{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T19:11:42Z","timestamp":1773947502866,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,3,1]],"date-time":"1995-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":794016000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Artif Intell Law"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf00877696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,25]],"date-time":"2004-12-25T17:38:56Z","timestamp":1103996336000},"page":"97-142","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Representing and using legal knowledge in integrated decision support systems: DataLex WorkStations"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Graham","family":"Greenleaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Mowbray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Peter","family":"van Dijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen, L. & Saxon, C. 1991. More IA needed in AI: Interpretation Assistance for Coping with the Problem of Multiple Structural Interpretations.Proc. 3rd ICAIL, ACM Press.","DOI":"10.1145\/112646.112652"},{"key":"CR2","unstructured":"Anderson, J 1989. Interactive Multimedia: Discovery by Design. MacUser, March 1989, pp. 97?8."},{"key":"CR3","unstructured":"Ashley, K. 1990.Modeling Legal Argument: Reasoning with Cases and hypotheticals, MIT Press."},{"key":"CR4","unstructured":"Barrett, E. ed. 1989.The Society of Text ? Hypertext, Hypermedia and the Social Construction of Information, MIT Press."},{"key":"CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bench-Capon, T. 1989. Deep Models, Normative Reasoning and Legal Expert Systems.Proc. 2nd ICAIL, ACM Press.","DOI":"10.1145\/74014.74020"},{"key":"CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bench-Capon, T. ed. 1991.Knowledge Base Systems and Legal Applications, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-086441-6.50020-9"},{"key":"CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bench-Capon, T. 1993. Neural Networks and Open Texture.Proc. 4th ICAIL, ACM Press, 292?297.","DOI":"10.1145\/158976.159012"},{"key":"CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bench-Capon, T. & Forder, J. 1991. Knowledge Representation for Legal Applications. In Bench-capon, 1991.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-086441-6.50020-9"},{"key":"CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bench-Capon, T. & Coenen, F. 1991. Exploiting Isomorphism: Development of a KBS to Support British Coal Insurance Claims.Proc. 3rd ICAIL. ACM Press.","DOI":"10.1145\/112646.112653"},{"key":"CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00118479","volume":"1","author":"T. Bench-Capon","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bench-Capon, T. & Coenen, F. 1992 Isomorphism and Legal Knowledge-Based systems.Artificial Intelligence and Law 1: 65?86.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence and Law"},{"key":"CR11","volume-title":"Developing a KBS Support System for Handling Social Assistance","author":"A Berg","year":"1988","unstructured":"Berg, Aet al. 1988. Developing a KBS Support System for Handling Social Assistance, SAFAD Stockholm."},{"key":"CR12","unstructured":"Berman, D. 1991. Developer's Choice in the Legal Domain: The Sisyphean Journey with CBR or Down Hill with RulesProceeding 3rd ICAIL, ACM Press, 307?9."},{"key":"CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berman, D. & Hafner, C. 1991. Incorporating Procedural Context into a Model of Case-based Legal ReasoningProc. 3rd ICAIL. ACM Press.","DOI":"10.1145\/112646.112648"},{"key":"CR14","unstructured":"Bing, J. ed. 1984.Handbook of Legal Information Retrieval. North Holland."},{"key":"CR15","volume-title":"The Text Retrieval System as a Convers[at]ion Partner","author":"J. Bing","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bing, J. 1986. The Text Retrieval System as a Convers[at]ion Partner.2 Yearbook of Law, Computers and Technology Butterworths, UK."},{"key":"CR16","unstructured":"Bing, J. 1987. Performance of Text Retrieval Systems: The Curse of Boole 79.Law Lib J."},{"key":"CR17","unstructured":"Bing, J. 1988. The Concept and Design of Integrated Work Stations for Public Administration, International Council for IT in Government Administration, 22nd Conference, Estoril."},{"key":"CR18","volume-title":"Nordic Studies in Information Technology and Law","author":"J. Bing","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bing, J. 1991. Rules and Representations. In P Blume ed.Nordic Studies in Information Technology and Law, Kluwer, Deventer."},{"key":"CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blair, D. & Maron, M. 1985. An Evaluation of Retrieval Effectiveness for a Full-Text Document Retrieval System 28(3)Communications of the ACM, 289.","DOI":"10.1145\/3166.3197"},{"key":"CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Branting, K. 1993. An Issue-Oriented Approach to Judicial Document Assembly.Proceedings 4th ICAIL, ACM Press, 228?235.","DOI":"10.1145\/158976.159005"},{"issue":"1","key":"CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00871744","volume":"2","author":"K. Branting","year":"1994","unstructured":"Branting K. 1994. A Computational Model of Ratio Decidendi.Artificial Intelligence and Law, 2:1, 1?32.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence and Law"},{"key":"CR22","volume-title":"Computerizing for Personal Productivity","author":"M. Brooks","year":"1989","unstructured":"Brooks, M. 1989.Computerizing for Personal Productivity Butterworths, Toronto."},{"key":"CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, G. 1993. CHINATAX: Exploring Isomorphism with Chinese Law.Proceedings 4th ICAIL. ACM Press.","DOI":"10.1145\/158976.158998"},{"key":"CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choquette, M, Poulin, D. & Bratley, P. Compiling Legal Hypertexts, unpublished, Centre de recherche en droit public, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, 1995.","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0049142"},{"key":"CR25","unstructured":"Colloquy 19887th Colloquy on the Use of Computers in Administration of Justice ? Integrated Work Stations in the Legal Sector and Decision Support Systems. Council of Europe, Lisbon."},{"key":"CR26","unstructured":"Dayal, S, Johnson, P. & Mead, D. 1994. Natural Language ? An Appropriate Knowledge Representation Scheme for the Administrative Domain. SoftLaw Corporation (Canberra),Proceedings 2nd World Congress on Expert Systems, Lisbon, Jan. 1994."},{"key":"CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dayal, S, Harmer, M, Johnson, P. & Mead, D. 1993. Beyond Knowledge Representation: Commercial Uses for Legal Knowledge Bases,Proceedings 4th ICAIL, ACM Press.","DOI":"10.1145\/158976.158997"},{"issue":"2","key":"CR28","first-page":"331","volume":"4","author":"S Dayal","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dayal, S & Moles, R. 1993. The Open Texture of Language: Handling Semantic Analysis in Legal Decision Support Systems,Journal of Law and Information Science 4: 2, 331?365.","journal-title":"Journal of Law and Information Science"},{"key":"CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/b102292","volume-title":"A Many-Valued Approach to Deduction and Reasoning for Artificial Intelligence","author":"C. deBessonet","year":"1991","unstructured":"deBessonet, C. 1991.A Many-Valued Approach to Deduction and Reasoning for Artificial Intelligence, Kluwer, The Netherlands."},{"key":"CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deedman, C, Gelbart, D. & Coleman, M. 1992. SLATE: Specialised Legal Automated Term Extraction.International Conference on Database and Expert System Applications, Valencia.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-7557-6_23"},{"key":"CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dupuis, R, Thomasset, C. & Paquin, L. 1993. Towards a Methodology for the Validation of Expert Systems: The Case of Loge-Expert.Proceedings 4th ICAIL, ACM Press, 66?71.","DOI":"10.1145\/158976.158984"},{"issue":"4","key":"CR32","first-page":"18","volume":"16","author":"D. Evans","year":"1990","unstructured":"Evans, D. 1990. Artificial Intelligence and Document Assembly.Law Practice Management 16: 4, 18?22.","journal-title":"Law Practice Management"},{"key":"CR33","series-title":"Seminar paper","volume-title":"The Future of Information Systems","author":"HP Frei","year":"1990","unstructured":"Frei, HP. 1990. The Future of Information Systems, Seminar paper, CIRCIT, Melbourne."},{"issue":"2","key":"CR34","first-page":"19","volume":"1","author":"D. Gelbart","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gelbart, D. & Smith, J. 1992. Towards Combining Automated Text Retrieval and Case-Based Expert Legal Advice.Law Technology Journal 1: 2, 19?24.","journal-title":"Law Technology Journal"},{"key":"CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelbart, D. & Smith, J. 1993. FLEXICON: An Evaluation of a Statistical Ranking Model Adapted to Intelligent Legal Text Management,Proceedings 4th ICAIL, ACM Press, 142?151.","DOI":"10.1145\/158976.158994"},{"key":"CR36","unstructured":"Gordon, T. 1989. A Theory Construction Approach to Document Assembly, Pre-proceedings ofThe Third International Conference on Logic, Informatics and Law 2: 485?489, Florence."},{"key":"CR37","unstructured":"Greenleaf, G. & Mowbray, A. 1993a. Controlling and Augmenting Legal Inferencing ? ysh, a Case StudyProceedings 4th ICAIL, ACM Press 162?166."},{"key":"CR38","volume-title":"Information Technology in Complex Criminal Trials","author":"G. Greenleaf","year":"1993","unstructured":"Greenleaf, G. & Mowbray, A. 1993b.Information Technology in Complex Criminal Trials, Australian Institute of Judicial Administration, Melbourne."},{"key":"CR39","unstructured":"Greenleaf G, Mowbray, A. & Lewis, D. 1988.Australasian Computerised Legal Information Handbook, Butterworths."},{"key":"CR40","unstructured":"Greenleaf, G, Mowbray, A. & van Dijk, P. 1994a.DataLex WorkStations User Manual. DataLex Pty Ltd, 40pgs."},{"key":"CR41","unstructured":"Greenleaf, G., Mowbray, A. & van Dijk, P. 1994b.DataLex WorkStations Developers Manual. (2nd Ed) DataLex Pty Ltd, 105 pgs."},{"key":"CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenleaf, G, Mowbray, A. & Tyree, A. 1987. Legal Expert Systems ? Words, words words.... 3Yearbook of Law Computers & Technology.","DOI":"10.1080\/13600869.1987.9966258"},{"key":"CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenleaf, G, Mowbray, A. & Tyree, A. 1991. The DataLex Legal Workstation,Proc. 3rd ICAIL. ACM Press (reprinted in Vol. 3 No. 2Journal of Law and Information Science 1992, 219?240).","DOI":"10.1145\/112646.112673"},{"key":"CR44","unstructured":"Greenleaf, G, Mowbray, A. & Tyree, A. 1991. The Privacy Workstation. 6Yearbook of Law, Computers and Technology, 1992."},{"key":"CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hafner, C. & Wise, V. 1993. SmartLaw: Adopting Classic Expert systems techniques for the Legal research domain.Proceedings 4th ICAIL, ACM Press.","DOI":"10.1145\/158976.158993"},{"key":"CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hypertext Special Issue (papers presented at Hypertext '87) 31(7)Communications of the ACM, July 1988.","DOI":"10.1145\/48511.48512"},{"key":"CR47","unstructured":"Johnson, D. Building and using Hypertext System in the Practice of Law, Wilmer Cutler and Pickering, Washington (unpublished)."},{"key":"CR48","volume-title":"Legislative Expert systems (unpublished)","author":"P. Johnson","year":"1989","unstructured":"Johnson, P. & Mead, D. 1989a. Legislative Expert systems (unpublished), SoftLaw, Canberra."},{"key":"CR49","volume-title":"Natural Language ? An Appropriate Knowledge Representation Scheme for Legislative Expert Systems (unpublished)","author":"P. Johnson","year":"1989","unstructured":"Johnson, P. & Mead, D. 1989b Natural Language ? An Appropriate Knowledge Representation Scheme for Legislative Expert Systems (unpublished), SoftLaw, Canberra."},{"key":"CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, P. & Mead, D. 1991. Legislative Knowledge Base Systems for Public AdministrationProceedings 3rd ICAIL. ACM Press.","DOI":"10.1145\/112646.112660"},{"key":"CR51","unstructured":"Karpf, J. 1989Quality Assurance of Legal Expert Systems, Jurimatics No. 8, Copenhagen Business School."},{"key":"CR52","volume-title":"Among Friends in Computers and Law","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kaspersen, H. & Oskamp, A eds. 1990.Among Friends in Computers and Law. Kluwer, Deventer."},{"key":"CR53","unstructured":"Koers, Aet al. 1990. Delphi Revisited: The Mythology of the Lawyer's Electronic Workbench. In Kaspersen & Oskamp 1990."},{"key":"CR54","unstructured":"Konstatantionou, V, Sykes, J, Yannopoulos, G. 1993. Can Legal Knowledge Be Derived Form Legal Texts?Proceedings 4th ICAIL. ACM Press, 218?227."},{"key":"CR55","unstructured":"Kracht, D, de Vey Mestdagh, C. & Svensson, JLegal Knowledge Based Systems: An Overview of Criteria for Validation and Practical Use, Koninklijke Vermande, Lelystad, The Netherlands."},{"key":"CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00118480","volume":"1","author":"M. Lauritsen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lauritsen, M. 1992. Technology Report: Building Legal Practice Systems with Today's Commercial Authoring ToolsArtificial Intelligence and Law 1: 87?102, 1992.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence and Law"},{"key":"CR57","unstructured":"Lauritsen, M. 1993. Knowing DocumentsProceedings 4th ICAIL. ACM Press, 184?191."},{"key":"CR58","unstructured":"McAleese, R. & Green, C. 1990.Hypertext ? State of the Art, Ablex, NJ, 1990."},{"key":"CR59","unstructured":"Mital, V. & Johnson, L. 1992.Advanced Information Systems for Lawyers. Chapman & Hall."},{"key":"CR60","first-page":"1991","volume":"2","author":"R. Moles","year":"1991","unstructured":"Moles, R. 1991. Logic Programming ? An Assessment of Its Potential for Artificial Intelligence.Journal of Law and Information Science 2, 1991.","journal-title":"Journal of Law and Information Science"},{"key":"CR61","unstructured":"Oskamp, A. & van der Berg, P. 1990. Legal Expert Systems and Legal Text Retrieval Systems: How About Integration? In Kaspersen & Oskamp 1990."},{"key":"CR62","first-page":"3","volume":"2","author":"D. Painter","year":"1990","unstructured":"Painter, D. 1990. Hyperlaw,Law Technology Centre & BILETA Newsletter 2: 3.","journal-title":"Law Technology Centre & BILETA Newsletter"},{"key":"CR63","unstructured":"Paquin, L, Blanchard, F, & Thomasset, C. 1991. Loge-Expert: From a Legal Expert System to an Information System for Non-LawyersProceedings 3rd ICAIL, ACM Press, 254?259."},{"key":"CR64","unstructured":"Poulin, D, Bratley, P, Fr\u00e9mont & Mackaay, E. 1993. Legal Interpretation in Expert Systems.Proceedings 4th ICAIL. ACM Press, 90?99."},{"key":"CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rissland, E & Skalak, R. 1989. Interpreting Statutory Predicates.Proc. 2nd ICAIL. ACM Press.","DOI":"10.1145\/74014.74021"},{"key":"CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Routen, T. 1989. Hierarchically Organised formalisation.Proceedings 2nd ICAIL. ACM Press.","DOI":"10.1145\/74014.74045"},{"key":"CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanders, K. 1991. Representing and Reasoning about Open-Textured Predicates.Proceedings 3rd ICAIL, ACM Press, 137?144.","DOI":"10.1145\/112646.112663"},{"key":"CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00871890","volume":"2","author":"J. Savoy","year":"1994","unstructured":"Savoy, J. 1994. Searching Information in Legal Hypertext Systems.Artificial Intelligence and Law 2, 205?232.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence and Law"},{"key":"CR69","volume-title":"Expert Systems and Case Law","author":"U. Schild","year":"1992","unstructured":"Schild, U. 1992.Expert Systems and Case Law, Ellis Horwood, Chichester."},{"key":"CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sergot, M. 1991. The Representation of Law in Computer Programs. In Bench-Capon 1991.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-086441-6.50006-4"},{"key":"CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sergot, M, Kamble, A. & Bajaj, A. 1991. Indian Civil Service Pension Rules: A Case Study in Applying Logic Programming to Regulations.Proceedings 3rd ICAIL, ACM Press.","DOI":"10.1145\/112646.112661"},{"key":"CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, J. & Weiss, S. 1988. Hypertext 31(7)Communications of the ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/48511.48512"},{"key":"CR73","volume-title":"STATUTE Corporate ? Component Technologies Guide","author":"Softlaw Corporation","year":"1994","unstructured":"Softlaw Corporation, 1994.STATUTE Corporate ? Component Technologies Guide, SoftLaw Corporation, Canberra."},{"key":"CR74","unstructured":"Soper, P, Hall, W, Pasha, M. & Heath, I Knowledge Based Hypermedia. InProceedings of The Workshop on Logic Programming Word Environments, University of Edinburgh, September 1993."},{"key":"CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00871973","volume":"2","author":"P. Soper","year":"1994","unstructured":"Soper, P. & Bench-Capon, T. 1994. Coupling Hypertext and Knowledge Based Systems: Two Applications in the Legal DomainArtificial Intelligence and Law 2:293?314.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence and Law"},{"key":"CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sprowl, J. 1979. Automating the Legal Drafting Process: A Computer That Uses Regulations and Statutes to Draft Legal Documents. 1American Bar Foundation Research Journal 1?81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4469.1979.tb00850.x"},{"key":"CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stamper, R. 1988. Book review,The Times.","DOI":"10.2307\/4448662"},{"key":"CR78","unstructured":"Stephen, C. & Schreiber, H. 1989. CD-ROM, Hypertext and the Law, Australian Law Librarians Conference."},{"key":"CR79","volume-title":"Expert Systems in Law","author":"R. Susskind","year":"1987","unstructured":"Susskind, R. 1987.Expert Systems in Law. Clarendon Press, Oxford."},{"key":"CR80","unstructured":"Taylor & Brown 1988. Supporting Local Office Adjudication, Alvey DHSS Large Demonstrator Project, Dept. of Systems, University of Lancaster."},{"key":"CR81","unstructured":"Taylor 1988. The DHSS Local Office Demonstrator, Alvey DHSS Large Demonstrator Project, Dept. of Systems, University of Lancaster."},{"key":"CR82","unstructured":"Tyree, A. 1989.Expert Systems in Law. Prentice Hall."},{"key":"CR83","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"A. Tyree","year":"1992","unstructured":"Tyree, A. 1992. The Logic Programming debate.Journal of Law and Information Science 3:1.","journal-title":"Journal of Law and Information Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1145\/125187.125188","volume":"9","author":"H. Turtle","year":"1991","unstructured":"Turtle, H. & Croft, W. B. 1991. Evaluation Of an Inference Network-Based Retrieval model.ACM Transactions on Information Systems 9: 3, 187?222.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems"},{"key":"CR85","unstructured":"van Dam, A. 1988. Hypertext '87 Keynote Address 31(7)Communications of the ACM, 891."},{"key":"CR86","unstructured":"van Dijk, 1994-The Australian Insurance Law Workstation. LEXeCOM, International Business Communications, Sydney, 1994 (1st ed, plus updates)."}],"container-title":["Artificial Intelligence and Law"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00877696.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF00877696\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00877696","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T13:20:49Z","timestamp":1625232049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF00877696"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,3]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,3]]}},"alternative-id":["BF00877696"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00877696","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-8463","1572-8382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-8463","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,3]]}}}