{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T18:55:24Z","timestamp":1772823324785,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Singapore","reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Nature Singapore","isbn-type":[{"value":"9789811979590","type":"print"},{"value":"9789811979606","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-7960-6_7","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T13:06:07Z","timestamp":1670504767000},"page":"60-71","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Improving the\u00a0Robustness of\u00a0Low-Resource Neural Machine Translation with\u00a0Adversarial Examples"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Shuo","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hongxu","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nier","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zongheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yisong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pengcong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Weichen","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"7_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzantot, M., Sharma, Y., Elgohary, A., Ho, B., Srivastava, M.B., Chang, K.: Generating natural language adversarial examples. In: Riloff, E., Chiang, D., Hockenmaier, J., Tsujii, J. (eds.) Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Brussels, Belgium, 31 October\u20134 November 2018, pp. 2890\u20132896. Association for Computational Linguistics (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/d18-1316","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1316"},{"key":"7_CR2","unstructured":"Bahdanau, D., Cho, K., Bengio, Y.: Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate. In: 3rd International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2015, San Diego, CA, USA, 7\u20139 May 2015, Conference Track Proceedings (2015). http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1409.0473"},{"key":"7_CR3","unstructured":"Belinkov, Y., Bisk, Y.: Synthetic and natural noise both break neural machine translation. In: 6th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2018, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 30 April\u20133 May 2018, Conference Track Proceedings. OpenReview.net (2018). https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=BJ8vJebC-"},{"key":"7_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, M., Yi, J., Chen, P., Zhang, H., Hsieh, C.: Seq2sick: Evaluating the robustness of sequence-to-sequence models with adversarial examples. In: The Thirty-Fourth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI 2020, The Thirty-Second Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence Conference, IAAI 2020, The Tenth AAAI Symposium on Educational Advances in Artificial Intelligence, EAAI 2020, New York, NY, USA, 7\u201312 February 2020, pp. 3601\u20133608. AAAI Press (2020). https:\/\/ojs.aaai.org\/index.php\/AAAI\/article\/view\/5767","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i04.5767"},{"key":"7_CR5","unstructured":"Ebrahimi, J., Lowd, D., Dou, D.: On adversarial examples for character-level neural machine translation. In: Bender, E.M., Derczynski, L., Isabelle, P. (eds.) Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, COLING 2018, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA, 20\u201326 August 2018, pp. 653\u2013663. Association for Computational Linguistics (2018). https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/C18-1055\/"},{"key":"7_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebrahimi, J., Rao, A., Lowd, D., Dou, D.: Hotflip: white-box adversarial examples for text classification. In: Gurevych, I., Miyao, Y. (eds.) Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2018, Melbourne, Australia, 15\u201320 July 2018, Volume 2: Short Papers, pp. 31\u201336. Association for Computational Linguistics (2018). https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/P18-2006\/","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-2006"},{"key":"7_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karpukhin, V., Levy, O., Eisenstein, J., Ghazvininejad, M.: Training on synthetic noise improves robustness to natural noise in machine translation. In: Xu, W., Ritter, A., Baldwin, T., Rahimi, A. (eds.) Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text, W-NUT@EMNLP 2019, Hong Kong, China, 4 November 2019, pp. 42\u201347. Association for Computational Linguistics (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/D19-5506","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-5506"},{"key":"7_CR8","unstructured":"Keneshloo, Y., Shi, T., Ramakrishnan, N., Reddy, C.K.: Deep reinforcement learning for sequence to sequence models. CoRR abs\/1805.09461 (2018). http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1805.09461"},{"key":"7_CR9","unstructured":"Konda, V.R., Tsitsiklis, J.N.: Actor-critic algorithms. In: Solla, S.A., Leen, T.K., M\u00fcller, K. (eds.) Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, NIPS Conference, Denver, Colorado, USA, 29 November\u20134 December 1999, vol. 12, pp. 1008\u20131014. The MIT Press (1999). http:\/\/papers.nips.cc\/paper\/1786-actor-critic-algorithms"},{"issue":"4","key":"7_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1162\/coli.2009.35.4.35403","volume":"35","author":"Z Li","year":"2009","unstructured":"Li, Z., Sun, M.: Punctuation as implicit annotations for Chinese word segmentation. Comput. Linguist. 35(4), 505\u2013512 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/coli.2009.35.4.35403","journal-title":"Comput. Linguist."},{"key":"7_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michel, P., Li, X., Neubig, G., Pino, J.M.: On evaluation of adversarial perturbations for sequence-to-sequence models. In: Burstein, J., Doran, C., Solorio, T. (eds.) Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, NAACL-HLT 2019, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 2\u20137 June 2019, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers), pp. 3103\u20133114. Association for Computational Linguistics (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/n19-1314","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N19-1314"},{"key":"7_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Post, M.: A call for clarity in reporting BLEU scores. In: Bojar, O., et al. (eds.) Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers, WMT 2018, Belgium, Brussels, 31 October\u20131 November 2018, pp. 186\u2013191. Association for Computational Linguistics (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/w18-6319","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-6319"},{"key":"7_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sennrich, R., Haddow, B., Birch, A.: Neural machine translation of rare words with subword units. In: Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2016, August 2016, Berlin, Germany, Volume 1: Long Papers, pp. 7\u201312 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/p16-1162","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1162"},{"key":"7_CR14","unstructured":"Szegedy, C., et al.: Intriguing properties of neural networks. In: Bengio, Y., LeCun, Y. (eds.) 2nd International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2014, Banff, AB, Canada, 14\u201316 April 2014, Conference Track Proceedings (2014). http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1312.6199"},{"key":"7_CR15","unstructured":"Vaswani, A., et al.: Attention is all you need. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30: Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2017, 4\u20139 December 2017, Long Beach, CA, USA, pp. 5998\u20136008 (2017). http:\/\/papers.nips.cc\/paper\/7181-attention-is-all-you-need"},{"key":"7_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, L., Tian, F., Qin, T., Lai, J., Liu, T.: A study of reinforcement learning for neural machine translation. In: Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Brussels, Belgium, 31 October\u2013 4 November 2018, pp. 3612\u20133621 (2018). https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/D18-1397\/","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1397"},{"key":"7_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Chen, W., Wang, F., Xu, B.: Improving neural machine translation with conditional sequence generative adversarial nets. In: Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, NAACL-HLT 2018, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 1\u20136 June 2018, Volume 1 (Long Papers), pp. 1346\u20131355 (2018). https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/N18-1122\/","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-1122"},{"key":"7_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Zhang, J., He, Z., Zong, C., Wu, H.: Addressing troublesome words in neural machine translation. In: Riloff, E., Chiang, D., Hockenmaier, J., Tsujii, J. (eds.) Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Brussels, Belgium, 31 October\u20134 November 2018, pp. 391\u2013400. Association for Computational Linguistics (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/d18-1036","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1036"},{"key":"7_CR19","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., Dua, D., Singh, S.: Generating natural adversarial examples. CoRR abs\/1710.11342 (2017). http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1710.11342"},{"key":"7_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, W., Huang, S., Xie, J., Dai, X., Chen, J.: A reinforced generation of adversarial examples for neural machine translation. In: Jurafsky, D., Chai, J., Schluter, N., Tetreault, J.R. (eds.) Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2020, 5\u201310 July 2020, pp. 3486\u20133497. Association for Computational Linguistics (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.319","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.319"}],"container-title":["Communications in Computer and Information Science","Machine Translation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-981-19-7960-6_7","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T13:07:32Z","timestamp":1670504852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-981-19-7960-6_7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"ISBN":["9789811979590","9789811979606"],"references-count":20,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-19-7960-6_7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-0929","1865-0937"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-0929","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-0937","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 December 2022","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"CCMT","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"China Conference on Machine Translation","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Lhasa","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"China","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2022","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"6 August 2022","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"10 August 2022","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"ccmt2022","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"http:\/\/sc.cipsc.org.cn\/mt\/conference\/2022\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Double-blind","order":1,"name":"type","label":"Type","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"Softconf","order":2,"name":"conference_management_system","label":"Conference Management System","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"73","order":3,"name":"number_of_submissions_sent_for_review","label":"Number of Submissions Sent for Review","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"16","order":4,"name":"number_of_full_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Full Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"0","order":5,"name":"number_of_short_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Short Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"22% - The value is computed by the equation \"Number of Full Papers Accepted \/ Number of Submissions Sent for Review * 100\" and then rounded to a whole number.","order":6,"name":"acceptance_rate_of_full_papers","label":"Acceptance Rate of Full Papers","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"3","order":7,"name":"average_number_of_reviews_per_paper","label":"Average Number of Reviews per Paper","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"3","order":8,"name":"average_number_of_papers_per_reviewer","label":"Average Number of Papers per Reviewer","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"No","order":9,"name":"external_reviewers_involved","label":"External Reviewers Involved","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}}]}}