{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T05:30:44Z","timestamp":1769146244831,"version":"3.49.0"},"publisher-location":"Singapore","reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Nature Singapore","isbn-type":[{"value":"9789819557158","type":"print"},{"value":"9789819557165","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-95-5716-5_6","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T13:07:33Z","timestamp":1769087253000},"page":"80-97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["RS-Stega: A Token-Level Quality-Control Framework for\u00a0Generative Text Steganography"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2143-0876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengtao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanmei","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"6_CR1","unstructured":"Fridrich, J.: Steganography in digital media: principles, algorithms, and applications. Cambridge university press (1999)"},{"key":"6_CR2","first-page":"56","volume":"29","author":"T Denemark","year":"2017","unstructured":"Denemark, T., Fridrich, J.: Model based steganography with precover. Media Watermarking, Security, and Forensics 29, 56\u201366 (2017)","journal-title":"Media Watermarking, Security, and Forensics"},{"issue":"8","key":"6_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2019.2891237","volume":"14","author":"W Tang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tang, W., Li, B., Tan, S., et al.: CNN-based adversarial embedding for image steganography. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 14(8), 2074\u20132087 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"6_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, W., Ni, J., Sun, Y.: StegaStyleGAN: towards generic and practical generative image steganography. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 240\u2013248. AAAI, Vancouver (2024)","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v38i1.27776"},{"key":"6_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2023.3269663","volume":"26","author":"S He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He, S., Xu, D., Yang, L., et al.: Adaptive HEVC video steganography with high performance based on attention-net and PU partition modes. IEEE Trans. Multimedia 26, 687\u2013700 (2023)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multimedia"},{"issue":"4","key":"6_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2896","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2022.3193423","volume":"20","author":"J Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, J., Yin, X., Chen, Y., et al.: An adaptive ipm-based HEVC video steganography via minimizing non-additive distortion. IEEE Trans. Dependable Secure Comput. 20(4), 2896\u20132912 (2023)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dependable Secure Comput."},{"key":"6_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s11045-018-0568-2","volume":"30","author":"S Manisha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Manisha, S., Sharmila, T.: A two-level secure data hiding algorithm for video steganography. Multidimension Syst. Signal Process. 30, 529\u2013542 (2019)","journal-title":"Multidimension Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"6_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2020.100316","volume":"38","author":"A AlSabhany","year":"2020","unstructured":"AlSabhany, A., Ali, A., Ridzuan, F., et al.: Digital audio steganography: systematic review, classification, and analysis of the current state of the art. Comput. Sci. Rev. 38, 100316 (2020)","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"6_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2019.2963764","volume":"15","author":"J Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu, J., Chen, B., Luo, W., et al.: Audio steganography based on iterative adversarial attacks against convolutional neural networks. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 15, 2282\u20132294 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"6_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2020.102689","volume":"165","author":"S Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang, S., Ye, D., Huang, J., et al.: SmartSteganogaphy: light-weight generative audio steganography model for smart embedding application. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 165, 102689 (2020)","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"issue":"5","key":"6_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2018.2871746","volume":"14","author":"Z Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Guo, X., Chen, Z., et al.: RNN-Stega: linguistic steganography based on recurrent neural networks. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 14(5), 1280\u20131295 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"6_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, J., Chen, K., Wang, Y., et al.: Discop: provably secure steganography in practice based on \u201cdistribution copies\u201d. In: 2023 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), pp. 2238\u20132255. IEEE, San Francisco (2023)","DOI":"10.1109\/SP46215.2023.10179287"},{"key":"6_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2023.3258862","volume":"30","author":"W Peng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peng, W., Wang, T., Qian, Z., et al.: Cross-modal text steganography against synonym substitution-based text attack. IEEE Signal Process. Lett. 30, 299\u2013303 (2023)","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"issue":"6","key":"6_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.11834\/jig.211272","volume":"27","author":"W Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Wang, H., Li, B., et al.: Overview of steganography on multimedia. J. Image Graph. 27(6), 1918\u20131943 (2022)","journal-title":"J. Image Graph."},{"key":"6_CR15","unstructured":"Krista, B.: Linguistic steganography: survey, analysis, and robustness concerns for hiding information in text. CERIAS Tech Report (2004)"},{"issue":"4","key":"6_CR16","first-page":"32","volume":"14","author":"J Bai","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bai, J., Yang, Y., Xu, Y., et al.: An algorithm of text steganography. Comput. Syst. Appl. 14(4), 32\u201335 (2005)","journal-title":"Comput. Syst. Appl."},{"issue":"17","key":"6_CR17","first-page":"230","volume":"32","author":"Y Liu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Sum, X., Luo, G.: A novel information hiding algorithm based on structure of PDF document. Comput. Eng. 32(17), 230\u2013232 (2006)","journal-title":"Comput. Eng."},{"key":"6_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-22277-2_34","volume-title":"Handbook of Computer Networks and Cyber Security","author":"R Kumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumar, R., Singh, H.: Recent trends in text steganography with experimental study. In: Gupta, B., Perez, G., Agrawal, D., Gupta, D. (eds.) Handbook of Computer Networks and Cyber Security, pp. 849\u2013872. Springer, Cham (2020)"},{"key":"6_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huo L., Xiao Y.: Synonym substitution-based steganographic algorithm with vector distance of two-gram dependency collocations. In: 2016 2nd IEEE International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC), pp. 2776\u20132780. IEEE, Chengdu (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/CompComm.2016.7925203"},{"issue":"2","key":"6_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1162\/COLI_a_00176","volume":"40","author":"C Chang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chang, C., Clark, S.: Practical linguistic steganography using contextual synonym substitution and a novel vertex coding method. Comput. Linguist. 40(2), 403\u2013448 (2014)","journal-title":"Comput. Linguist."},{"key":"6_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, T., Jaggi, M., Argyraki, K.: Generating steganographic text with LSTMs. In: Proceedings of ACL 2017, Student Research Workshop, pp. 100\u2013106. ACL, Vancouver (2017)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-3017"},{"key":"6_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2020.3023279","volume":"16","author":"Z Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Zhang, S., Hu, Y., et al.: VAE-Stega: linguistic steganography based on variational auto-encoder. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 16, 880\u2013895 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"issue":"5","key":"6_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2021.3079957","volume":"19","author":"X Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Peng, W., Yang, B., et al.: Linguistic steganography based on adaptive probability distribution. IEEE Trans. Dependable Secure Comput. 19(5), 2982\u20132997 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dependable Secure Comput."},{"key":"6_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, C., Xia, F., Li, W., et al.: Provably secure generative linguistic steganography. In: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL-IJCNLP 2021, pp. 3046\u20133055. ACL, Online (2021)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.findings-acl.268"},{"key":"6_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Yang, Z., Yang, J., et al.: Hi-Stega: a hierarchical linguistic steganography framework combining retrieval and generation. In: Luo, B., Cheng, L., Wu, ZG., Li, H., Li, C. (eds.) Neural Information Processing. ICONIP 2023. LNCS, vol. 14451, pp. 41\u201354. Springer, Singapore (2024)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-8073-4_4"},{"issue":"2","key":"6_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1109\/TCDS.2023.3296413","volume":"16","author":"C Ding","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ding, C., Fu, Z., Yu, Q., et al.: Joint linguistic steganography with BERT masked language model and graph attention network. IEEE Trans. Cognitive Dev. Syst. 16(2), 772\u2013781 (2023)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cognitive Dev. Syst."},{"key":"6_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2023.3340601","volume":"32","author":"C Ding","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ding, C., Fu, Z., Yang, Z., et al.: Context-aware linguistic steganography model based on neural machine translation. IEEE\/ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process. 32, 868\u2013878 (2023)","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process."},{"key":"6_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2023.3310380","volume":"30","author":"Y Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Zhang, R., Liu, J.: RLS-DTS: reinforcement-learning linguistic steganalysis in distribution-transformed scenario. IEEE Signal Process. Lett. 30, 1232\u20131236 (2016)","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"6_CR29","first-page":"85","volume":"9","author":"M Aman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aman, M.: A hybrid text steganography approach utilizing Unicode space characters and zero-width character. Int. J. Inf. Technol. Secur 9(1), 85\u2013100 (2017)","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Technol. Secur"},{"issue":"12","key":"6_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-3723(21)00130-5","volume":"2021","author":"K Kaushik","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaushik, K.: Zero-width text steganography in cybercrime attacks. Comput. Fraud Secur. 2021(12), 16\u201319 (2021)","journal-title":"Comput. Fraud Secur."},{"key":"6_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bashir, H.M.-Q.: A high capacity text steganography utilizing unicode zero-width characters. In: 2020 International Conferences on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData) and IEEE Congress on Cybermatics (Cybermatics), pp. 668\u2013675. IEEE, Rhodes (2020)","DOI":"10.1109\/iThings-GreenCom-CPSCom-SmartData-Cybermatics50389.2020.00116"},{"issue":"6","key":"6_CR32","first-page":"923","volume":"39","author":"H Kang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kang, H., Yi, B., Wu, H.: Recent advances in text steganography and steganalysis. J. Appl. Sci. 39(6), 923\u2013938 (2021)","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"6_CR33","unstructured":"Hermann, K., Ko\u010disk\u00fd, T., Grefenstette, E., et al.: Teaching machines to read and comprehend. In: Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems - Volume 1, pp. 1693\u20131701. MIT Press, Montreal (2015)"},{"key":"6_CR34","unstructured":"Ji H., Knight K.: Creative language encoding under censorship. In: Proceedings of the First Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Internet Freedom, pp. 23\u201333. ACL, Santa Fe (2018)"},{"key":"6_CR35","unstructured":"Wang, L., Lo, K., Chandrasekhar, Y., et al.: CORD-19: The COVID-19 open research dataset. In: Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on NLP for COVID-19 at ACL 2020, ACL, Online (2020)"},{"key":"6_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziegler, Z., Deng, Y., Rush, A.: Neural linguistic steganography. In: Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP), pp. 1210\u20131215. ACL, Hong Kong (2019)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1115"},{"key":"6_CR37","unstructured":"Webber, B., Cohn, T., He, Y., et al.: Near-imperceptible neural linguistic steganography via self-adjusting arithmetic coding. In: Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), pp. 303\u2013313. ACL, Online (2020)"},{"key":"6_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaptchuk, G.-A.: Meteor: cryptographically secure steganography for realistic distributions. In: Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pp. 1529\u20131548. Association for Computing Machinery, New York (2021)","DOI":"10.1145\/3460120.3484550"},{"key":"6_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, F.-Z.: Towards near-imperceptible steganographic text. In: Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 4303\u20134308. Association for Computational Linguistics, Florence (2019)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1422"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Web and Big Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-981-95-5716-5_6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T13:07:41Z","timestamp":1769087261000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-981-95-5716-5_6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"ISBN":["9789819557158","9789819557165"],"references-count":39,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-95-5716-5_6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 January 2026","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosure of Interests"}},{"value":"APWeb-WAIM","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Asia-Pacific Web (APWeb) and Web-Age Information Management (WAIM) Joint International Conference on Web and Big Data","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Shenyang","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"China","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2025","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"28 August 2025","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"30 August 2025","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"9","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"apwebwaim2025","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/apweb2025.sau.edu.cn\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}