{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T21:52:01Z","timestamp":1771797121924,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,1,1]],"date-time":"1995-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":788918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Intell Inf Syst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf00962823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,13]],"date-time":"2005-01-13T09:24:17Z","timestamp":1105608257000},"page":"71-88","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Bayesian method for learning belief networks that contain hidden variables"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Gregory F.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0270-0255(87)90579-3","volume":"8","author":"A.M. Agogino","year":"1987","unstructured":"Agogino, A.M. and Rege, A. (1987). ?IDES: Influence diagram based expert system,?Mathematical Modelling Vol. 8, pp. 227?233.","journal-title":"Mathematical Modelling"},{"key":"CR2","unstructured":"Andreassen, S., Woldbye, M., Falck, B. and Andersen, S.K. (1987). ?MUNIN?A causal probabilistic network for interpretation of electromyographic findings,? inProceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Milan, Italy, pp. 366?372."},{"key":"CR3","unstructured":"Beinlich, I.A., Suermondt, H.J., Chavez, R.M. and Cooper, G.F. (1989). ?The ALARM monitoring system: A case study with two probabilistic inference techniques for belief networks,? inProceedings of the Second European Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, London, England, pp. 247?256."},{"key":"CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-88650-7.50031-7","volume-title":"Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence 4","author":"R.M. Chavez","year":"1990","unstructured":"Chavez, R.M. and Cooper, G.F. (1990). KNET: Integrating hypermedia and normative Bayesian modeling. In: Shachter, R.D., Levitt, T.S., Kanal, L.N. and Lemmer, J.F. (Eds.),Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence 4. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 339?349."},{"key":"CR5","unstructured":"Cheeseman, P., Self, M., Kelly, J., Taylor, W., Freeman, D. and Stutz, J. (1988). ?Bayesian classification,? inProceedings of AAAI, St. Paul, MN, pp. 607?611."},{"key":"CR6","unstructured":"Cooper, G.F. (1984).NESTOR: A Computer-Based Medical Diagnostic Aid that Integrates Causal and Probabilistic Knowledge, Doctoral dissertation, Medical Information Sciences, Stanford University."},{"key":"CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/asm.3150050106","volume":"5","author":"G.F. Cooper","year":"1989","unstructured":"Cooper, G.F. (1989). ?Current research directions in the development of expert systems based on belief networks,?Applied Stochastic Models and Data Analysis Vol. 5, pp. 39?52.","journal-title":"Applied Stochastic Models and Data Analysis"},{"key":"CR8","first-page":"309","volume":"9","author":"G.F. Cooper","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cooper, G.F. and Herskovits, E. (1992). ?A Bayesian method for the induction of probabilistic networks from data,?Machine Learning Vol. 9, pp. 309?347.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"CR9","first-page":"90","volume":"31","author":"D.E. Heckerman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Heckerman, D.E., Horvitz, E.J. and Nathwani, B.N. (1992). ?Toward normative expert systems: Part I. The Pathfinder project,? Vol. 31, pp. 90?105.","journal-title":"Toward normative expert systems: Part I. The Pathfinder project"},{"key":"CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-70396-5.50019-4","volume-title":"Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence 2","author":"M. Henrion","year":"1988","unstructured":"Henrion, M. (1988). Propagating uncertainty in Bayesian networks by logic sampling. In: Lemmer, J.F. and Kanal, L.N. (Eds.),Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence 2. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 149?163."},{"key":"CR11","first-page":"161","volume-title":"Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence 3","author":"M. Henrion","year":"1989","unstructured":"Henrion, M. (1989). Some practical issues in constructing belief networks. In: Kanal, L.N., Levitt, T.S. and Lemmer, J.F. (Eds.),Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence 3. Elsevier, New York, pp. 161?173."},{"key":"CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-88738-2.50017-8","volume-title":"Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence 5","author":"M. Henrion","year":"1990","unstructured":"Henrion, M. (1990). An introduction to algorithms for inference in belief nets. In: Henrion, M., Shachter, R.D., Kanal, L.N. and Lemmer, J.F. (Eds.),Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence 5. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 129?138."},{"key":"CR13","unstructured":"Henrion, M. and Cooley, D.R. (1987). ?An experimental comparison of knowledge engineering for expert systems and for decision analysis,? inProceedings of AAAI, Seattle, WA, pp. 471?476."},{"key":"CR14","unstructured":"Herskovits, E.H. (1991).Computer-Based Probabilistic-Network Construction, Doctoral dissertation, Medical Information Sciences, Stanford University."},{"key":"CR15","volume-title":"Intelligent Decision Systems","author":"S. Holtzman","year":"1989","unstructured":"Holtzman, S. (1989).Intelligent Decision Systems, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA."},{"key":"CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1017\/S1446788700027312","volume":"36","author":"H. Kiiveri","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kiiveri, H., Speed, T.P. and Carlin, J.B. (1984). ?Recursive causal models,?Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society Vol. 36, pp. 30?52.","journal-title":"Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society"},{"key":"CR17","volume-title":"Probabilistic Reasoning in Expert Systems","author":"R. Neapolitan","year":"1990","unstructured":"Neapolitan, R. (1990).Probabilistic Reasoning in Expert Systems, John Wiley & Sons, New York."},{"key":"CR18","volume-title":"Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems","author":"J. Pearl","year":"1988","unstructured":"Pearl, J. (1988).Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems, Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA."},{"key":"CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-70058-2.50032-2","volume-title":"Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence","author":"R.D. Shachter","year":"1986","unstructured":"Shachter, R.D. (1986). Intelligent probabilistic inference. In: Kanal, L.N. and Lemmer, J.F. (Eds.),Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 371?382."},{"key":"CR20","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Bayesian Statistics 4","author":"D.J. Spiegelhalter","year":"1992","unstructured":"Spiegelhalter, D.J. and Cowell, R.G. (1992). Learning in probabilistic expert systems. In: Bernardo, J.M., Berger, J.O., Dawid, A.P. and Smith, A.F.M. (Eds.),Bayesian Statistics 4. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 1?17."},{"key":"CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1002\/net.3230200507","volume":"20","author":"D.J. Spiegelhalter","year":"1990","unstructured":"Spiegelhalter, D.J. and Lauritzen, S.L. (1990). ?Sequential updating of conditional probabilities on directed graphical structures,?Networks Vol. 20, pp. 579?606.","journal-title":"Networks"},{"key":"CR22","unstructured":"Spirtes, P. and Glymour, C. (1990). ?Causal structure among measured variables preserved with unmeasured variables,? Report CMU-LCL-90-5, Department of Philosophy, Carnegie-Mellon University."},{"key":"CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2748-9","volume-title":"Causation, Prediction, and Search","author":"P. Spirtes","year":"1993","unstructured":"Spirtes, P., Glymour, C. and Scheines, R. (1993).Causation, Prediction, and Search, Springer-Verlag, New York."},{"key":"CR24","unstructured":"Suermondt, HJ. and Amylon, M.D. (1989). ?Probabilistic prediction of the outcome of bone-marrow transplantation,? inProceedings of the Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, Washington, DC, pp. 208?212."},{"key":"CR25","volume-title":"Applied Combinatorics","author":"A. Tucker","year":"1984","unstructured":"Tucker, A. (1984).Applied Combinatorics, John Wiley & Sons, New York."},{"key":"CR26","unstructured":"Verma, T.S. and Pearl, J. (1990). ?Equivalence and synthesis of causal models,? inProceedings of the Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 220?227."},{"key":"CR27","unstructured":"York, J. and Madigan, D. (1993). ?Markov chain Monte Carlo methods for hierarchical Bayesian expert systems,? inProceedings of the Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Statistics, Orlando, Florida, pp. 433?439."}],"container-title":["Journal of Intelligent Information Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00962823.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF00962823\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00962823","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]],"date-time":"2019-04-29T14:29:33Z","timestamp":1556548173000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF00962823"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]}},"alternative-id":["BF00962823"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00962823","relation":{},"ISSN":["0925-9902","1573-7675"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0925-9902","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7675","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]}}}