{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:28:16Z","timestamp":1787495296723,"version":"build-2736575974"},"publisher-location":"Singapore","reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Singapore","isbn-type":[{"value":"9789811550928","type":"print"},{"value":"9789811550935","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-5093-5_40","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T13:08:01Z","timestamp":1594300081000},"page":"477-486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Effect of Facial Expressions on Interpersonal Space: A Gender Study in Immersive Virtual Reality"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Mariachiara","family":"Rapuano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filomena Leonela","family":"Sbordone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi Oreste","family":"Borrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gennaro","family":"Ruggiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Iachini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"40_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-006-9020-2","volume":"30","author":"RB Adams","year":"2006","unstructured":"Adams, R.B., Ambady, N., Macrae, N., Kleck, R.E.: Emotional expressions forecast approach-avoidance behaviour. Motiv. Emot. 30, 179\u2013188 (2006). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11031-006-9020-2","journal-title":"Motiv. Emot."},{"key":"40_CR2","unstructured":"Aiello, J.R.: Human Spatial behavior. In: Stokols, D., Altman, I (eds.) Handbook of Environmental Psychology, vol. 1, pp. 389\u2013504. Wiley, New York (1987)"},{"key":"40_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2007.9935","volume":"11","author":"C Armbr\u00fcster","year":"2008","unstructured":"Armbr\u00fcster, C., Wolter, M., Kuhlen, T., Spijkers, W., Fimm, B.: Depth perception in virtual reality: distance estimations in peri- and extrapersonal space. Cyberpsychol. Behav. 11, 9\u201315 (2008)","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav."},{"key":"40_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.2307\/278602","volume":"28","author":"M Argyle","year":"1965","unstructured":"Argyle, M., Dean, J.: Eye-contact distance and affiliation. Sociometry 28, 289\u2013304 (1965). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/278602","journal-title":"Sociometry"},{"key":"40_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167203029007002","volume":"29","author":"JN Bailenson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bailenson, J.N., Blascovich, J., Beall, A.C., Loomis, J.M.: Interpersonal distance in immersive virtual environments. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 29, 819\u2013833 (2003). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167203029007002","journal-title":"Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"40_CR6","unstructured":"Bell, P.A., Greene, T.C., Fisher, J.D., Baum, A.: Environmental psychology, 5th edn. Harcourt College Publishers, New York (2005)"},{"key":"40_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15294145200010773287","volume-title":"The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness","author":"AR Damasio","year":"1999","unstructured":"Damasio, A.R.: The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness. Harcourt Brace, New York (1999). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15294145200010773287"},{"key":"40_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10001-000","volume-title":"The Expressions of the Emotions in Men and Animals","author":"C Darwin","year":"1872","unstructured":"Darwin, C.: The Expressions of the Emotions in Men and Animals. John Murray, London (1872)"},{"key":"40_CR9","unstructured":"de Vignemont, F., Iannetti, G.D.: How many peripersonal spaces? Neuropsychologia 70, 327\u2013334 (2015)"},{"key":"40_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dosey, M.A., Meisels, M.: Personal space and self-protection. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 11, 93\u201397 (1969). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0027040","DOI":"10.1037\/h0027040"},{"key":"40_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekman, P.: Facial expressions. In: Dalgleish, T., Power, M.J. (eds.) The Handbook of Cognition and Emotion, pp. 301\u2013320. Wiley, New York (1999)","DOI":"10.1002\/0470013494.ch16"},{"key":"40_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/jtics200407002","volume":"8","author":"V Gallese","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gallese, V., Keysers, C., Rizzolatti, G.A.: Unifying view of the basis of social cognition. Trends Cogn. Sci. 8, 396\u2013403 (2004). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/jtics200407002","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"40_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gessaroli, E., Santelli, E., di Pellegrino, G., Frassinetti, F.: Personal space regulation in childhood autism spectrum disorders. PLoS One 8(9), e74959 (2013). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journalpone0074959","DOI":"10.1371\/journalpone0074959"},{"key":"40_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/jneuropsychologia200509011","volume":"44","author":"MSA Graziano","year":"2006","unstructured":"Graziano, M.S.A., Cooke, D.F.: Parieto-frontal interactions, personal space and defensive behaviour. Neuropsychologia 44, 845\u2013859 (2006). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/jneuropsychologia200509011","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"40_CR15","volume-title":"The Hidden Dimension","author":"ET Hall","year":"1966","unstructured":"Hall, E.T.: The Hidden Dimension. Doubleday, New York (1966)"},{"key":"40_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909942293","volume":"94","author":"LA Hayduk","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hayduk, L.A.: Personal space: where we now stand. Psychol. Bull. 94, 293\u2013335 (1983). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909942293","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"2","key":"40_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00214.x","volume":"32","author":"MR Hebl","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hebl, M.R., Kleck, R.E.: Acknowledging one\u2019s stigma in the interview setting: effective strategy or liability? J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 32(2), 223\u2013249 (2002). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00214.x","journal-title":"J. Appl. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"40_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-354232150","volume":"3","author":"G Horstmann","year":"2003","unstructured":"Horstmann, G.: What do facial expression convey: feeling states, behavioral intentions or actions requests? Emotion 3(2), 150\u2013166 (2003). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1528-354232150","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"40_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Iachini, T., Coello, Y., Frassinetti, F., Ruggiero, G.: Body-space in social interactions: a comparison of reaching and comfort distance in immersive virtual reality. PLoS ONE 9(11), e111511 (2014). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journalpone0111511","DOI":"10.1371\/journalpone0111511"},{"key":"40_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/jactpsy200509003","volume":"161","author":"T Iachini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iachini, T., Pagliaro, S., Ruggiero, G.: Near or far? It depends on my impression: moral information and spatial behavior in virtual interactions. Acta Psychol. 161, 131\u2013136 (2015). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/jactpsy200509003","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"40_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/jjenvp201601004","volume":"45","author":"T Iachini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iachini, T., Coello, Y., Frassinetti, F., Senese, V.P., Galante, F., Ruggiero, G.: Peripersonal and interpersonal space in virtual and real environments: effects of gender and age. J. Environ. Psychol. 45, 154\u2013164 (2016). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/jjenvp201601004","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"40_CR22","first-page":"415","volume-title":"Handbook of Affective Sciences","author":"D Keltner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Keltner, D., Ekman, P., Gonzaga, G.C., Beer, J.: Facial expression of emotion. In: Richard, D.J., Klaus, K.R., Goldsmith, H.H. (eds.) Handbook of Affective Sciences, pp. 415\u2013432. Oxford University Press, New York (2003)"},{"key":"40_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2381","volume":"12","author":"DP Kennedy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kennedy, D.P., Glascher, J., Tyszka, J.M., Adolphs, R.: Personal space regulation by the human amygdala. Nat. Neurosci. 12, 1226\u20131227 (2009). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn2381","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"40_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02281954","volume":"20","author":"B Knutson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Knutson, B.: Facial expressions of emotion influence interpersonal trait inferences. J. Nonverbal Behav. 20(3), 165\u2013182 (1996). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02281954","journal-title":"J. Nonverbal Behav."},{"key":"40_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lampton, D.R., McDonald, D.P., Singer, M., Bliss, J.P.: Distance estimation in virtual environments. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 39th Annual Meeting, pp. 1268\u20131272 (1995)","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129503902006"},{"key":"40_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03200735","volume":"31","author":"JM Loomis","year":"1999","unstructured":"Loomis, J.M., Blaskovich, J.J., Beall, A.C.: Immersive virtual environment technology as a basic research tool in psychology. Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. Comput. 31, 557\u2013564 (1999)","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. Comput."},{"key":"40_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lourenco, S.F., Longo, M.R., Pathman, T.: Near space and its relation to claustrophobic fear. Cognition 119, 448\u2013453 (2011)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2011.02.009"},{"key":"40_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lundqvist, D., Flykt, A., Ohman, A.: The Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces\u2014KDEF CD ROM from Department of Clinical Neuroscience Psychology section Karolinska Institutet ISBN 91-630-7164-9 (1998). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/t27732-000","DOI":"10.1037\/t27732-000"},{"issue":"1","key":"40_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-354251119","volume":"5","author":"AA Marsh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Marsh, A.A., Ambady, N., Kleck, R.E.: The effects of fear and anger facial expressions on approach-and avoidance related behaviors. Emotion 5(1), 119\u2013124 (2005). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1528-354251119","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"40_CR30","unstructured":"Morganti, F., Riva, G.: Conoscenza, comunicazione e tecnologia: aspetti cognitivi della realt\u00e0 virtuale. LED Edizioni Universitarie (2006)"},{"key":"40_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-016-0806-x","author":"G Ruggiero","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ruggiero, G., Frassinetti, F., Coello, Y., Rapuano, M., Schiano di Cola, A., Iachini, T.: The effect of facial expressions on peripersonal and interpersonal spaces. Psychol. Res. (2017). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00426-016-0806-x","journal-title":"Psychol. Res."},{"key":"40_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2019.04.004","volume":"63","author":"G Ruggiero","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ruggiero, G., Rapuano, M., Iachini, T.: Perceived temperature modulates peripersonal and interpersonal spaces differently in men and women. J. Environ. Psychol. 63, 52\u201359 (2019)","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"40_CR33","unstructured":"Sawada, Y.: Blood pressure and heart rate responses to an intrusion on personal space. Jpn. Psychol. Res. 45, 115\u2013121 (2003)"},{"key":"40_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Seidel, E.M., Habel, U., Kirschner, M., Gur, R.C., Derntl, B.: The impact of facial emotional expressions on behavioural tendencies in women and men. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept Perform 36, 500\u2013507 (2010). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0018169","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018169"},{"key":"40_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315799759","volume-title":"Nonverbal Behavior and Communication","author":"AW Siegman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Siegman, A.W., Feldstein, S.: Nonverbal Behavior and Communication. Psychology Press, Abingdon (2014)"},{"issue":"1535","key":"40_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0138","volume":"364","author":"M Slater","year":"2009","unstructured":"Slater, M.: Place illusion and plausibility can lead to realistic behaviour in immersive virtual environments. Philos. T Roy. Soc. B 364(1535), 3549\u20133557 (2009). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2009.0138","journal-title":"Philos. T Roy. Soc. B"},{"key":"40_CR37","unstructured":"Sommer, R.: From personal space to cyberspace. In: Bechtel, R.B., Churchman, A. (eds.) Handbook of Environmental Psychology, pp. 647\u2013657. Wiley, New York (2002)"},{"key":"40_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sussman, N.M., Rosenfeld, H.M.: Touch justification and sex: influences on the aversiveness of spatial violations. J. Soc. Psychol. 106, 215\u2013225 (1978)","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.1978.9924173"},{"issue":"10","key":"40_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26083","DOI":"10.1371\/journalpone0026083","volume":"6","author":"A Tajadura-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tajadura-Jim\u00e9nez, A., Pantelidou, G., Rebacz, P., Vastfjall, D., Tsakiris, M.: I space: the effects of emotional valence and source of music on interpersonal distance. PLoS ONE 6(10), e26083 (2011). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journalpone0026083","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"40_CR40","unstructured":"Uzzell, D., Horne, N.: The influence of biological sex, sexuality and gender role on interpersonal distance. Br. J. Soc. Psychol. 45, 579\u2013597 (2006)"},{"issue":"9","key":"40_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1080\/17470210802027987","volume":"61","author":"S van Dantzig","year":"2008","unstructured":"van Dantzig, S., Pecher, D., Zwaan, R.A.: Approach and avoidance as action effects. Q J. Exp. Psychol. 61(9), 1298\u20131306 (2008). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17470210802027987","journal-title":"Q J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"40_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/jneuropsychologia200606003","volume":"45","author":"P Vuilleumier","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vuilleumier, P., Pourtois, G.: Distributed and interactive brain mechanisms during emotions face perception: evidence from functional neuroimaging. Neuropsychologia 45, 174\u2013194 (2007). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/jneuropsychologia200606003","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"40_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. JAMA 310 (20), 2191 (2013)","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053"}],"container-title":["Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies","Progresses in Artificial Intelligence and Neural Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-981-15-5093-5_40","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T13:15:08Z","timestamp":1594300508000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-981-15-5093-5_40"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]]},"ISBN":["9789811550928","9789811550935"],"references-count":43,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-15-5093-5_40","relation":{},"ISSN":["2190-3018","2190-3026"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2190-3018","type":"print"},{"value":"2190-3026","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 July 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}}]}}