{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T08:16:21Z","timestamp":1770970581669,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1994,4,1]],"date-time":"1994-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":765158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biol. Cybern."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf00198804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,29]],"date-time":"2004-08-29T00:45:21Z","timestamp":1093740321000},"page":"513-524","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The use of an internal representation in fast goal-directed movements: a modelling approach"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"V. G. J.","family":"Gerdes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Happee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BF00198804_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.26.12.1164","volume":"26","author":"RW Angel","year":"1976","unstructured":"Angel RW (1976) Efference copy and the control of movement. Neurology 26:1164\u20131168","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR2","first-page":"555","volume-title":"Motor control mechanisms in health and disease","author":"RW Angel","year":"1983","unstructured":"Angel RW (1983) Muscular contractions elicited by passive shortening. In: Desmedt JE (ed) Motor control mechanisms in health and disease. Raven, New York, pp 555\u2013669"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR3","series-title":"Mathematics in science and engineering 179","volume-title":"Tracking and data association","author":"Y Bar-Shalom","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bar-Shalom Y, Fortmann TE (1988) Tracking and data association. Mathematics in science and engineering 179. Academic, London"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR4","series-title":"Internal report, TUDWBMR-N-283","volume-title":"Design package DESSYS for observer based linear quadratic controllers","author":"P Bongers","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bongers P, Van Helmont JB (1988) Design package DESSYS for observer based linear quadratic controllers. (Internal report, TUDWBMR-N-283) Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(92)90057-I","volume":"11","author":"D Bullock","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bullock D, Grossberg S (1992) Emergence of tri-phasic muscle activation patterns from the non-linear interactions of central and spinal neural network circuits. Hum Movement Sci 11:157\u2013167","journal-title":"Hum Movement Sci"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00236912","volume":"42","author":"C Capaday","year":"1981","unstructured":"Capaday C, Cooke JD (1981) The effects of muscle vibration on the attainment of intended final position during voluntary human arm movements. Exp Brain Res 42:228\u2013230","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00237158","volume":"52","author":"C Capaday","year":"1983","unstructured":"Capaday C, Cooke JD (1983) Vibration induced changes in movementrelated EMG activity in humans. Exp Brain Res 52:139\u2013146","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1990.64.1.105","volume":"64","author":"RR Carter","year":"1990","unstructured":"Carter RR, Crago PE, Keith MW (1990) Stiffness regulation by reflex action in the normal human hand. J Neurophysiol 64:105\u2013118","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1990.63.1.161","volume":"63","author":"PJ Cordo","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cordo PJ (1990) Kinesthetic control of a multijoint movemBdent sequence. J Neurophysiol 63:161\u2013172","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR10","first-page":"309","volume":"19","author":"WG Darling","year":"1987","unstructured":"Darling WG, Cooke JD (1987) Movement related EMGs become more variable during learning of fast accurate movements. J Motor Behav 19:309\u2013331","journal-title":"J Motor Behav"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR11","volume-title":"Electrophysiological kinesiology","author":"JJ Denier van der Gon","year":"1988","unstructured":"Denier van der Gon JJ (1988) Motor control: aspects of its organization, control signals and properties. In: Wallinga W, Boom HBK, de Vries J (eds) Electrophysiological kinesiology. Elsevier, Amsterdam"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR12","volume-title":"Multiple muscle systems: biomechanics and movement organization","author":"JJ Denier van der Gon","year":"1990","unstructured":"Denier van der Gon JJ, Coolen ACC, Erkelens CJ, Jonker HJJ (1990) Self organizing neural mechanisms possibly responsible for muscle coordination. In: Winters WM, Woo SLY (ed) Multiple muscle systems: biomechanics and movement organization. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1990.63.6.1297","volume":"63","author":"BB Edin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Edin BB, Vallbo AB (1990) Dynamic response of human muscle spindle afferents to stretch. J Neurophysiol 63:1297\u20131306","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(90)90013-4","volume":"9","author":"D Elliot","year":"1990","unstructured":"Elliot D (1990) Intermittent visual pickup and goal directed movement: a review. Hum Movement Sci 9:531\u2013548","journal-title":"Hum Movement Sci"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00338815","volume":"57","author":"CCAM Gielen","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gielen CCAM, Houk JC (1987) A model of the motor servo: incorporating nonlinear spindle receptor and muscle mechanical properties. Biol Cybern 57:217\u2013231","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.1984.10735308","volume":"16","author":"CCAM Gielen","year":"1984","unstructured":"Gielen CCAM, Van den Heuvel PJM, Denier van der Gon JJ (1984) Modification of muscle activation patterns in fast goal-directed arm movements. J Motor Behav 16:2\u201319","journal-title":"J Motor Behav"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.84.1.14","volume":"84","author":"DJ Glencross","year":"1977","unstructured":"Glencross DJ (1977) Control of skilled movements. Psychol Bull 84:14\u201329","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(85)90206-7","volume":"88","author":"B Hannaford","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hannaford B, Cheron G, Stark L (1985) Effects of applied vibration on triphasic electromyographic patterns in neurologically ballistic head movements. Exp Neurol 88:447\u2013460","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00203672","volume":"66","author":"R Happee","year":"1992","unstructured":"Happee R (1992a) Time optimality in the control of human movements. Biol Cybern 66:357\u2013366","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/1050-6411(92)90014-A","volume":"2","author":"R Happee","year":"1992","unstructured":"Happee R (1992b) Goal-directed arm movements. I. Analysis of EMG records in shoulder and elbow muscles. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2:165\u2013178","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/1050-6411(93)90006-I","volume":"3","author":"R Happee","year":"1993","unstructured":"Happee R (1993) Goal-directed arm movements. III. Feedback and adaptation in response to inertia perturbations. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 3:112\u2013122","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1983.49.4.989","volume":"49","author":"Z Hasan","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hasan Z (1983) A model of spindle afferent response to muscle stretch. J Neurophysiol 49:989\u20131005","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02423506","volume":"81","author":"JT Inglis","year":"1990","unstructured":"Inglis JT, Frank JS (1990) The effect of agonist\/antagonist muscle vibration on human position sense. Exp Brain Res 81:573\u2013580","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR24","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Motor control mechanisms in health and disease","author":"M Jeannerod","year":"1983","unstructured":"Jeannerod M, Prablanc C (1983) Visual control of reaching movements in man. In: Desmedt JE (ed) Motor control mechanisms in health and disease. Raven, New York, pp 13\u201329"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1971.1099842","volume":"AC-16","author":"DLS Kleinman","year":"1971","unstructured":"Kleinman DLS, Baron S, Levison WH (1971) A control theoretic approach to manned vehicle systems analysis. IEEE Trans Aut Control AC-16:824\u2013832","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Aut Control"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00237573","volume":"61","author":"F Lacquaniti","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lacquaniti F, Soechting JF (1986) EMG responses to load perturbations of the upper limb. Exp Brain Res 61:482\u2013496","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1979.42.1.183","volume":"42","author":"A Polit","year":"1979","unstructured":"Polit A, Bizzi E (1979) Characteristics of motor programs underlying arm movements in monkeys. J Neurophysiol 42:183\u2013194","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.1987.10735399","volume":"19","author":"CF Ramos","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ramos CF, Stark LW (1987) Simulation studies of descending and reflex control of fast movements. J Motor Behav 19:38\u201361","journal-title":"J Motor Behav"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR29","series-title":"PhD thesis","volume-title":"Visual and proprioceptive information in goal directed movements, a system theoretical approach","author":"JC Ruitenbeek","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ruitenbeek JC (1985) Visual and proprioceptive information in goal directed movements, a system theoretical approach. PhD thesis, University of Delft, The Netherlands"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00235815","volume":"54","author":"JN Sanes","year":"1984","unstructured":"Sanes JN, Jennings VA (1984) Centrally programmed patterns of muscle activity in voluntary motor behavior of humans. Exp Brain Res 54:23\u201332","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR31","unstructured":"Schaafsma A (1991) Posture maintenance at the human elbow joint. PhD thesis, University of Groningen"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1991.65.6.1297","volume":"65","author":"A Schaafsma","year":"1991","unstructured":"Schaafsma A, Otten E, van Willigen JD (1991) A muscle spindle model for primary afferent firing based on simulation of intrafusal mechanical events. J Neurophysiol 65:1297\u20131312","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00228120","volume":"81","author":"JBJ Smeets","year":"1990","unstructured":"Smeets JBJ, Erkelens CJ, Denier van der Gon JJ (1990) Adjustment of fast goal-directed movements in response to an unexpected inertial load. Exp Brain Res 81:303\u2013312","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.1980.10735209","volume":"12","author":"WM Smith","year":"1980","unstructured":"Smith WM, Bowen KF (1980) The effects of delayed and displaced visual feedback on motor control. J Motor Behav 12:91\u2013101","journal-title":"J Motor Behav"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR35","series-title":"Masters Thesis","volume-title":"Analysis and recognition of myoelectric activity during fast arm movements as part of the control of prostheses","author":"M Smits","year":"1991","unstructured":"Smits M (1991) Analysis and recognition of myoelectric activity during fast arm movements as part of the control of prostheses. Masters Thesis, University of Delft, The Netherlands, and Liberty Mutual, Hopkinton, USA"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(90)90057-O","volume":"26","author":"HG Stassen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Stassen HG, Johannsen G, Moray N (1990) Internal representation, internal model, human performance model and mental workload. Automatica 26:811\u2013820","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00202451","volume":"63","author":"JF Sonderen van","year":"1990","unstructured":"van Sonderen JF, Denier van der Gon JJ (1990) A simulation study of a programme generator for centrally programmed fast two-joint arm movements: responses to single and double step stimuli. Biol Cybern 63:35\u201344","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00230693","volume":"78","author":"JF Sonderen van","year":"1989","unstructured":"van Sonderen JF, Gielen CCAM, Denier van der Gon JJ (1989) Motor programmes for goal directed movements are continuously adjusted according to changes in target location. Exp Brain Res 78:139\u2013146","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/001872087701900405","volume":"19","author":"W Veldhuyzen","year":"1977","unstructured":"Veldhuyzen W, Stassen HG (1977) The internal model concept: an application to modelling human control of large ships. Hum Factors 19:367\u2013380","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR40","first-page":"3","volume":"5","author":"WB Wadman","year":"1979","unstructured":"Wadman WB, Denier van der Gon JJ, Geuze RH, Mol CR (1979) Control of fast goal directed arm movements. J Hum Movement Studies 5:3\u201317","journal-title":"J Hum Movement Studies"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR41","first-page":"280","volume":"6","author":"WB Wadman","year":"1980","unstructured":"Wadman WB, Boerhout W, Denier van der Gon JJ (1980) Response of the arm movement control system to force impulses. J Hum Movement Studies 6:280\u2013302","journal-title":"J Hum Movement Studies"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1985.325498","volume":"32-10","author":"JM Winters","year":"1985","unstructured":"Winters JM, Stark L (1985) Analysis of fundamental human movement patterns through the use of in-depth antagonistic muscle models. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 32\u201310:826\u2013839","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(88)90249-7","volume":"21-12","author":"JM Winters","year":"1988","unstructured":"Winters JM, Stark L (1988) Estimated properties of synergistic muscles involved in movements of a variety of human joints. J Biomech 21\u201312:1027\u20131041","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"BF00198804_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1987.325984","volume":"34-7","author":"S Yurkovich","year":"1987","unstructured":"Yurkovich S, Hoffmann SK, Hemami H (1987) Stability and parameter studies of a stretch reflex loop model. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 34\u20137:547\u2013553","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"}],"container-title":["Biological Cybernetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00198804.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF00198804\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00198804","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,3]],"date-time":"2019-04-03T06:27:04Z","timestamp":1554272824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF00198804"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,4]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,4]]}},"alternative-id":["BF00198804"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00198804","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-1200","1432-0770"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-1200","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0770","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,4]]}}}