{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T22:59:04Z","timestamp":1781045944313,"version":"3.54.1"},"publisher-location":"Singapore","reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Nature Singapore","isbn-type":[{"value":"9789819572502","type":"print"},{"value":"9789819572519","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-95-7251-9_9","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T22:29:39Z","timestamp":1781044179000},"page":"119-134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Comparative Study on Sub-route Merging Ways for Clustering Assisted Ant Colony Optimization to Solve Large-Scale Traveling Salesman Problem"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Zhongheng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danting","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen-Yu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"9_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C., et al.: Deep reinforcement learning combined with transformer to solve the traveling salesman problem. J. Supercomput. 81 (2025)","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-024-06691-9"},{"key":"9_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bo, Z.Y., et al.: Evolutionary algorithm with cross-generation environmental selection for traveling salesman problem. In: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion, pp. 635\u2013638, (2024)","DOI":"10.1145\/3638530.3654166"},{"key":"9_CR3","unstructured":"Shi, X.L., et al.: A distributed ant colony system with pheromone transfer for multiagent traveling salesmen problem. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 1 (2025)"},{"key":"9_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bo, Z.-Y., et al.: A benchmark test suite for multiple traveling salesmen problem with pivot cities. In: International Conference on Web Information Systems Engineering, pp. 145\u2013157 (2024)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-96-0573-6_11"},{"key":"9_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, H.-L., et al.: Destination-oriented route construction for ant colony optimization to solve minmax multiple travelling salesmen problems. In: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion, pp. 199\u2013202 (2025)","DOI":"10.1145\/3712255.3726581"},{"key":"9_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nie, Z.H., et al.: Ant colony optimization for electric vehicle routing problem with capacity and charging time constraints. In: IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, pp. 480\u2013485 (2022)","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC53654.2022.9945248"},{"key":"9_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10855","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2021.3069942","volume":"52","author":"YH Jia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jia, Y.H., Mei, Y., Zhang, M.: A Bilevel ant colony optimization algorithm for capacitated electric vehicle routing problem. IEEE Trans. Cybern. 52, 10855\u201310868 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."},{"key":"9_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2022.3144142","volume":"26","author":"YH Jia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jia, Y.H., Mei, Y., Zhang, M.: Confidence-based ant colony optimization for capacitated electric vehicle routing problem with comparison of different encoding schemes. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 26, 1394\u20131408 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput."},{"key":"9_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, Z.Y., Hao, J.K.: An effective memetic algorithm for the close-enough traveling salesman problem. Appl. Soft Comput. 153 (2024)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2024.111266"},{"key":"9_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2021.107298","volume":"105","author":"K Panwar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Panwar, K., Deep, K.: Discrete grey wolf optimizer for symmetric travelling salesman problem. Appl. Soft Comput. 105, 107298 (2021)","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"9_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dou, X.A., et al.: A comparative study on crossover operators of genetic algorithm for traveling salesman problem. In: International Conference on Advanced Computational Intelligence, pp. 1\u20138 (2023)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACI58115.2023.10146181"},{"key":"9_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bao, C., et al.: A comparative study on population-based evolutionary algorithms for multiple traveling salesmen problem with visiting constraints. In: IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence, pp. 01\u201308 (2021)","DOI":"10.1109\/SSCI50451.2021.9660021"},{"key":"9_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2022.3230042","volume":"27","author":"P Stodola","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stodola, P., Nohel, J.: Adaptive ant colony optimization with node clustering for the multidepot vehicle routing problem. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 27, 1866\u20131880 (2023)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput."},{"key":"9_CR14","first-page":"1381","volume":"25","author":"HB Su","year":"2024","unstructured":"Su, H.B., et al.: Sonar echo beam optimization based on ant colony algorithm. J. Nonlinear Convex Anal. 25, 1381\u20131390 (2024)","journal-title":"J. Nonlinear Convex Anal."},{"key":"9_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, B., et al.: Adaptive ant selection for pheromone update in ant colony optimization. In: IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, pp. 667\u2013672 (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC54092.2024.10831815"},{"key":"9_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, Y.H., et al.: Non-linearly weighted pheromone updating for ant colony optimization. In: IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, pp. 653\u2013658 (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC54092.2024.10831580"},{"key":"9_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, H., et al.: Random pairwise competition based ant selection for pheromone updating in ant colony optimization. In: IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, pp. 1455\u20131460 (2023)","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC53992.2023.10394413"},{"key":"9_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, J., et al.: Ant colony optimization for route planning of multiple tourists. In: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion, pp. 971\u2013974 (2025)","DOI":"10.1145\/3712255.3726585"},{"key":"9_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, L.-T., et al.: Ant colony optimization for tourist route planning. In: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, pp. 349\u2013357 (2025)","DOI":"10.1145\/3712256.3726341"},{"key":"9_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, D.M., et al.: Adapted ant colony optimization for large-scale orienteering problem. In: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion, pp. 223\u2013226, (2024)","DOI":"10.1145\/3638530.3654270"},{"key":"9_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, D.M., et al.: Adapted ant colony optimization for team orienteering problem. In: International Conference on Machine Intelligence Theory and Applications, pp. 1\u20138 (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/MiTA60795.2024.10751733"},{"key":"9_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., et al.: Multimodal ant colony optimization for finding multiple different routes for autonomous underwater vehicles. In: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion, pp. 943\u2013946 (2025)","DOI":"10.1145\/3712255.3726587"},{"key":"9_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3255","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2023.3328994","volume":"11","author":"XL Shi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shi, X.L., et al.: A max-min ant system with repetitive influence reduction strategy for interactive dissemination of positive and negative information. IEEE Trans. Comput. Soc. Syst. 11, 3255\u20133267 (2024)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Soc. Syst."},{"key":"9_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9137","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2023.3272318","volume":"24","author":"XC Liao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liao, X.C., et al.: Crowd management through optimal layout of fences: an ant colony approach based on crowd simulation. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 24, 9137\u20139149 (2023)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"9_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2018.2881018","volume":"51","author":"YH Jia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jia, Y.H., et al.: An intelligent cloud workflow scheduling system with time estimation and adaptive ant colony optimization. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern.: Syst. 51, 634\u2013649 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern.: Syst."},{"key":"9_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5559","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2020.3013271","volume":"51","author":"ZM Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang, Z.M., et al.: Ant colony evacuation planner: an ant colony system with incremental flow assignment for multipath crowd evacuation. IEEE Trans. Cybern. 51, 5559\u20135572 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."},{"key":"9_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Q.H., You, X.M., Liu, S.: Multi-ant colony optimization algorithm based on game strategy and hierarchical temporal memory model. Cluster Comput. - J. Netw. Softw. Tools Appl. 27, 3113\u20133133 (2024)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-023-04136-1"},{"key":"9_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2022.108653","volume":"120","author":"R Skinderowicz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Skinderowicz, R.: Improving ant colony optimization efficiency for solving large TSP instances. Appl. Soft Comput. 120, 108653 (2022)","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"9_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghimire, B., Mahmood, A., Elleithy, K.: Hybrid parallel ant colony optimization for application to quantum computing to solve large-scale combinatorial optimization problems. Appl. Sci.-Basel 13 (2023)","DOI":"10.3390\/app132111817"},{"key":"9_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38921","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2853129","volume":"6","author":"E Liao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liao, E., Liu, C.: A hierarchical algorithm based on density peaks clustering and ant colony optimization for traveling salesman problem. IEEE Access 6, 38921\u201338933 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"9_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8680","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-021-02312-7","volume":"51","author":"J Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu, J., You, X., Liu, S.: Dynamic reproductive ant colony algorithm based on piecewise clustering. Appl. Intelll. 51, 8680\u20138700 (2021)","journal-title":"Appl. Intelll."},{"key":"9_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dorigo, M., Maniezzo, V., Colorni, A.: Ant system: optimization by a colony of cooperating agents. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part B Cybern. 26, 29\u201341 (1996)","DOI":"10.1109\/3477.484436"},{"key":"9_CR33","unstructured":"Bullnheimer, B., Hartl, R.F., Strauss, C.: A new rank based version of the ant system: a computational study. Cent. Eur. Oper. Res. (1997)"},{"key":"9_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-739X(00)00043-1","volume":"16","author":"T St\u00fctzle","year":"2000","unstructured":"St\u00fctzle, T., Hoos, H.H.: MAX\u2013MIN ant system. Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 16, 889\u2013914 (2000)","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"9_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.585892","volume":"1","author":"M Dorigo","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dorigo, M., Gambardella, L.M.: Ant colony system: a cooperative learning approach to the traveling salesman problem. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 1, 53\u201366 (1997)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput."},{"key":"9_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1609","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1609","volume":"9","author":"H Tan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tan, H., Wu, Y., Zhang, J., Zhang, J.: Study on a hybrid algorithm combining enhanced ant colony optimization and double improved simulated annealing via clustering in the traveling salesman problem (TSP). PeerJ Comput. Sci. 9, e1609 (2023)","journal-title":"PeerJ Comput. Sci."},{"key":"9_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Z.-H., et al.: Clustering-assisted ant colony optimization for large-scale travelling salesman problem. In: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion, pp. 227\u2013230 (2025)","DOI":"10.1145\/3712255.3726580"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Web Information Systems Engineering \u2013 WISE 2025"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-981-95-7251-9_9","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T22:29:48Z","timestamp":1781044188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-981-95-7251-9_9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"ISBN":["9789819572502","9789819572519"],"references-count":37,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-95-7251-9_9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 May 2026","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosure of Interests"}},{"value":"WISE","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Web Information Systems Engineering","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Marrakech","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Morocco","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2025","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"15 December 2025","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"17 December 2025","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"26","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"wise2025","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/wise2025.ficloud.org\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}