{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T12:41:49Z","timestamp":1782996109321,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"Singapore","reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Nature Singapore","isbn-type":[{"value":"9789819605750","type":"print"},{"value":"9789819605767","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732665600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-96-0576-7_28","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T06:49:54Z","timestamp":1732603794000},"page":"380-390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Propaganda to\u00a0Hate: A Multimodal Analysis of\u00a0Arabic Memes with\u00a0Multi-agent LLMs"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7172-1997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Firoj","family":"Alam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5145-1990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Rafiul","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6729-5654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uzair","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1521-5568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wajdi","family":"Zaghouani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4093-5973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Mikros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"28_CR1","unstructured":"Abdelali, A., Hassan, S., Mubarak, H., Darwish, K., Samih, Y.: Pre-Training BERT on Arabic tweets: Practical considerations (2021)"},{"key":"28_CR2","unstructured":"Alam, F., et al.: A survey on multimodal disinformation detection. In: Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, pp. 6625\u20136643 (2022)"},{"key":"28_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, F., Hasnat, A., Ahmed, F., Hasan, M.A., Hasanain, M.: ArMeme: propagandistic content in Arabic memes. In: Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (2024)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.emnlp-main.1173"},{"key":"28_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, F., Mubarak, H., Zaghouani, W., Da\u00a0San\u00a0Martino, G., Nakov, P.: Overview of the WANLP 2022 shared task on propaganda detection in Arabic. In: Proceedings of the Seventh Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop (2022)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.wanlp-1.11"},{"key":"28_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, F., Mubarak, H., Zaghouani, W., Da\u00a0San\u00a0Martino, G., Nakov, P.: Overview of the WANLP 2022 shared task on propaganda detection in Arabic. In: Proceedings of the Seventh Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop, pp. 108\u2013115 (2022)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.wanlp-1.11"},{"key":"28_CR6","unstructured":"Antoun, W., Baly, F., Hajj, H.: AraBERT: transformer-based model for Arabic language understanding. In: Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Open-Source Arabic Corpora and Processing Tools. OSAC\u00a02020, Marseille, France (2020)"},{"key":"28_CR7","unstructured":"Chen, J., Wu, Y., Yang, X., Liu, J., Yang, H., Wang, Z.: Multi-agent reinforcement learning for dynamic content moderation. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, vol.\u00a035, pp. 4536\u20134544 (2021)"},{"key":"28_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da\u00a0San\u00a0Martino, G., Barr\u00f3n-Cede\u00f1o, A., Wachsmuth, H., Petrov, R., Nakov, P.: Semeval-2020 task 11: detection of propaganda techniques in news articles. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation, pp. 1377\u20131414 (2020)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.semeval-1.186"},{"key":"28_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da\u00a0San\u00a0Martino, G., Yu, S., Barr\u00f3n-Cede\u00f1o, A., Petrov, R., Nakov, P.: Fine-grained analysis of propaganda in news article. In: Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, pp. 5636\u20135646. ACL (2019)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1565"},{"key":"28_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davidson, T., Warmsley, D., Macy, M., Weber, I.: Automated hate speech detection and the problem of offensive language. In: Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media. AAAI\u00a02017, vol.\u00a011 (2017)","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v11i1.14955"},{"key":"28_CR11","unstructured":"Devlin, J., Chang, M.W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In: Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, pp. 4171\u20134186. ACL (2019)"},{"key":"28_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimitrov, D., et al.: SemEval-2024 task 4: multilingual detection of persuasion techniques in memes. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation, pp. 2009\u20132026. ACL, Mexico City, Mexico (2024)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.semeval-1.275"},{"key":"28_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimitrov, D., et al.: Detecting propaganda techniques in memes. In: Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, pp. 6603\u20136617. ACL-IJCNLP\u00a02021 (2021)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.acl-long.516"},{"key":"28_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimitrov, D., et al.: Semeval-2021 task 6: detection of persuasion techniques in texts and images. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval-2021), pp. 70\u201398 (2021)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.semeval-1.7"},{"key":"28_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, T., Xu, B., Zong, L.: Emotion-enhanced multi-modal persuasive techniques detection using split features. In: Fuzzy Systems and Data Mining VIII, pp. 172\u2013180. IOS Press (2022)","DOI":"10.3233\/FAIA220382"},{"issue":"4","key":"28_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3232676","volume":"51","author":"P Fortuna","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fortuna, P., Nunes, S.: A survey on automatic detection of hate speech in text. ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR) 51(4), 1\u201330 (2018)","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR)"},{"key":"28_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, T., et al.: Large language model based multi-agents: a survey of progress and challenges. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.01680 (2024)","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2024\/890"},{"key":"28_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasanain, M., Ahmed, F., Alam, F.: Large language models for propaganda span annotation. In: Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (2024)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-emnlp.850"},{"key":"28_CR19","unstructured":"Hasanain, M., Ahmed, F., Alam, F.: Can GPT-4 identify propaganda? Annotation and detection of propaganda spans in news articles. In: Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources And Evaluation. LREC-COLING 2024, Torino, Italy (2024)"},{"key":"28_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasanain, M., et al.: ArAIEval shared task: persuasion techniques and disinformation detection in Arabic text. In: Sawaf, H., et al. (eds.) Proceedings of ArabicNLP 2023, pp. 483\u2013493. ACL, Singapore (Hybrid) (2023)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.arabicnlp-1.44"},{"key":"28_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasanain, M., et al.: ArAIEval shared task: propagandistic techniques detection in unimodal and multimodal Arabic content. In: Proceedings of the Second Arabic Natural Language Processing Conference. ACL, Bangkok (2024)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.arabicnlp-1.44"},{"key":"28_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, E., Sharif, O., Hoque, M.M., Preum, S.M.: Deciphering hate: identifying hateful memes and their targets. arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.10829 (2024)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.acl-long.454"},{"key":"28_CR23","unstructured":"Kiela, D., et al.: The hateful memes challenge: detecting hate speech in multimodal memes. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol.\u00a033, pp. 2611\u20132624 (2020)"},{"key":"28_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Mao, H., Wu, C.Y., Feichtenhofer, C., Darrell, T., Xie, S.: A convnet for the 2020s. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 11976\u201311986 (2022)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01167"},{"key":"28_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathias, L., et al.: Findings of the WOAH 5 shared task on fine grained hateful memes detection. In: Mostafazadeh\u00a0Davani, A., Kiela, D., Lambert, M., Vidgen, B., Prabhakaran, V., Waseem, Z. (eds.) Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH 2021), pp. 201\u2013206. ACL, Online (2021)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.woah-1.21"},{"key":"28_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219767","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2023.1219767","volume":"6","author":"H Mubarak","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mubarak, H., Abdaljalil, S., Nassar, A., Alam, F.: Detecting and identifying the reasons for deleted tweets before they are posted. Front. Artif. Intell. 6, 1219767 (2023)","journal-title":"Front. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"28_CR27","unstructured":"OpenAI, R.: GPT-4 technical report. arXiv:2303.08774 (2023)"},{"key":"28_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piskorski, J., Stefanovitch, N., Da\u00a0San\u00a0Martino, G., Nakov, P.: SemEval-2023 task 3: detecting the category, the framing, and the persuasion techniques in online news in a multi-lingual setup. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation, pp. 2343\u20132361. ACL, Toronto, Canada (2023)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.semeval-1.317"},{"key":"28_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, A., Wiegand, M.: A survey on hate speech detection using natural language processing. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media, pp. 1\u201310. ACL, Valencia, Spain (2017)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-1101"},{"key":"28_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, U., Biswas, M.R., Agus, M., Househ, M., Zaghouani, W.: MemeMind at ArAIEval shared task: generative augmentation and feature fusion for multimodal propaganda detection in Arabic memes through advanced language and vision models. In: Proceedings of the Second Arabic Natural Language Processing Conference, pp. 467\u2013472 (2024)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.arabicnlp-1.45"},{"key":"28_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, S., et al.: Detecting and understanding harmful memes: a survey. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 5597\u20135606. IJCAI (2022)","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2022\/781"},{"key":"28_CR32","unstructured":"Team, G., et\u00a0al.: Gemini: a family of highly capable multimodal models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.11805 (2023)"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Web Information Systems Engineering \u2013 WISE 2024"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-981-96-0576-7_28","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:26:49Z","timestamp":1733099209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-981-96-0576-7_28"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"ISBN":["9789819605750","9789819605767"],"references-count":32,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-96-0576-7_28","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 November 2024","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"WISE","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Web Information Systems Engineering","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Doha","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Qatar","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2024","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2 December 2024","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"5 December 2024","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"25","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"wise2024","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/wise2024-qatar.com\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}