{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T08:05:21Z","timestamp":1784534721912,"version":"3.55.0"},"publisher-location":"Singapore","reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Nature Singapore","isbn-type":[{"value":"9789819234257","type":"print"},{"value":"9789819234264","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-92-3426-4_38","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T07:30:16Z","timestamp":1784532616000},"page":"454-466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Implication-Enhanced Contrastive Learning Framework for Implicit Hate Speech Detection"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2786-5958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8987-4055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hang","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2320-2495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3443-5191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyue","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6140-4991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yixin","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"38_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3232676","volume":"51","author":"P Fortuna","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fortuna, P., Nunes, S.: A survey on automatic detection of hate speech in text. ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR). 51(4), 1\u201330 (2018)","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR)."},{"issue":"1","key":"38_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-polisci-051517-012343","volume":"22","author":"JW Howard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Howard, J.W.: Free speech and hate speech. Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 22(1), 93\u2013109 (2019)","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"38_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.14257\/ijmue.2015.10.4.21","volume":"10","author":"ND Gitari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gitari, N.D., Zhang, Z., Damien, H., Long, J.: A lexicon-based approach for hate speech detection. Int. J. Multimedia Ubiquit. Eng. 10(4), 215\u2013230 (2015)","journal-title":"Int. J. Multimedia Ubiquit. Eng."},{"key":"38_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.29","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"M ElSherief","year":"2021","unstructured":"ElSherief, M., et al.: Latent hatred: a benchmark for understanding implicit hate speech. In: Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 345\u2013363 (2021)"},{"key":"38_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.eacl-main.147","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"NB Ocampo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ocampo, N.B., Sviridova, E., Cabrio, E., Villata, S.: An in-depth analysis of implicit and subtle hate speech messages. In: Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 1997\u20132013 (2023)"},{"key":"38_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5477","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.486","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"M Sap","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sap, M., Gabriel, S., Qin, L., Jurafsky, D., Smith, N.A., Choi, Y.: Social bias frames: reasoning about social and power implications of language. In: Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 5477\u20135490 (2020)"},{"key":"38_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6159","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.emnlp-main.377","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"S Ghosh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ghosh, S., Suri, M., Chiniya, P., Tyagi, U., Kumar, S., Manocha, D.: Cosyn: detecting implicit hate speech in online conversations using a context synergized hyperbolic network. In: Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 6159\u20136173 (2023)"},{"key":"38_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28850","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.emnlp-main.1469","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Y Lee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lee, Y., Hahn, J., Ahn, H., Han, Y.S.: Amplehate: amplifying the attention for versatile implicit hate detection. In: Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 28850\u201328862 (2025)"},{"key":"38_CR9","first-page":"29477","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"C Rinks","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rinks, C.: Enhancing detection of relationship abuse in text with multi-task learning. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, vol. 39, pp. 29477\u201329479 (2025)"},{"key":"38_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5085","DOI":"10.1145\/3696410.3714502","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2025","author":"D Geissler","year":"2025","unstructured":"Geissler, D., Maarouf, A., Feuerriegel, S.: Analyzing user characteristics of hate speech spreaders on social media. In: Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2025, pp. 5085\u20135095 (2025)"},{"key":"38_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1145\/3543873.3587368","volume-title":"Companion Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2023","author":"F Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, F., Kwak, H., An, J.: Is Chatgpt better than human annotators? Potential and limitations of Chatgpt in explaining implicit hate speech. In: Companion Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2023, pp. 294\u2013297 (2023)"},{"key":"38_CR12","first-page":"12073","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"M Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, M., He, J., Ji, T., Lu, C.T.: Don\u2019t go to extremes: revealing the excessive sensitivity and calibration limitations of LLMs in implicit hate speech detection. In: Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 12073\u201312086 (2024)"},{"key":"38_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6365","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData62323.2024.10825995","volume-title":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData)","author":"P Sheth","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sheth, P., Kumarage, T., Moraffah, R., Chadha, A., Liu, H.: Cross-platform hate speech detection with weakly supervised causal disentanglement. In: 2024 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData), pp. 6365\u20136373. IEEE (2024)"},{"key":"38_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16177","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-acl.957","volume-title":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2024","author":"J Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim, J., Jin, S., Park, S., Park, S., Han, K.: Label-aware hard negative sampling strategies with momentum contrastive learning for implicit hate speech detection. In: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2024, pp. 16177\u201316188 (2024)"},{"key":"38_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10444","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-acl.622","volume-title":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2024","author":"H Ahn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ahn, H., Kim, Y., Kim, J., Han, Y.S.: Sharedcon: implicit hate speech detection using shared semantics. In: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2024, pp. 10444\u201310455 (2024)"},{"key":"38_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.110296","volume":"147","author":"AJ Almahdi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Almahdi, A.J., Mohades, A., Akbari, M., Heidary, S.: Enhancing cross-lingual hate speech detection through contrastive and adversarial learning. Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. 147, 110296 (2025)","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"38_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5938","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-emnlp.343","volume-title":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024","author":"H Nghiem","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nghiem, H., Daum\u00e9 III, H.: Hatecot: An explanation-enhanced dataset for generalizable offensive speech detection via large language models. In: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024, pp. 5938\u20135956 (2024)"},{"key":"38_CR18","first-page":"6667","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Computational Linguistics","author":"Y Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim, Y., Park, P., Han, Y.S.: Generalizable implicit hate speech detection using contrastive learning. In: Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, pp. 6667\u20136679 (2022)"},{"key":"38_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29149","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.emnlp-main.1485","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"R Dutt","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dutt, R., Rose, C., Sap, M.: Social scaffolds: a generalization framework for social understanding tasks. In: Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 29149\u201329185 (2025)"},{"key":"38_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5948","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-acl.355","volume-title":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2024","author":"LT Nguyen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nguyen, L.T.: Vihatet5: enhancing hate speech detection in Vietnamese with a unified text-to-text transformer model. In: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2024, pp. 5948\u20135961 (2024)"},{"key":"38_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-main.136","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"B AlKhamissi","year":"2022","unstructured":"AlKhamissi, B. et al.: Token: task decomposition and knowledge infusion for few-shot hate speech detection. In: Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 2109\u20132120 (2022)"},{"key":"38_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6894","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.552","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"T Gao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gao, T., Yao, X., Chen, D.: SimCSE: simple contrastive learning of sentence Embeddings. In: Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 6894\u20136910 (2021)"},{"key":"38_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-5102","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Abusive Language Online (ALW2)","author":"O De Gibert","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Gibert, O., Perez, N., Garc\u00eda-Pablos, A., Cuadros, M.: Hate speech dataset from a white supremacy forum. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Abusive Language Online (ALW2), pp. 11\u201320 (2018)"},{"key":"38_CR24","first-page":"1667","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing","author":"B Vidgen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vidgen, B., Thrush, T., Talat, Z., Kiela, D.: Learning from the worst: dynamically generated datasets to improve online hate detection. In: Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, pp. 1667\u20131682 (2021)"},{"key":"38_CR25","unstructured":"Gunel, B., Du, J., Conneau, A., Stoyanov, V.: Supervised Contrastive Learning for Pre-Trained Language Model Fine-Tuning. arXiv preprint https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2011.01403 (2020)"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Advanced Intelligent Computing Technology and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-981-92-3426-4_38","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T07:30:19Z","timestamp":1784532619000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-981-92-3426-4_38"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"ISBN":["9789819234257","9789819234264"],"references-count":25,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-92-3426-4_38","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 July 2026","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosure of Interests"}},{"value":"ICIC","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Intelligent Computing","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Toronto","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Canada","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2026","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"22 July 2026","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"26 July 2026","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"22","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"icic2026a","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"http:\/\/www.ic-icc.cn\/2026\/index.htm","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}