{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T18:14:26Z","timestamp":1759515266632},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4-5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,10,1]],"date-time":"1995-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":812505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Artif Intell Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf00849043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,21]],"date-time":"2004-12-21T12:59:27Z","timestamp":1103633967000},"page":"323-346","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["A comparison of models for fusion of the auditory and visual sensors in speech perception"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jordi","family":"Robert-Ribes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Luc","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Escudier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6393(86)90032-4","volume":"5","author":"C. Abry","year":"1986","unstructured":"Abry, C. & Bo\u00eb, L. J. (1986). Laws for Lips.Speech Communication 5: 97?104.","journal-title":"Speech Communication"},{"key":"CR2","unstructured":"Aulanko, R. & Sams, M. (1991). Integration of Auditory and Visual Components of Articulatory Information in the Human Brain. XII Congr\u00e8s Intern. des Sciences Phon\u00e9tiques, 19?24 Ao\u00fbt 1991, Aix-en-Provence (France), pp. 38?41."},{"key":"CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basir, O. A. & Shen, H. C. (1992). Sensory Data Integration: A Team Consensus Approach.Proceedings of The 1992 IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, Nice, France, May 1992, pp. 1683?1688.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.1992.220136"},{"key":"CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beckerman, M. (1992). A Bayes-maximum entropy method for multi-sensor data fusion.Proceedings of The 1992 IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, Nice, France, May 1992, pp. 1668?1674.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.1992.220138"},{"key":"CR5","unstructured":"Beno\u00eet, C., Mohamadi, T. & Kandel, S. D. (in press). Effects of Phonetic Context on Audio-Visual Intelligibility of French.Journal of Speech and Hearing Research (in press)."},{"key":"CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.1704.619","volume":"17","author":"C. A. Binnie","year":"1974","unstructured":"Binnie, C. A., Montgomery, A. A. & Jackson, P. L. (1974). Auditory and Visual Contributions to the Perception of Consonants.Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 17: 619?630.","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1121\/1.385824","volume":"69","author":"R. A. W. Bladon","year":"1981","unstructured":"Bladon, R. A. W. & Lindblom, B. (1981). Modelling the Judgement of Vowel Quality Differences.J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 69: 1414?1422.","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"CR8","unstructured":"Bo\u00eb, L. J. & Perrier, P. (1993). Personal Communication."},{"key":"CR9","unstructured":"Bo\u00eb, L. J., Schwartz, J. L. & Vall\u00e9e, N., (to appear). The Prediction of Vowel Systems: Perceptual Contrast and Stability. In Keller, E. (ed.)Fundamentals of Speech Synthesis and Speech Recognition. John Wiley."},{"key":"CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2023685","volume":"80","author":"D. Braida","year":"1986","unstructured":"Braida, D., Picheny, M. A., Cohen, J. R., Rabinowitz, W. M. & Perkell, J. S. (1986). Use of Articulatory Signals in Automatic Speech Recognition.J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 80: 18.","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1121\/1.393536","volume":"79","author":"M. Breeuwer","year":"1986","unstructured":"Breeuwer, M. & Plomp, R. (1986). Speechreading Supplemented with Auditorily Presented Speech Parameters.J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 79: 481?499.","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1486.001.0001","volume-title":"Auditory Scene Analysis: The Perceptual Organization of Sound","author":"A. S. Bregman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bregman, A. S. (1990).Auditory Scene Analysis: The Perceptual Organization of Sound. The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"CR13","unstructured":"Brooke, M. & Petajan, E. D. (1986). Seeing Speech: Investigations into the Synthesis and Recognition of Visible Speech Movements Using Automatic Image Processing and Computer Graphics. Conference Publication No. 258, Inter. Conf. on Speech Input\/Output; Techniques and Applications (London 24?26 March 1986), pp. 104?109."},{"key":"CR14","unstructured":"Campbell, H. W. (1974). Phoneme Recognition by Ear and by Eye: A Distinctive Feature Analysis. Doctoral dissertation, Katholieke Universiteit te Nijmegen."},{"key":"CR15","unstructured":"Campbell, R. (1988). Tracing Lip Movements: Making Speech Visible.Visible Language 13(1)."},{"key":"CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/00335558008248235","volume":"32","author":"R. Campbell","year":"1980","unstructured":"Campbell, R. & Dodd, B. (1980). Hearing by Eye.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,32: 85?99.","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"CR17","unstructured":"Cathiard, M. A., Lallouache, T., Mohamadi, T. & Abry, Ch. (1993). Etude perceptive des interactions Son\/Image: Application au visiophone et \u00e0 la visioconf\u00e9rence. Rapport CNET March\u00e9 92 7B 032."},{"key":"CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1684(93)90034-8","volume":"32","author":"J. L. Crowley","year":"1993","unstructured":"Crowley, J. L. & Demazeau, Y. (1993). Principles and Techniques for Sensor Data Fusion.Signal Processing 32: 5?27.","journal-title":"Signal Processing"},{"key":"CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03199585","volume":"20","author":"B. Gelder de","year":"1992","unstructured":"de Gelder, B. & Vroomen, J. (1992). Abstract Versus Modality-Specific Memory Representations in Processing Auditory and Visual Speech.Memory and Cognition 20: 533?538.","journal-title":"Memory and Cognition"},{"key":"CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/09541449108406220","volume":"3","author":"B. Gelder de","year":"1991","unstructured":"de Gelder, B., Vroomen, J. & van der Heide, L. (1991). Face Recognition and Lip-Reading in Autism.European Journal of Cognitive Psychology,3: 69?86.","journal-title":"European Journal of Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1121\/1.390599","volume":"75","author":"B. Delgutte","year":"1984","unstructured":"Delgutte, B. & Kiang, N. Y. S. (1984). Speech Coding in the Auditory Nerve: IV. Sounds with Consonant-Like Dynamic Characteristics.J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 75: 897?907.","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1068\/p090719","volume":"9","author":"N. F. Dixon","year":"1980","unstructured":"Dixon, N. F. & Spitz L. (1980). The Detection of Audiovisual Desynchrony.Perception 9: 719?721.","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(79)90021-5","volume":"11","author":"B. Dodd","year":"1979","unstructured":"Dodd, B. (1979). Lip-Reading in Infants: Attention to Speech Presented In- and Out-of-Synchrony.Cognitive Psychology 11: 478?484.","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.1202.423","volume":"12","author":"N. P. Erber","year":"1969","unstructured":"Erber, N. P. (1969). Interaction of Audition and Vision in the Recognition of Oral Speech Stimuli.Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 12: 423?425.","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4004.481","volume":"40","author":"N. P. Erber","year":"1975","unstructured":"Erber, N. P. (1975). Auditory-Visual Perception of Speech.Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 40: 481?492.","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders"},{"key":"CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faugeras, O., Ayache, N. & Faverjon, B. (1986). Building Visual Maps by Combining Noisy Stereo Measurements. IEEE Internat. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, San Francisco, CA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.1986.1087419"},{"key":"CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8655(88)90094-3","volume":"8","author":"K. E. Finn","year":"1988","unstructured":"Finn, K. E. & Montgomery (1988). Automatic Optically Based Recognition of Speech.Pattern Recognition Letters 8: 159?164.","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Letters"},{"key":"CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4470(19)30607-2","volume":"14","author":"C. A. Fowler","year":"1986","unstructured":"Fowler, C. A. (1986). An Event Approach to the Study of Speech Perception from a Direct-Realist Perspective.J. of Phonetics 14: 3?28.","journal-title":"J. of Phonetics"},{"key":"CR29","first-page":"816","volume":"17","author":"C. A. Fowler","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fowler, C. A. & Dekle, D. J. (1991). Listening with Eye and Hand: Crossmodal Contributions to Speech Perception.J. of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 17: 816?828.","journal-title":"J. of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"CR30","volume-title":"The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems","author":"J. J. Gibson","year":"1966","unstructured":"Gibson, J. J. (1966).The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co."},{"key":"CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1121\/1.392335","volume":"77","author":"K. W. Grant","year":"1985","unstructured":"Grant, K. W., Ardell, L. H., Kuhl, P. K. & Sparks, D. W. (1985). The Contribution of Fundamental Frequency, Amplitude Envelope, and Voicing Duration Cues to Speechreading in Normal-Hearing Subjects.J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 77: 671?677.","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03207990","volume":"42","author":"K. P. Green","year":"1987","unstructured":"Green, K. P. (1987). The Perception of Speaking Rate Using Visual Information from a Talker's Face.Perception and Psychophysics 42: 587?593.","journal-title":"Perception and Psychophysics"},{"key":"CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03208030","volume":"45","author":"K. P. Green","year":"1989","unstructured":"Green, K. P. & Kuhl, P. K. (1989). The Role of Visual Information in the Processing of Place and Manner Features in Speech Perception.Perception and Psychophysics 45: 34?42.","journal-title":"Perception and Psychophysics"},{"key":"CR34","first-page":"278","volume":"17","author":"K. P. Green","year":"1991","unstructured":"Green, K. P. & Kuhl, P. K. (1991). Integral Processing of Visual Place and Auditory Voicing Information During Phonetic Perception.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 17: 278?288.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03207154","volume":"38","author":"K. P. Green","year":"1985","unstructured":"Green, K. P. & Miller J. L. (1985). On the Role of Visual Rate Information in Phonetic Perception.Perception and Psychophysics 38: 269?276.","journal-title":"Perception and Psychophysics"},{"key":"CR36","volume-title":"Trait\u00e9 de Psychologie Exp\u00e9rimentale","author":"Y. Hatwell","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hatwell, Y. (1993). Transferts intermodaux et int\u00e9gration intermodale. In Richelle, M., Reguin, J. & Robert, M. (eds.)Trait\u00e9 de Psychologie Exp\u00e9rimentale. Presses Universitaires de France: Paris."},{"key":"CR37","first-page":"492","volume":"60","author":"A. J. King","year":"1985","unstructured":"King, A. J. & Palmer, A. R. (1985). Integration of Visual and Auditory Information in Bimodal Neurones in the Guinea-pig Superior Colliculus.Expl. Brain Res. 60: 492?500.","journal-title":"Expl. Brain Res."},{"key":"CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4470(19)31059-9","volume":"7","author":"D. H. Klatt","year":"1979","unstructured":"Klatt, D. H. (1979). Speech Perception: A Model of Acoustic-Phonetic Analysis and Lexical Access.J. of Phonetics 7: 279?312.","journal-title":"J. of Phonetics"},{"key":"CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.02-09-01177.1982","volume":"2","author":"E. I. Knudsen","year":"1982","unstructured":"Knudsen, E. I. (1982). Auditory and Visual Maps of Space in the Optic Tectum of the Owl.J. Neurosci. 2: 1177?1194.","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(86)90053-6","volume":"9","author":"M. Konishi","year":"1986","unstructured":"Konishi, M. (1986). Centrally Synthesized Maps of Sensory Space.Trends Neurosci 9: 163?168.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7146899","volume":"218","author":"P. K. Kuhl","year":"1982","unstructured":"Kuhl, P. K. & Meltzoff, A. N. (1982). The Bimodal Perception of Speech in Infancy.Science 218: 1138?1141.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"CR42","unstructured":"Kurita, T., Honda, K. & Kakita, Y. (1988). Analysis of Speech by a Joint Use of Image Processing of Lip Movements. I.E.I.C.E. Tech. Report, SP88-94, 41?48."},{"key":"CR43","volume-title":"Un poste ?visage-parole? couleur. Acquisition et traitement automatique des contours des l\u00e8vres","author":"M. T. Lallouache","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lallouache, M. T. (1991). Un poste ?visage-parole? couleur. Acquisition et traitement automatique des contours des l\u00e8vres. Doctoral Thesis, Institut National Polytechnique, Grenoble."},{"key":"CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(85)90021-6","volume":"21","author":"A. Liberman","year":"1985","unstructured":"Liberman, A. & Mattingly, I. (1985). The Motor Theory of Speech Perception Revised.Cognition 21: 1?33.","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1177\/002383099203500402","volume":"35","author":"L. Lisker","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lisker, L. & Rossi, M. (1993). Auditory and Visual Cueing of the [\u00b1 Rounded] Feature of Vowels.Language and Speech 35: 391?417.","journal-title":"Language and Speech"},{"key":"CR46","volume-title":"Speech Perception by Ear and Eye: A Paradigm for Psychological Inquiry","author":"D. W. Massaro","year":"1987","unstructured":"Massaro, D. W. (1987).Speech Perception by Ear and Eye: A Paradigm for Psychological Inquiry. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: London."},{"key":"CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(89)90014-5","volume":"21","author":"D. W. Massaro","year":"1989","unstructured":"Massaro, D. W. (1989). Testing Between the TRACE Model and the Fuzzy Logical Model of Speech Perception.Cognitive Psychology 21: 398?421.","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6393(93)90064-R","volume":"13","author":"D. W. Massaro","year":"1993","unstructured":"Massaro, D. W. & Cohen, M. M. (1993). Perceiving Asynchronous Bimodal Speech in Consonant-Vowel and Vowel Syllables.Speech Communication 13: 127?134.","journal-title":"Speech Communication"},{"key":"CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4470(19)30230-X","volume":"21","author":"D. W. Massaro","year":"1993","unstructured":"Massaro, D. W., Cohen, M. M., Gesi, A., Heredia, R. & Tsuzaki, M. (1993). Bimodal Speech Perception: An Examination Across Languages.J. of Phonetics 21: 445?478.","journal-title":"J. of Phonetics"},{"key":"CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03198739","volume":"21","author":"D. W. Massaro","year":"1977","unstructured":"Massaro, D. W. & Warner, D. S. (1977). Dividing Attention Between Auditory and Visual Perception.Perception and Psychophysics 21: 569?574.","journal-title":"Perception and Psychophysics"},{"key":"CR51","first-page":"191","volume":"22","author":"K. Matsuoka","year":"1986","unstructured":"Matsuoka, K., Furuya, T. & Kurosu, K. (1986). Speech Recognition by Image Processing of Lip Movements.Trans. on Soc. Instru. and Cont. Eng. 22: 191?198.","journal-title":"Trans. on Soc. Instru. and Cont. Eng."},{"key":"CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1038\/264746a0","volume":"264","author":"H. McGurk","year":"1976","unstructured":"McGurk, H. & MacDonald, J. (1976). Hearing Lips and Seeing Voices.Nature 264: 746?748.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3109\/03005368709077786","volume":"21","author":"A. McLeod","year":"1987","unstructured":"McLeod, A. & Summerfield, Q. (1987). Quantifying the Contribution of Vision to Speech Perception in Noise.British Journal of Audiology 21: 131?141.","journal-title":"British Journal of Audiology"},{"key":"CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6867718","volume":"221","author":"M. A. Meredith","year":"1983","unstructured":"Meredith, M. A. & Stein, B. E. (1983). Interactions Among Converging Sensory Inputs in the Superior Colliculus.Science 221: 389?391.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"CR55","volume-title":"Analyse informationnelle du traitement de la parole dans le syst\u00e8me auditif p\u00e9riph\u00e9rique et le noyau cochl\u00e9aire","author":"A. C. Morris","year":"1992","unstructured":"Morris, A. C. (1992).Analyse informationnelle du traitement de la parole dans le syst\u00e8me auditif p\u00e9riph\u00e9rique et le noyau cochl\u00e9aire. Doctoral Thesis, Institut National Polytechnique, Grenoble."},{"key":"CR56","first-page":"265","volume-title":"Proceeding of the Global Communications Conference","author":"E. D. Petajan","year":"1984","unstructured":"Petajan, E. D. (1984). Automatic Lipreading to Enhance Speech Recognition.Proceeding of the Global Communications Conference, IEEE Communication Society, Atlanta, Georgia, 265?272."},{"key":"CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02686854","volume":"13","author":"M. Radeau","year":"1994","unstructured":"Radeau, M. (1994). Auditory-Visual Spatial Interaction and Modularity.Current Psychology of Cognition 13: 3?51.","journal-title":"Current Psychology of Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1121\/1.392266","volume":"77","author":"C. M. Reed","year":"1985","unstructured":"Reed, C. M., Rabinowitz, W. M., Durlach, N. I. & Braida, L. D. (1985). Research on the Tadoma method of speech communication.J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 77(1): 247?257.","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"CR59","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Hearing by Eye: the Psychology of Lipreading","author":"D. Reisberg","year":"1987","unstructured":"Reisberg, D., McLean, J. & Goldfield, A. (1987). Easy to Hear but Hard to Understand: A Lipreading Advantage with Intact Auditory Stimuli. In Dodd, B. & Campbell, R. (eds.)Hearing by Eye: the Psychology of Lipreading, 97?113. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: London."},{"key":"CR60","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"A. Risberg","year":"1978","unstructured":"Risberg, A. & Lubker, J. L. (1978). Prosody and Speechreading.Speech Transmission Laboratory Quaterly Progress & Status Report, Stockholm, Vol. 4, 1?16.","journal-title":"Speech Transmission Laboratory Quaterly Progress & Status Report"},{"key":"CR61","unstructured":"Robert-Ribes, J. (to appear).Models of Audiovisual Integration. Doctoral Thesis, Institut National Polytechnique, Grenoble."},{"key":"CR62","series-title":"Internal report","volume-title":"Mod\u00e8les d'int\u00e9gration audition-vision: une \u00e9tude neuromim\u00e9tique","author":"J. Robert-Ribes","year":"1991","unstructured":"Robert-Ribes, J., Escudier, P. & Schwartz J. L. (1991). Mod\u00e8les d'int\u00e9gration audition-vision: une \u00e9tude neuromim\u00e9tique. Internal report, ICP, Grenoble."},{"key":"CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robert-Ribes, J., Lallouache, T., Escudier, P. & Schwartz, J. L. (1993). Integrating Auditory and Visual Representations for Audiovisual Vowel Recognition.Proceedings of The Third European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, 1753?1756 (by ESCA), Berlin Germany.","DOI":"10.21437\/Eurospeech.1993-405"},{"key":"CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206144","volume":"30","author":"M. Roberts","year":"1981","unstructured":"Roberts, M. & Summerfield, Q. (1981). Audiovisual Presentation Demonstrates That Selective Adaptation in Speech Perception is Purely Auditory.Perception and Psychophysics 30: 309?314.","journal-title":"Perception and Psychophysics"},{"key":"CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3204.725","volume":"32","author":"J. R\u00f6nnberg","year":"1989","unstructured":"R\u00f6nnberg, J., Arlinger, S., Lyxell, B. & Kinnefords, C. (1989). Visual Evoked Potentials: Relation to Adult Speechreading and Cognitive Function.J. of Speech and Hearing Research 32: 725?735.","journal-title":"J. of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/291150a0","volume":"291","author":"S. Rosen","year":"1981","unstructured":"Rosen, S., Fourcin, A. J. & Moore B. (1981). Voice Pitch as an Aid to Lipreading.Nature 291: 150?152.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(91)90914-F","volume":"127","author":"M. Sams","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sams, M., Aulanko, R., H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, M., Hari, R., Lounasmaa, O. V., Lu, S. & Simola, J. (1991). Seeing Speech: Visual Information from Lip Movements Modifies Activity in the Human Auditory Cortex.Neuroscience Letters 127: 141?145.","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"CR68","first-page":"217","volume-title":"Frontiers of Speech Communication Research","author":"M. R. Schroeder","year":"1979","unstructured":"Schroeder, M. R., Atal, B. S. & Hall, J. L. (1979). Objective Measure of Certain Speech Signal Degradations Based on Masking Properties of Human Auditory Perception. In Lindblom, B. & Ohman, S. (eds.)Frontiers of Speech Communication Research, 217?229. Academic Press: London."},{"key":"CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4470(19)30229-3","volume":"21","author":"K. Sekiyama","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sekiyama, K. & Tokhura, Y. (1993). Inter-Language Differences in the Influence of Visual Cues in Speech Perception.J. of Phonetics 21: 427?444.","journal-title":"J. of Phonetics"},{"key":"CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2004.752","volume":"20","author":"D. C. Shepherd","year":"1977","unstructured":"Shepherd, D. C., DeLavergne, R. W., Frueh, F. X. & Clobridge, C. (1977). Visual-Neural Correlate of Speechreading Ability in Normal-Hearing Adults.Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 20: 752?765.","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"CR71","volume-title":"The Merging of the Senses","author":"B. E. Stein","year":"1993","unstructured":"Stein, B. E. & Meredith, M. A. (1993).The Merging of the Senses. MIT Press: Cambridge."},{"key":"CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stork, D. G., Wolff, G. & Levine, E. (1992).Neural Network Lipreading System for Improved Speech Recognition. IJCNN-92, Baltimore MD, Vol. 2, 285?295.","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.1992.226994"},{"key":"CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1907309","volume":"26","author":"W. H. Sumby","year":"1954","unstructured":"Sumby, W. H. & Pollack, I. (1954). Visual Contribution to Speech Intelligibility in Noise.J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 26: 212?215.","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1159\/000259969","volume":"36","author":"Q. Summerfield","year":"1979","unstructured":"Summerfield, Q. (1979). Use of Visual Information for Phonetic Perception.Phonetica 36: 314?331.","journal-title":"Phonetica"},{"key":"CR75","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Hearing by Eye: The Psychology of Lipreading","author":"Q. Summerfield","year":"1987","unstructured":"Summerfield, Q. (1987). Some Preliminaries to a Comprehensive Account of Audio-Visual Speech Perception. In Dodd, B. & Campbell, R. (eds.)Hearing by Eye: The Psychology of Lipreading, 3?51. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: London."},{"key":"CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198522614.003.0011","volume-title":"Proceeding the Facial Image","author":"Q. Summerfield","year":"1992","unstructured":"Summerfield, Q. (1992). Lipreading and Audio-Visual Speech Perception. In Bruce, Cowey, Ellis & Peret (eds.)Proceeding the Facial Image, 71?78. Clarendon Press: Oxford."},{"key":"CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/14640748408401503","volume":"36","author":"Q. Summerfield","year":"1984","unstructured":"Summerfield, Q. & McGrath, M. (1984). Detection and Resolution of Audio-Visual Incompatibility in the Perception of Vowels.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology 36: 51?74.","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"CR78","unstructured":"Tamura, S. (1989).Lip Contour Extraction-Complement and Tracing by Using Energy Function and Optical Flow. Paper of Technical Group on Pattern Recognition and Understanding, I.E.I.C.E., PRU89-20, 9?16."},{"key":"CR79","unstructured":"Vroomen, J. H. M. (1992).Hearing Voices and Seeing Lips: Investigations in the Psychology of Lipreading. Doctoral dissertation, Katolieke Univ. Brabant."},{"key":"CR80","first-page":"1373","volume":"90","author":"T. Watanabe","year":"1990","unstructured":"Watanabe, T. & Kohda, M. (1990). Lip-Reading of Japanese Vowels Using Neural Networks.Proceedings of The Int. Conf. Spoken Lang. Proces. 90, Kobe, Japan, 1373?1376.","journal-title":"Proceedings of The Int. Conf. Spoken Lang. Proces."},{"key":"CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00025826","volume":"12","author":"R. B. Welch","year":"1989","unstructured":"Welch. R. B. (1989). A Comparison of Speech Perception and Spatial Localization.Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12: 776?777.","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"CR82","first-page":"25-1","volume-title":"Handbook of Perception and Human Performance, Volume I: Sensory Processes and Perception","author":"R. B. Welch","year":"1986","unstructured":"Welch, R. B. & Warren, D. H. (1986). Intersensory Interactions. In Boff, K. R., Kaufman, L. & Thomas, J. P. (eds.)Handbook of Perception and Human Performance, Volume I: Sensory Processes and Perception, 25-1?25-36. Wiley: New York."},{"key":"CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuhas, B. P., Goldstein, M. H. & Sejnowski, T. J. (1989). Integration of Acoustic and Visual Speech Signals Using Neural Networks.IEEE Communications Magazine 65?71.","DOI":"10.1109\/35.41402"},{"key":"CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1109\/5.58349","volume":"78","author":"B. P. Yuhas","year":"1990","unstructured":"Yuhas, B. P., Goldstein, M. H., Sejnowski, T. J. & Jenkins, R. E. (1990). Neural Network Models of Sensory Integration for Improved Vowel Recognition.Proc. of the IEEE 78: 1658?1668.","journal-title":"Proc. of the IEEE"},{"key":"CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1121\/1.401235","volume":"90","author":"B. P. Yuhas","year":"1991","unstructured":"Yuhas, B. P. & Goldstein, M. H. (1991). Comparing Human and Neural Network Lipreaders.J. Acoust. Soc. Am.,90: 598?600.","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."}],"container-title":["Artificial Intelligence Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00849043.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF00849043\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00849043","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T03:29:02Z","timestamp":1705462142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF00849043"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,10]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4-5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,10]]}},"alternative-id":["BF00849043"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00849043","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-2821","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7462","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,10]]}}}