{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:17:46Z","timestamp":1788365866918,"version":"build-2803163510"},"publisher-location":"Singapore","reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Nature Singapore","isbn-type":[{"value":"9789819234493","type":"print"},{"value":"9789819234509","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-92-3450-9_12","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T07:01:10Z","timestamp":1784530870000},"page":"133-144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["ProActive-Shard: A GNN and RL-Enabled Proactive Sharding Framework for Load Balancing in Blockchain"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Yuetong","family":"Weng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbo","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linlin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumin","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjiang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"15","key":"12_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25694","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3380068","volume":"11","author":"Y Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, Y., et al.: SS-DID: a secure and scalable web3 decentralized identity utilizing multilayer sharding blockchain. IEEE Internet Things J. 11(15), 25694\u201325705 (2024)","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"12","key":"12_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3575","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3213350","volume":"40","author":"Z Hong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hong, Z., et al.: Scaling blockchain via layered sharding. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun. 40(12), 3575\u20133588 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"key":"12_CR3","first-page":"931","volume-title":"Proc. ACM CCS, Canada","author":"M Zamani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zamani, M., et al.: RapidChain: scaling blockchain via full sharding. In: Proc. ACM CCS, Canada, pp. 931\u2013948 (2018)"},{"key":"12_CR4","first-page":"95","volume-title":"Proc. 16th USENIX NSDI, USA","author":"J Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, J., Wang, H.: Monoxide: scale out blockchain with asynchronous consensus zones. In: Proc. 16th USENIX NSDI, USA, pp. 95\u2013112 (2019)"},{"key":"12_CR5","first-page":"1968","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, United Kingdom","author":"H Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang, H., et al.: BrokerChain: a cross-shard blockchain protocol for account\/balance-based state sharding. In: Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, United Kingdom, pp. 1968\u20131977 (2022)"},{"key":"12_CR6","first-page":"284","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE SRDS, Vienna","author":"C Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, C., et al.: Achieving scalability and load balance across blockchain shards for state sharding. In: Proc. IEEE SRDS, Vienna, pp. 284\u2013294 (2022)"},{"key":"12_CR7","first-page":"583","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE SP, USA","author":"E Kokoris-Kogias","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kokoris-Kogias, E., et al.: Omniledger: a secure, scale-out, decentralized ledger via sharding. In: Proc. IEEE SP, USA, pp. 583\u2013598 (2018)"},{"key":"12_CR8","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE INFOCOM","author":"X Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang, X., et al.: ContribChain: a stress-balanced blockchain sharding protocol with node contribution awareness. In: Proc. IEEE INFOCOM (2025)"},{"key":"12_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kr\u00f3l, M., et al.: Shard scheduler: object placement and migration in sharded account-based blockchains. Comput. Res. Repos., 43\u201356 (2021)","DOI":"10.1145\/3479722.3480989"},{"issue":"2","key":"12_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2020.3031355","volume":"18","author":"A Mizrahi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mizrahi, A., Rottenstreich, O.: Blockchain state sharding with space-aware representations. IEEE Trans. Netw. Service Manag. 18(2), 1571\u20131581 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Service Manag."},{"key":"12_CR11","first-page":"721","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE ICDE, Anaheim","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., et al.: Txallo: dynamic transaction allocation in sharded blockchain systems. In: Proc. IEEE ICDE, Anaheim, pp. 721\u2013733 (2023)"},{"issue":"2","key":"12_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2025.3547222","volume":"18","author":"H Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang, H., et al.: BlockEmulator: an emulator enabling to test blockchain sharding protocols. IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput. 18(2), 690\u2013703 (2025)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput."},{"key":"12_CR13","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE TENSYMP, Thailand","author":"G Behzadi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Behzadi, G., Dowlut, A.: Hybrid graph neural networks for scalable and explainable fraud detection in dynamic networks. In: Proc. IEEE TENSYMP, Thailand, pp. 1\u20136 (2025)"},{"key":"12_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.126486","volume":"269","author":"Z Yao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yao, Z., et al.: Mecon: a GNN-based graph classification framework for MEV activity detection. Expert Syst. Appl. 269, 124521 (2025)","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"12_CR15","first-page":"348","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE ISCTIS, Chengdu","author":"X Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu, X., et al.: Temporal graph representation learning for evolving user behavior in transactional networks. In: Proc. IEEE ISCTIS, Chengdu, pp. 348\u2013352 (2025)"},{"key":"12_CR16","first-page":"222","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE ICDE, Utrecht","author":"J Blanu\u0161a","year":"2024","unstructured":"Blanu\u0161a, J., et al.: Graph feature preprocessor: real-time subgraph-based feature extraction for financial crime detection. In: Proc. IEEE ICDE, Utrecht, pp. 222\u2013230 (2024)"},{"key":"12_CR17","first-page":"719","volume-title":"Proc. 43rd Int. ACM SIGIR, China","author":"Y Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma, Y., et al.: Streaming graph neural networks. In: Proc. 43rd Int. ACM SIGIR, China, pp. 719\u2013728 (2020)"},{"issue":"1","key":"12_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3477600","volume":"55","author":"C Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu, C., et al.: Reinforcement learning in healthcare: a survey. ACM Comput. Surv. 55(1), 1\u201336 (2023)","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"issue":"11","key":"12_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3360","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2020.1870013","volume":"59","author":"J Park","year":"2021","unstructured":"Park, J., et al.: Learning to schedule job-shop problems: representation and policy learning using graph neural network and reinforcement learning. Int. J. Prod. Res. 59(11), 3360\u20133377 (2021)","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"12_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6949","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3153316","volume":"21","author":"N Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao, N., et al.: Multi-agent deep reinforcement learning for task offloading in UAV-assisted mobile edge computing. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 21(9), 6949\u20136960 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"12_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2871020","volume":"6","author":"Y Sun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sun, Y., et al.: Deep reinforcement learning-based mode selection and resource management for green fog radio access networks. IEEE Internet Things J. 6(2), 1960\u20131971 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"3","key":"12_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2956519","volume":"19","author":"F Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo, F., Yu, F.R., Zhang, H., Ji, H., Liu, M., Leung, V.C.M.: Adaptive resource allocation in future wireless networks with blockchain and mobile edge computing. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 19(3), 1689\u20131703 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"12_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.108122","volume":"192","author":"Y Guo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guo, Y., et al.: Efficient and flexible management for industrial internet of things: a federated learning approach. Comput. Netw. 192, 108122 (2021)","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"12_CR24","unstructured":"Schulman, J., et al.: Proximal policy optimization algorithms. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1707.06347 (2017)"},{"key":"12_CR25","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Proc. 23rd ACM KDD, Halifax","author":"IM Baytas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baytas, I.M., et al.: Patient subtyping via time-aware LSTM networks. In: Proc. 23rd ACM KDD, Halifax, pp. 65\u201374 (2017)"},{"issue":"2014","key":"12_CR26","first-page":"1","volume":"151","author":"G Wood","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wood, G., et al.: Ethereum: a secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger. Ethereum Project Yellow Paper. 151(2014), 1\u201332 (2014)","journal-title":"Ethereum Project Yellow Paper"},{"issue":"10","key":"12_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5715","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2921566","volume":"15","author":"S Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Lee, J.-H.: Double-spending with a sybil attack in the bitcoin decentralized network. IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat. 15(10), 5715\u20135722 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat."},{"key":"12_CR28","first-page":"173","volume-title":"Proc. ACM OSDI, New Orleans","author":"M Castro","year":"1999","unstructured":"Castro, M., Liskov, B.: Practical byzantine fault tolerance. In: Proc. ACM OSDI, New Orleans, pp. 173\u2013186 (1999)"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-92-3450-9_51","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000}}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Advanced Intelligent Computing Technology and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-981-92-3450-9_12","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T15:26:33Z","timestamp":1788362793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-981-92-3450-9_12"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"ISBN":["9789819234493","9789819234509"],"references-count":28,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-92-3450-9_12","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 July 2026","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"3 September 2026","order":2,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":3,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"A correction has been published.","order":4,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"ICIC","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Intelligent Computing","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Toronto","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Canada","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2026","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"22 July 2026","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"26 July 2026","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"22","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"icic2026a","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"http:\/\/www.ic-icc.cn\/2026\/index.htm","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}