{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T20:24:50Z","timestamp":1788639890344,"version":"build-2803163510"},"publisher-location":"Singapore","reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Nature Singapore","isbn-type":[{"value":"9789819568710","type":"print"},{"value":"9789819568727","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-95-6872-7_20","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T23:32:48Z","timestamp":1777246368000},"page":"347-358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Chronic Inflammation and Neuroprogression in the Pathophysiology in Major Depression"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Amanda Gollo","family":"Bertollo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila Ferreira","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1417-1308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuleide Maria","family":"Ign\u00e1cio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"20_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.13386","volume":"26","author":"MG Alessi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alessi MG, Bennett JM (2020) Mental health is the health of the whole body: how psychoneuroimmunology & health psychology can inform & improve treatment. Eval Clin Pract 26(5):1539\u20131547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jep.13386","journal-title":"Eval Clin Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"20_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.10.001","volume":"35","author":"M Berk","year":"2011","unstructured":"Berk M, Kapczinski F, Andreazza AC, Dean OM, Giorlando F, Maes M, Y\u00fccel M, Gama CS, Dodd S, Dean B, Magalh\u00e3es PVS, Amminger P, McGorry P, Malhi GS (2011) Pathways underlying neuroprogression in bipolar disorder: focus on inflammation, oxidative stress and neurotrophic factors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35(3):804\u2013817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.10.001","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"20_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.06.002","volume":"107","author":"E Beurel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beurel E, Toups M, Nemeroff CB (2020) The bidirectional relationship of depression and inflammation: double trouble. Neuron 107(2):234\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.06.002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"9","key":"20_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.05.009","volume":"32","author":"ML Block","year":"2009","unstructured":"Block ML, Calder\u00f3n-Garcidue\u00f1as L (2009) Air pollution: mechanisms of neuroinflammation and CNS disease. Trends Neurosci 32(9):506\u2013516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2009.05.009","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"20_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9060142","volume":"9","author":"H Cheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheng H, Yang B, Ke T, Li S, Yang X, Aschner M, Chen P (2021) Mechanisms of metal-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in neurological disorders. Toxics 9(6):142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics9060142","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"issue":"3","key":"20_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.09.012","volume":"36","author":"R Dantzer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dantzer R, O\u2019Connor JC, Lawson MA, Kelley KW (2011) Inflammation-associated depression: from serotonin to kynurenine. Psychoneuroendocrinology 36(3):426\u2013436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.09.012","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"20_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.033","volume":"67","author":"Y Dowlati","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dowlati Y, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, Liu H, Sham L, Reim EK, Lanct\u00f4t KL (2010) A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 67(5):446\u2013457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.033","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"20_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00368-1","volume":"21","author":"WC Drevets","year":"2022","unstructured":"Drevets WC, Wittenberg GM, Bullmore ET, Manji HK (2022) Immune targets for therapeutic development in depression: towards precision medicine. Nat Rev Drug Discov 21(3):224\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41573-021-00368-1","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"20_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2017.03.001","volume":"7","author":"JA Foster","year":"2017","unstructured":"Foster JA, Rinaman L, Cryan JF (2017) Stress & the gut-brain axis: regulation by the microbiome. Neurobiol Stress 7:124\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ynstr.2017.03.001","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress"},{"issue":"3","key":"20_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.07.030","volume":"35","author":"A Gardner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gardner A, Boles RG (2011) Beyond the serotonin hypothesis: mitochondria, inflammation and neurodegeneration in major depression and affective spectrum disorders. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 35(3):730\u2013743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.07.030","journal-title":"Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"20_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00122","volume":"11","author":"J Giacobbe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giacobbe J, Benoiton B, Zunszain P, Pariante CM, Borsini A (2020) The anti-inflammatory role of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids metabolites in pre-clinical models of psychiatric, neurodegenerative, and neurological disorders. Front Psych 11:122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00122","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"issue":"4","key":"20_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9040346","volume":"9","author":"J Godos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Godos J, Currenti W, Angelino D, Mena P, Castellano S, Caraci F, Galvano F, Del Rio D, Ferri R, Grosso G (2020) Diet and mental health: review of the recent updates on molecular mechanisms. Antioxidants 9(4):346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox9040346","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"20_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.691200","volume":"12","author":"X Hang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hang X, Zhang Y, Li J, Li Z, Zhang Y, Ye X, Tang Q, Sun W (2021) Comparative efficacy and acceptability of anti-inflammatory agents on major depressive disorder: a network meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol 12:691200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.691200","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"20_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.205","volume":"37","author":"E Haroon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Haroon E, Raison CL, Miller AH (2012) Psychoneuroimmunology meets neuropsychopharmacology: translational implications of the impact of inflammation on behavior. Neuropsychopharmacol 37(1):137\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npp.2011.205","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"20_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1130989","volume":"14","author":"S Hassamal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hassamal S (2023) Chronic stress, neuroinflammation, and depression: an overview of pathophysiological mechanisms and emerging anti-inflammatories. Front Psych 14:1130989. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1130989","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"20_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.06.001","volume":"81","author":"R Hou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hou R, Ye G, Liu Y, Chen X, Pan M, Zhu F, Fu J, Fu T, Liu Q, Gao Z, Baldwin DS, Tang Z (2019) Effects of SSRIs on peripheral inflammatory cytokines in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Brain Behav Immun 81:105\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.06.001","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"20_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.123.001823","volume":"388","author":"M J\u00f3\u017awiak-B\u0119benista","year":"2024","unstructured":"J\u00f3\u017awiak-B\u0119benista M, Soko\u0142owska P, Wiktorowska-Owczarek A, Kowalczyk E, Sienkiewicz M (2024) Ketamine \u2013 a new antidepressant drug with anti-inflammatory properties. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 388(1):134\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/jpet.123.001823","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"20_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2015.06.008","volume":"64","author":"Y-K Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim Y-K, Na K-S, Myint A-M, Leonard BE (2016) The role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in neuroinflammation, neurogenesis and the neuroendocrine system in major depression. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 64:277\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2015.06.008","journal-title":"Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"20_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811211026426","volume":"35","author":"E Kopra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kopra E, Mondelli V, Pariante C, Nikkheslat N (2021) Ketamine\u2019s effect on inflammation and kynurenine pathway in depression: a systematic review. J Psychopharmacol 35(8):934\u2013945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02698811211026426","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"20_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13050423","volume":"13","author":"BR Kouba","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kouba BR, De Araujo BL, Borges De Souza P, Gil-Mohapel J, Rodrigues ALS (2024) Role of inflammatory mechanisms in major depressive disorder: from etiology to potential pharmacological targets. Cells 13(5):423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells13050423","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"11","key":"20_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.10030434","volume":"167","author":"V Krishnan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Krishnan V, Nestler EJ (2010) Linking molecules to mood: new insight into the biology of depression. AJP 167(11):1305\u20131320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.10030434","journal-title":"AJP"},{"issue":"7","key":"20_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0237-8","volume":"24","author":"C Lassale","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lassale C, Batty GD, Baghdadli A, Jacka F, S\u00e1nchez-Villegas A, Kivim\u00e4ki M, Akbaraly T (2019) Healthy dietary indices and risk of depressive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Mol Psychiatry 24(7):965\u2013986. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-018-0237-8","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"20_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.01.021","volume":"83","author":"GGR Leday","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leday GGR, V\u00e9rtes PE, Richardson S, Greene JR, Regan T, Khan S, Henderson R, Freeman TC, Pariante CM, Harrison NA, Perry VH, Drevets WC, Wittenberg GM, Bullmore ET, Bullmore E, Vertes P, Cardinal R, Richardson S, Leday G, Freeman T, Regan T, Hume D, Wu Z, Pariante C, Cattaneo A, Zunszain P, Borsini A, Stewart R, Chandran D, Carvalho L, Bell J, Souza-Teodoro L, Perry H, Harrison N, Drevets W, Wittenberg G, Jones D, Bullmore E, Khan S, Stylianou A, Henderson R (2018) Replicable and coupled changes in innate and adaptive immune gene expression in two case-control studies of blood microarrays in major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 83(1):70\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.01.021","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"20_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106145","volume":"179","author":"B Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li B, Yang W, Ge T, Wang Y, Cui R (2022) Stress induced microglial activation contributes to depression. Pharmacol Res 179:106145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106145","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"20_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.12.017","volume":"35","author":"M Maes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maes M, Leonard BE, Myint AM, Kubera M, Verkerk R (2011) The new \u20185-HT\u2019 hypothesis of depression: cell-mediated immune activation induces indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which leads to lower plasma tryptophan and an increased synthesis of detrimental tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs), both of which contribute to the onset of depression. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 35(3):702\u2013721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.12.017","journal-title":"Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10161","key":"20_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31948-2","volume":"392","author":"GS Malhi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Malhi GS, Mann JJ (2018) Depression. Lancet 392(10161):2299\u20132312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31948-2","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"20_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3229","volume":"13","author":"H Manji","year":"2012","unstructured":"Manji H, Kato T, Di Prospero NA, Ness S, Beal MF, Krams M, Chen G (2012) Impaired mitochondrial function in psychiatric disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 13(5):293\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn3229","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"20_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.20968","volume":"72","author":"BS McEwen","year":"2012","unstructured":"McEwen BS (2012) The ever-changing brain: cellular and molecular mechanisms for the effects of stressful experiences. Dev Neurobiol 72(6):878\u2013890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dneu.20968","journal-title":"Dev Neurobiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"20_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-017-0010-3","volume":"20","author":"C Menard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Menard C, Pfau ML, Hodes GE, Kana V, Wang VX, Bouchard S, Takahashi A, Flanigan ME, Aleyasin H, LeClair KB, Janssen WG, Labont\u00e9 B, Parise EM, Lorsch ZS, Golden SA, Heshmati M, Tamminga C, Turecki G, Campbell M, Fayad ZA, Tang CY, Merad M, Russo SJ (2017) Social stress induces neurovascular pathology promoting depression. Nat Neurosci 20(12):1752\u20131760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-017-0010-3","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"20_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092283","volume":"20","author":"VM Milenkovic","year":"2019","unstructured":"Milenkovic VM, Stanton EH, Nothdurfter C, Rupprecht R, Wetzel CH (2019) The role of chemokines in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. IJMS 20(9):2283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20092283","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"issue":"15","key":"20_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241511902","volume":"24","author":"MV Mill\u00e1n Solano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mill\u00e1n Solano MV, Salinas Lara C, S\u00e1nchez-Garibay C, Soto-Rojas LO, Escobedo-\u00c1vila I, Tena-Suck ML, Ort\u00edz-Butr\u00f3n R, Chore\u00f1o-Parra JA, Romero-L\u00f3pez JP, Mel\u00e9ndez Camargo ME (2023) Effect of systemic inflammation in the CNS: a silent history of neuronal damage. IJMS 24(15):11902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241511902","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"issue":"1","key":"20_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2015.5","volume":"16","author":"AH Miller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miller AH, Raison CL (2016) The role of inflammation in depression: from evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target. Nat Rev Immunol 16(1):22\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri.2015.5","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"15","key":"20_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3377","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10153377","volume":"10","author":"A Mosio\u0142ek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mosio\u0142ek A, Mosio\u0142ek J, Jakima S, Pi\u0119ta A, Szulc A (2021) Effects of antidepressant treatment on neurotrophic factors (BDNF and IGF-1) in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). JCM 10(15):3377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10153377","journal-title":"JCM"},{"key":"20_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.05.007","volume":"45","author":"S Moylan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moylan S, Berk M, Dean OM, Samuni Y, Williams LJ, O\u2019Neil A, Hayley AC, Pasco JA, Anderson G, Jacka FN, Maes M (2014) Oxidative & nitrosative stress in depression: why so much stress? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 45:46\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.05.007","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"20_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2012.12.003","volume":"103","author":"Y Ohgi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ohgi Y, Futamura T, Kikuchi T, Hashimoto K (2013) Effects of antidepressants on alternations in serum cytokines and depressive-like behavior in mice after lipopolysaccharide administration. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 103(4):853\u2013859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pbb.2012.12.003","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"issue":"9","key":"20_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2008.06.006","volume":"31","author":"CM Pariante","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pariante CM, Lightman SL (2008) The HPA axis in major depression: classical theories and new developments. Trends Neurosci 31(9):464\u2013468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2008.06.006","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"20_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.07.006","volume":"73","author":"C Park","year":"2018","unstructured":"Park C, Brietzke E, Rosenblat JD, Musial N, Zuckerman H, Ragguett R-M, Pan Z, Rong C, Fus D, McIntyre RS (2018) Probiotics for the treatment of depressive symptoms: an anti-inflammatory mechanism? Brain Behav Immun 73:115\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.07.006","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"20_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010617-052823","volume":"58","author":"ML Pfau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pfau ML, M\u00e9nard C, Russo SJ (2018) Inflammatory mediators in mood disorders: therapeutic opportunities. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 58(1):411\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010617-052823","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"20_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7260130","volume":"2017","author":"C Phillips","year":"2017","unstructured":"Phillips C (2017) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, depression, and physical activity: making the neuroplastic connection. Neural Plast 2017:1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/7260130","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"key":"20_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.871997","volume":"13","author":"R Rahimian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rahimian R, Belliveau C, Chen R, Mechawar N (2022) Microglial inflammatory-metabolic pathways and their potential therapeutic implication in major depressive disorder. Front Psych 13:871997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.871997","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"issue":"6","key":"20_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-008-9865-8","volume":"34","author":"GT Rezin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rezin GT, Amboni G, Zugno AI, Quevedo J, Streck EL (2009) Mitochondrial dysfunction and psychiatric disorders. Neurochem Res 34(6):1021\u20131029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11064-008-9865-8","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"20_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2022.100554","volume":"26","author":"B Richardson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Richardson B, MacPherson A, Bambico F (2022) Neuroinflammation and neuroprogression in depression: effects of alternative drug treatments. Brain Behav Immun Health 26:100554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbih.2022.100554","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Health"},{"key":"20_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rizk MM, Bolton L, Cathomas F, He H, Russo SJ, Guttman-Yassky E, Mann JJ, Murrough J (2024) Immune-targeted therapies for depression: current evidence for antidepressant effects of monoclonal antibodies. J Clin Psychiatry 85(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/JCP.23nr15243","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.23nr15243"},{"issue":"1","key":"20_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyab072","volume":"25","author":"NAL Ruiz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ruiz NAL, Del \u00c1ngel DS, Brizuela NO, Peraza AV, Olgu\u00edn HJ, Soto MP, Guzm\u00e1n DC (2022) Inflammatory process and immune system in major depressive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 25(1):46\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ijnp\/pyab072","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"20_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X11666131120230309","volume":"12","author":"S Salim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salim S (2014) Oxidative stress and psychological disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 12(2):140\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1570159X11666131120230309","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"20_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3257","volume":"13","author":"R Schwarcz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schwarcz R, Bruno JP, Muchowski PJ, Wu H-Q (2012) Kynurenines in the mammalian brain: when physiology meets pathology. Nat Rev Neurosci 13(7):465\u2013477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn3257","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"20_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00025","volume":"11","author":"YP Silva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Silva YP, Bernardi A, Frozza RL (2020) The role of short-chain fatty acids from gut microbiota in gut-brain communication. Front Endocrinol 11:25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2020.00025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"20_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035302","volume":"140","author":"GM Slavich","year":"2014","unstructured":"Slavich GM, Irwin MR (2014) From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: a social signal transduction theory of depression. Psychol Bull 140(3):774\u2013815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0035302","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"20_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-061010-113810","volume":"35","author":"AH Stephan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stephan AH, Barres BA, Stevens B (2012) The complement system: an unexpected role in synaptic pruning during development and disease. Annu Rev Neurosci 35(1):369\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-neuro-061010-113810","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"20_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X21666230809112028","volume":"22","author":"W-J Su","year":"2024","unstructured":"Su W-J, Hu T, Jiang C-L (2024) Cool the inflamed brain: a novel anti-inflammatory strategy for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol 22(5):810\u2013842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1570159X21666230809112028","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"20_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21062194","volume":"21","author":"EY-C Ting","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ting EY-C, Yang AC, Tsai S-J (2020) Role of Interleukin-6 in depressive disorder. IJMS 21(6):2194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21062194","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"issue":"7","key":"20_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e609","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.100","volume":"5","author":"EM Van Buel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Van Buel EM, Patas K, Peters M, Bosker FJ, Eisel ULM, Klein HC (2015) Immune and neurotrophin stimulation by electroconvulsive therapy: is some inflammation needed after all? Transl Psychiatry 5(7):e609\u2013e609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/tp.2015.100","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"16","key":"20_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2646","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16162646","volume":"16","author":"SM Van Zonneveld","year":"2024","unstructured":"Van Zonneveld SM, Van Den Oever EJ, Haarman BCM, Grandjean EL, Nuninga JO, Van De Rest O, Sommer IEC (2024) An anti-inflammatory diet and its potential benefit for individuals with mental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases \u2013 a narrative review. Nutrients 16(16):2646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16162646","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"20_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.02.021","volume":"79","author":"L Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang L, Wang R, Liu L, Qiao D, Baldwin DS, Hou R (2019) Effects of SSRIs on peripheral inflammatory markers in patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun 79:24\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.02.021","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"10","key":"20_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2015.08.001","volume":"38","author":"R Yirmiya","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yirmiya R, Rimmerman N, Reshef R (2015) Depression as a microglial disease. Trends Neurosci 38(10):637\u2013658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2015.08.001","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"20_CR56","unstructured":"(2022) Transtornos mentais \u2013 OPAS\/OMS | Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o Pan-Americana da Sa\u00fade. https:\/\/www.paho.org\/pt\/topicos\/transtornos-mentais. Accessed 7 Nov 2024"}],"container-title":["Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology","Understanding Depression"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-981-95-6872-7_20","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T23:32:49Z","timestamp":1777246369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-981-95-6872-7_20"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"ISBN":["9789819568710","9789819568727"],"references-count":56,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-95-6872-7_20","relation":{},"ISSN":["0065-2598","2214-8019"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0065-2598","type":"print"},{"value":"2214-8019","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 April 2026","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The author(s) has no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}},{"value":"The author(s) declares that this manuscript does not include primary research with human participants.The author(s) declares that this manuscript does not include primary studies involving animals.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"None.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}}]}}