":"4","key":"9_CR79_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1145\/37402.37406","volume":"21","author":"C Reynolds","year":"1987","unstructured":"Reynolds, C. 1987. Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioural model. Computer graphics 21(4): 25\u201334.","journal-title":"Computer graphics"},{"key":"9_CR80_9","unstructured":"Sayama, H. 2003 Spontaneous evolution of self reproducing loops in cellular automata. In Studies in complex systems, ed. Bar Yam, 362\u2013377."},{"issue":"4","key":"9_CR81_9","first-page":"103","volume":"17","author":"H Sayama","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sayama, H., A. Antony, and C. Salzberg. 2003. Genetic diversification and complex genealogy of self-replicators discovered in simple cellular automata: A preliminary report. Journal of Three Dimensional Images 17(4): 103\u2013109.","journal-title":"Journal of Three Dimensional Images"},{"key":"9_CR82_9","volume-title":"Meaning of evolution","author":"GG Simpson","year":"1949","unstructured":"Simpson, G.G. 1949. Meaning of evolution. New Haven: Yale University Press."},{"key":"9_CR83_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006580900476","volume":"14","author":"A Wagner","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wagner, A. 1999. Causality in complex systems. Biology and Philosophy 14: 83\u2013101.","journal-title":"Biology and Philosophy"},{"key":"9_CR84_9","volume-title":"Robustness and evolvability in living systems","author":"A Wagner","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wagner, A. 2005. Robustness and evolvability in living systems. Princeton: Princeton University Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"9_CR85_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.2307\/2410639","volume":"50","author":"G Wagner","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wagner, G., and L. Altenberg. 1996. Complex adaptations and the evolution of evolvability. Evolution 50(3): 967\u2013976.","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"9_CR86_9","volume-title":"Compositional evolution. The impact of sex, symbiosis and modularity on the gradualist framework of evolution","author":"Richard A Watson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Watson, Richard A. 2005. Compositional evolution. The impact of sex, symbiosis and modularity on the gradualist framework of evolution. Cambridge: MIT Press."},{"key":"9_CR87_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(02)00307-X","volume":"522","author":"C Wilke","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wilke, C., and C. Adami. 2003. Evolution of mutational robustness. Mutation Research 522: 3\u201311.","journal-title":"Mutation Research"},{"key":"9_CR88_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195069327.001.0001","volume-title":"Natural selection: Domains, levels and challenges","author":"G Williams","year":"1992","unstructured":"Williams, G. 1992. Natural selection: Domains, levels and challenges. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9_CR89_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/294214a0","volume":"294","author":"PG Williamson","year":"1981","unstructured":"Williamson, P.G. 1981. Morphological stasis and developmental constraint: Real problems for neo-darwinism. Nature 294: 214\u2013215.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9_CR90_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1086\/367872","volume":"70","author":"E Winsberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Winsberg, E. 2003. Simulated experiments: Methodology for a virtual world. Philosophy of Science 70: 105\u2013125.","journal-title":"Philosophy of Science"},{"key":"9_CR91_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(84)90245-8","volume":"10","author":"S Wolfram","year":"1984","unstructured":"Wolfram, S. 1984a. Universality and complexity in cellular automata. Physica D 10: 1\u201335.","journal-title":"Physica D"},{"issue":"4","key":"9_CR92_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/311419a0","volume":"311","author":"S Wolfram","year":"1984","unstructured":"Wolfram, S. 1984b. Cellular automata as models of complexity. Nature 311(4): 419\u2013424.","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Special Sciences and the Unity of Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-94-007-2030-5_9","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T16:43:38Z","timestamp":1713458618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-94-007-2030-5_9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,27]]},"ISBN":["9789400720299","9789400720305"],"references-count":92,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-007-2030-5_9","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 December 2011","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}}]}}