{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T12:44:21Z","timestamp":1759495461895},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1991,1,1]],"date-time":"1991-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":662688000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Artif Intell Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf00143760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,4]],"date-time":"2004-11-04T07:53:45Z","timestamp":1099554825000},"page":"169-186","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The blackboard model: a survey of its application"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Reddy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"G. M. P.","family":"O'Hare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bond, A. H. & Gasser, L. (1989) ?Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence? Morgan Kaufmann.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-55860-092-8.50004-6"},{"key":"CR2","unstructured":"Corkill, D. D. et al. (1986) ?GBB: A Generic Blackboard Development System? in Procs of the 5th National Conf. on A.I. (AAAAI86), pp 1008?14."},{"issue":"3","key":"CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/29.3.235","volume":"29","author":"I. D. Craig","year":"1986","unstructured":"Craig, I. D. (1986) ?The ADIADNE-1 Blackboard System? The Computer Journal Vol.29, No 3 pp 235?40.","journal-title":"The Computer Journal"},{"key":"CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Englemore, R. S. & Nii, H. P. (1977) ?A Knowledge-Based System for the Interpretation of Protein X-ray Crystallographic Data? Report HPP-77-2, Stanford Heuristic Programming Project, Stanford University.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA038866"},{"key":"CR5","volume-title":"Blackboard Systems","author":"R. S. Englemore","year":"1988","unstructured":"Englemore, R. S. & Morgan, A. J. (1988) ?Blackboard Systems? Addison-Wesley, London."},{"key":"CR6","unstructured":"Erman, L. D. et al. (1981) ?The Design and Example Use of HEARSAY III? in Procs of the 7th Int. Joint Conf. on A.I. pp 409?15."},{"key":"CR7","volume-title":"GPS: A Case Study in Generality and Problem Solving","author":"G. Ernst","year":"1969","unstructured":"Ernst, G. & Newell, A. (1969) ?GPS: A Case Study in Generality and Problem Solving? Academic Press, New York."},{"key":"CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feigenbaum, E. A. (1977) ?The Art of Artificial Intelligence: Themes and Case Studies of Knowledge Engineering? in 5th Int. Joint Conf. on A.I.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA046289"},{"key":"CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gasser, L. et al. (1989) ?Implementing Distributed AI Systems Using MACE? in (Bond & Gasser, 1989).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-934613-63-7.50047-4"},{"key":"CR10","unstructured":"Gevins, A. S. (1983) ?Overview of the Human Brain and Distributed Computing Network? Procs. IEEE International Conference on Computer Design: VLSI in Computers 1983."},{"key":"CR11","unstructured":"Genesereth, M. R. et al. (1984) ?Cooperation Without Communication? Report HPP-84-36 September 1984, Stanford Heuristic Programming Project, Stanford University."},{"key":"CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green, P. E. ?AF: A Framework for Real-Time Distributed Cooperative Problem Solving? in (Huhns 1987).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-934613-38-5.50009-X"},{"key":"CR13","unstructured":"Hanson, A. R. & Riseman, E. M. (1978) ?VISIONS: A Computer System for interpreting Scenes? in Hanson, A. R. & Riseman, E. M. (eds) ?Computer Vision Systems? Academic Press."},{"key":"CR14","unstructured":"Hayes-Roth, B. et al. (1979) ?Modeling Planning as an incremental, opportunistic process? in Procs. of the 6th Int. Joint Conf. on A.I. pp 375?83."},{"key":"CR15","unstructured":"Hayes-Roth, B. (1983) ?The Blackboard Architecture: A General Framework for Problem Solving?? Heuristic Programming Project Report HPP-83-30, Computer Science Department, Stanford University."},{"key":"CR16","unstructured":"Hayes-Roth, B. & Hewitt, M. (1985) ?Learning Control Heuristics in BB1? Report HPP-85-2, Stanford Heuristic Programming Project, Stanford University."},{"key":"CR17","unstructured":"Hayes-Roth, F. et al. (1983) ?Building Expert Systems? Vo. 1, Addison-Wesley."},{"key":"CR18","unstructured":"Hayes-Roth, J. et al. ?ABE: A Cooperative Operating System and Development Language? in (Bond and Gasser, 1989)."},{"key":"CR19","unstructured":"Hern (1987) ?Distributed Artificial Intelligence? in The Knowledge Engineering Review Vol. 3, No. 1 Jan 1988."},{"key":"CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hewitt, M. (1977) ?Viewing Control Structures as Patterns of Passing Messages? in Artificial Intelligence No. 8 (1977).","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(77)90033-9"},{"key":"CR21","unstructured":"Huhns, M. N. (1987) ?Distributed Artificial Intelligence? Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"CR22","unstructured":"Inder, R. (1988) ?the State of the ART? in Alring Nos. 1 (Feb 1987), 2 (Jun 1987) and 3 (Feb 88)."},{"key":"CR23","unstructured":"INSIGHT (1986) ?The INSIGHT Blackboard Experiment Information Pack? Systems Designers Ltd."},{"key":"CR24","unstructured":"Jones J. et al. (1986) ?A Blackboard Shell in PROLOG? Report 277, Dept. of A.I., University of Edinburgh."},{"key":"CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laurent, J. P. et al. (1986) ?Comparative Evaluation of three Expert System Development Tools: KEE, Knowledge Craft, ART? The Knowledge Engineering Review Vol. 1 No. 4 Dec 1986.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269888900000631"},{"key":"CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leao, L. V. & Talukdar, S. N. (1989) ?COPS? A System for Constructing Multiple Blackboards' in (Bond & Gasser, 1989).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-934613-63-7.50054-1"},{"key":"CR27","unstructured":"Lenat, D. B. (1975) ?BEINGS: Knowledge as Interacting Experts? 4th Int. Joint Conf. on A.I."},{"key":"CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lesser, V. R. et al. (1975) ?Organization of the HEARSAY II Speech Understanding system? IEEE Trans. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing Vol. ASSP-23 No. 1 February 1975.","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1975.1162648"},{"issue":"1","key":"CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1981.4308581","volume":"11","author":"V. R. Lesser","year":"1981","unstructured":"Lesser, V. R. & Corkill, D. D. (1981) ?Functionally Accurate\/Co-operative Systems? in IEEE Trans. on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Vol.SMC-11 No. 1 p81?96.","journal-title":"Man and Cybernetics"},{"key":"CR30","unstructured":"Martin, J. (1981) ?Computer Networks and Distributed Processing? Savant, Carnforth."},{"key":"CR31","unstructured":"Newell, A. et al. (1973) ?Speech Understanding Systems: Final Report of a Study Group? North-Holland."},{"key":"CR32","volume-title":"Blackboard Model and AGE? Report HPP-80-29 Heuristic Planning Project","author":"H. P. Nii","year":"1980","unstructured":"Nii, H. P. (1980)?An Introduction to Knowledge Engineering, Blackboard Model and AGE? Report HPP-80?29 Heuristic Planning Project, Dept. of Comp. Sci. and Medicine, Stanford."},{"key":"CR33","unstructured":"Nii, H. P. et al. (1982) ?Signal-to-symbol Transformation: HASP-SIAP Case Study? in Artificial Intelligence No. 3 pp 23?35."},{"key":"CR34","volume-title":"2nd Int. Expert Systems Conf. London 30th Sept-2nd Oct 1986","author":"G. M. P. O'Hare","year":"1986","unstructured":"O'Hare, G. M. P. (1986) ?New Directions in Distributed Artificial Intelligence? 2nd Int. Expert Systems Conf. London 30th Sept-2nd Oct 1986, Sponsors: Expert Systems, Publishers: Learned Information Ltd, Oxford."},{"key":"CR35","unstructured":"Pressman, R. S. (1982) ?Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach? Mc-Graw-Hill."},{"key":"CR36","unstructured":"Reddy, D. R. et al. (1973) ?The HEARSAY Speech Understanding System: An Example of the Recognition Process? 3rd Int. Joint Conf. on A.I."},{"key":"CR37","unstructured":"Reddy, M. (1988) ?MICRO-CATCH: A Simple Blackboard Knowledge-Based System in PASCAL and PROLOG? MSc Dissertation Dec 1988, Supervisor: G. M. P. O'Hare, UMIST."},{"key":"CR38","unstructured":"Reynolds, D. (1988) ?MUSE: A Toolkit for Embedded, Real-time AI? in Englemore & Morgan."},{"key":"CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodden et al. (1988) ?Cooperation and Communication within an active IPSE? in Int. Workshop on Knowledge-Based Systems in Software Engineering, Information Systems Research Group, Dept. of Computation, UMIST.","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-7051(88)90035-4"},{"key":"CR40","unstructured":"Rosenscheim, J. S. & Genesereth, M. R. (1984) ?Communication and Cooperation? Report HPP-84-5, Stanford Heuristic Programming Project, Stanford University."},{"key":"CR41","unstructured":"Ross, P. et al. (1985) ?User Modeling in Command-Driven Systems? Research Report 264, Dept of A.I., University of Edinburgh."},{"key":"CR42","unstructured":"Smith, R. G. (1978) ?A Framework for Problem solving in a Distributed Processing Environment? Report HPP-78-28 December 1978, Stanford Heuristic Programming Project, Stanford University."},{"key":"CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, R. G. & Davis, R. (1981) ?Frameworks for Cooperative Problem Solving? in IEEE Trans. on Systems, Man and Cybernetics Vol. SMC-11 No. 1 January 1981.","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1981.4308579"},{"key":"CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waterman, D. A. & Hayes-Roth, F. (eds) (1978) ?Pattern Directed Inference Systems? Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-737550-2.50035-X"},{"issue":"3","key":"CR45","first-page":"316","volume":"15","author":"J. D. Yang","year":"1985","unstructured":"Yang, J. D. et al. (1985) ?An Architecture for Control and Communication in Distributed Artificial Intelligent Systems? in IEEE Trans. on Sys., Man and Cyb. Vol. SMC-15, No. 3 May, pp 316?326.","journal-title":"Man and Cyb."}],"container-title":["Artificial Intelligence Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00143760.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF00143760\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00143760","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,3]],"date-time":"2020-04-03T19:48:51Z","timestamp":1585943331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF00143760"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1991]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991]]}},"alternative-id":["BF00143760"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00143760","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-2821","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7462","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1991]]}}}