{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T10:02:53Z","timestamp":1776679373511,"version":"3.51.2"},"publisher-location":"Singapore","reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Nature Singapore","isbn-type":[{"value":"9789819570775","type":"print"},{"value":"9789819570782","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-95-7078-2_35","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T09:17:12Z","timestamp":1776676632000},"page":"547-562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing Nuanced Personality Inducing in\u00a0Language Models via\u00a0Vignette Tests"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Xingsheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luxi","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanbing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengxu","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"35_CR1","unstructured":"Wen, Z., et al.: Self-assessment, Exhibition, and Recognition: a Review of Personality in Large Language Models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.17624 (2024)"},{"key":"35_CR2","unstructured":"Chen, J., et al.: From Persona to Personalization: A Survey on Role-Playing Language Agents. arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.18231 (2024)"},{"key":"35_CR3","unstructured":"Xu, G., et al.: CValues: Measuring the Values of Chinese Large Language Models from Safety to Responsibility. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.09705 (2023)"},{"key":"35_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salemi, A., et al.: LaMP: when large language models meet personalization. In: Proceedings of ACL (Volume 1: Long Papers), pp. 7370\u20137392 (2024)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.acl-long.399"},{"issue":"2","key":"35_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00973.x","volume":"60","author":"EC Tupes","year":"1992","unstructured":"Tupes, E.C., Christal, R.E.: Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings. J. Pers. 60(2), 225\u201351 (1992)","journal-title":"J. Pers."},{"key":"35_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/17429544.1995.12561837","volume":"30","author":"GJ Boyle","year":"1995","unstructured":"Boyle, G.J.: Myers-Briggs type indicator (MBTI): some psychometric limitations. Aust. Psychol. 30, 71\u201374 (1995)","journal-title":"Aust. Psychol."},{"key":"35_CR7","unstructured":"Pan, K., Zeng, Y.: Do LLMs Possess a Personality? Making the MBTI Test an Amazing Evaluation for Large Language Models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.16180 (2023)"},{"key":"35_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters, H., et al.: Large Language Models Can Infer Personality from Free-Form User Interactions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.13052 (2024)","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/apc5g"},{"key":"35_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, H., et al.: Can ChatGPT assess human personalities? A general evaluation framework. In: Findings of EMNLP 2023, pp. 1184\u20131194 (2023)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-emnlp.84"},{"key":"35_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, S., et al.: Editing personality for large language models. In: Natural Language Processing and Chinese Computing: 13th National CCF Conference, NLPCC 2024, Hangzhou, China, 1\u20133 November 2024, Proceedings, Part II, pp. 241\u2013254 (2024)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-9434-8_19"},{"key":"35_CR11","unstructured":"Deng, J., et al.: Neuron based personality trait induction in large language models. In: The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (2025)"},{"key":"35_CR12","unstructured":"Zhu, M., et al.: Personality alignment of large language models. In: The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (2025)"},{"issue":"1","key":"35_CR13","first-page":"7","volume":"7","author":"LR Goldberg","year":"1999","unstructured":"Goldberg, L.R., et al.: A broad-bandwidth, public domain, personality inventory measuring the lower-level facets of several five-factor models. Pers. Psychol. Europe 7(1), 7\u201328 (1999)","journal-title":"Pers. Psychol. Europe"},{"issue":"1","key":"35_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2005.08.007","volume":"40","author":"LR Goldberg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Goldberg, L.R., et al.: The international personality item pool and the future of public-domain personality measures. J. Res. Pers. 40(1), 84\u201396 (2006)","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"35_CR15","unstructured":"Jiang, G., et al.: Evaluating and inducing personality in pre-trained language models. In: Thirty-Seventh Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (2023)"},{"key":"35_CR16","unstructured":"Tan, F.A., et al.: PHAnToM: Personality Has An Effect on Theory-of-Mind Reasoning in Large Language Models. CoRR abs\/2403.02246 (2024)"},{"key":"35_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suzgun, M., et al.: Challenging BIG-bench tasks and whether chain-of-thought can solve them. In: Findings of ACL 2023, pp. 13003\u201313051 (2023)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-acl.824"},{"key":"35_CR18","unstructured":"Xu, B., et.al.: ExpertPrompting: Instructing Large Language Models to be Distinguished Experts. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.14688 (2025)"},{"key":"35_CR19","unstructured":"Choi, H.K., Li, Y.: PICLe: eliciting diverse behaviors from large language models with persona in-context learning. In: Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Machine Learning, p. 348 (2024)"},{"key":"35_CR20","unstructured":"Dorner, F., et al.: Do personality tests generalize to large language models? In: Socially Responsible Language Modelling Research (2023)"},{"issue":"4","key":"35_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1006\/jrpe.2000.2292","volume":"34","author":"RP Tett","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tett, R.P., Guterman, H.A.: Situation trait relevance, trait expression, and cross-situational consistency: testing a principle of trait activation. J. Res. Pers. 34(4), 397\u2013423 (2000)","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"issue":"3","key":"35_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.3.500","volume":"88","author":"RP Tett","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tett, R.P., Burnett, D.D.: A personality trait-based interactionist model of job performance. J. Appl. Psychol. 88(3), 500\u2013517 (2003)","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"35_CR23","unstructured":"Winnicott, D.W.: The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment: Studies in the Theory of Emotional Development. Routledge (1984)"},{"key":"35_CR24","unstructured":"OpenAI et al.: GPT-4o System Card. arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.21276 (2024)"},{"key":"35_CR25","unstructured":"Qwen Team: Qwen2.5 technical report. arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.15115 (2024)"},{"key":"35_CR26","unstructured":"Qwen et al.: Qwen2.5 Technical Report. arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.15115 (2025)"},{"key":"35_CR27","unstructured":"DeepSeek-AI et al.: DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.12948 (2025)"},{"key":"35_CR28","unstructured":"Qwen Team: QwQ-32B: Embracing the Power of Reinforcement Learning (2025)"},{"key":"35_CR29","unstructured":"Brown, T.B., et al.: Language Models are Few-Shot Learners. arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.14165 (2020)"},{"key":"35_CR30","unstructured":"Wies, N., et al.: The learnability of in-context learning. In: Thirty-Seventh Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (2023)"},{"key":"35_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papineni, K., et al.: Bleu: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation. In: Proceedings of the 40th ACL, pp. 311\u2013318 (2002)","DOI":"10.3115\/1073083.1073135"},{"key":"35_CR32","unstructured":"Lin, C.: ROUGE: a package for automatic evaluation of summaries. In: Text Summarization Branches Out, pp. 74\u201381 (2004)"},{"key":"35_CR33","first-page":"2825","volume":"12","author":"F Pedregosa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pedregosa, F., et al.: Scikit-learn: machine learning in python. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 12, 2825\u20132830 (2011)","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"35_CR34","unstructured":"Anthropic: Claude 3.5 Sonnet Model Card Addendum (n.d.)"},{"issue":"6","key":"35_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1109\/79.543975","volume":"13","author":"TK Moon","year":"1996","unstructured":"Moon, T.K.: The expectation-maximization algorithm. IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 13(6), 47\u201360 (1996)","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"issue":"3","key":"35_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0098-3004(93)90090-R","volume":"19","author":"A Ma\u0107kiewicz","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ma\u0107kiewicz, A., Ratajczak, W.: Principal components analysis (PCA). Comput. Geosci. 19(3), 303\u2013342 (1993)","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"35_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0427(87)90125-7","volume":"20","author":"PJ Rousseeuw","year":"1987","unstructured":"Rousseeuw, P.J.: Silhouettes: a graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 20, 53\u201365 (1987)","journal-title":"J. Comput. Appl. Math."},{"key":"35_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davies, D.L., Bouldin, D.W.: A cluster separation measure. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. PAMI-1(2), 224\u2013227 (1979)","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1979.4766909"},{"issue":"1","key":"35_CR39","first-page":"140","volume":"21","author":"C Raffel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Raffel, C., et al.: Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 21(1), 140 (2020)","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"35_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.104.3.192","volume":"104","author":"E Rosch","year":"1975","unstructured":"Rosch, E.: Cognitive representations of semantic categories. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 104(3), 192\u2013233 (1975)","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"issue":"13","key":"35_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/h0093825","volume":"75","author":"RN Shepard","year":"1961","unstructured":"Shepard, R.N., et al.: Learning and memorization of classifications. Psychol. Monogr. Gen. Appl. 75(13), 1\u201342 (1961)","journal-title":"Psychol. Monogr. Gen. Appl."},{"key":"35_CR42","unstructured":"Li, C., et al.: ChatHaruhi: Reviving Anime Character in Reality via Large Language Model. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.09597 (2023)"},{"key":"35_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., et al.: When large language models meet personalization: perspectives of challenges and opportunities. World Wide Web 27(4) (2024)","DOI":"10.1007\/s11280-024-01276-1"},{"key":"35_CR44","unstructured":"Shi, R., et al.: From General to Specific: Tailoring Large Language Models for Personalized Healthcare. arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.15957 (2024)"},{"key":"35_CR45","unstructured":"Kirk, H.R., et al.: Personalisation within bounds: a risk taxonomy and policy framework for the alignment of large language models with personalised feedback. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.05453 (2023)"},{"key":"35_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, Q., et al.: AI for education (AI4EDU): advancing personalized education with LLM and adaptive learning. In: Proceedings of the 30th KDD, pp. 6743\u20136744 (2024)","DOI":"10.1145\/3637528.3671498"},{"key":"35_CR47","unstructured":"Edwards, A.L.: The Social Desirability Variable in Personality Assessment and Research. Dryden Press (1957)"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","PRICAI 2025: Trends in Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-981-95-7078-2_35","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T09:17:43Z","timestamp":1776676663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-981-95-7078-2_35"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"ISBN":["9789819570775","9789819570782"],"references-count":47,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-95-7078-2_35","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 April 2026","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"PRICAI","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Wellington","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"New Zealand","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2025","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"17 November 2025","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"21 November 2025","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"22","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"pricai2025","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/www.pricai.org\/2025\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}