{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]],"date-time":"2025-05-18T15:05:17Z","timestamp":1747580717263},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1993,2,1]],"date-time":"1993-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":728524800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mind Mach"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf00974305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,14]],"date-time":"2005-01-14T08:10:19Z","timestamp":1105690219000},"page":"53-71","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Expert networks: Paradigmatic conflict, technological rapproachement"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"R. C.","family":"Lacher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"CR1","volume-title":"Rule-Based Expert Systems: The MYCIN Experiments of the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project","author":"B. G. Buchanan","year":"1984","unstructured":"Buchanan, B. G. and Shortliffe, E. H. (1984),Rule-Based Expert Systems: The MYCIN Experiments of the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA."},{"key":"CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0190-32","volume":"262","author":"P. M. Churchland","year":"1990","unstructured":"Churchland, P. M. and Churchland, P. S. (1990), ?Could a Machine Think??,Scientific American 262, pp. 32?39.","journal-title":"Scientific American"},{"key":"CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1080\/00207548808947913","volume":"26","author":"C. H. Dagli","year":"1988","unstructured":"Dagli, C. H. and Stacey, R. (1988), ?A Prototype Expert System for Selecting Control Charts?,Int. J. Prod. Res. 26, pp. 987?996.","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"CR4","first-page":"257","volume-title":"A VLSI ?Building Block? Chip for Hardware Neural Network Implementations","author":"S. P. Eberhardt","year":"1989","unstructured":"Eberhardt, S. P., Duong, T., and Thakoor, A. P. (1989a), ?A VLSI ?Building Block? Chip for Hardware Neural Network Implementations?,Proceedings Third Annual Parallel Processing Symposium, Vol. I, IEEE Orange County Computer Society, Fullerton, CA, pp. 257?267."},{"key":"CR5","first-page":"183","volume-title":"Design of Parallel Hardware Neural Network Systems from Custom Analog VLSI ?Building Block? Chips","author":"S. P. Eberhardt","year":"1989","unstructured":"Eberhardt, S. P., Duong, T., and Thakoor, A. P. (1989b), ?Design of Parallel Hardware Neural Network Systems from Custom Analog VLSI ?Building Block? Chips?,Proceedings IJCNN 89 (Washington, DC), Vol. II, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, pp. 183?190."},{"key":"CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90039-8","volume":"4","author":"S. P. Eberhardt","year":"1991","unstructured":"Eberhardt, S. P., Daud, T., Kerns, D. A., Brown, T. X., and Thakoor, A. P. (1991), ?Competitive Neural Architecture for Hardware Solution to the Assignment Problem?,Neural Networks 4, pp. 431?442.","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"CR7","volume-title":"Neural Network PC Tools","author":"R. C. Eberhart","year":"1990","unstructured":"Eberhart, R. C. and Dobbins, R. W. (1990),Neural Network PC Tools, Academic Press, San Diego."},{"key":"CR8","first-page":"524","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 2","author":"S. E. Fahlman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Fahlman, S. E. and Lebiere, C. (1990), ?The Cascade Correlation Learning Architecture?,Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 2 (D. S. Touretzky, ed.), Morgan Kaufmann, New York, pp. 524?532."},{"key":"CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-7051(90)90041-F","volume":"3","author":"L.-M. Fu","year":"1990","unstructured":"Fu, L.-M. and Fu, L.-C. (1990), ?Mapping Rule-Based Systems into Neural Architecture?,Knowledge Based Systems 3, pp. 48?56.","journal-title":"Knowledge Based Systems"},{"key":"CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(89)90003-8","volume":"2","author":"K.-I. Funahashi","year":"1989","unstructured":"Funahashi, K.-I. (1989) ?On the Approximate Realization of Continuous Mappings by Neural Networks?,Neural Networks 2, pp. 183?192.","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1145\/42372.42377","volume":"24","author":"S. I. Gallant","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gallant, S. I. (1988), ?Connectionist Expert Systems?,Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery 24, pp. 152?169.","journal-title":"Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery"},{"key":"CR12","volume-title":"Expert Systems: Principles and Practice","author":"J. Giarratano","year":"1989","unstructured":"Giarratano, J. and Riley, G. (1989),Expert Systems: Principles and Practice, PWS-KENT, Boston."},{"key":"CR13","unstructured":"Hall, L. O. and Romaniuk, S. G. (1990), ?FUZZNET: Toward a Fuzzy Connectionist Expert System Development Tool?,Proceedings IJCNN 90 (Washington, DC), Vol. II, pp. 483?486."},{"key":"CR14","volume-title":"Introduction to the Theory of Neural Computation","author":"J. Hertz","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hertz, J., Krogh, A., and Palmer, R. G. (1991),Introduction to the Theory of Neural Computation, Addison-Wesley, New York."},{"key":"CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(89)90018-X","volume":"2","author":"M. W. Hirsch","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hirsch, M. W. (1989), ?Convergent Activation Dynamics in Continuous Time Networks?,Neural Networks 2, pp. 331?349.","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"CR16","first-page":"915","volume-title":"Intelligent Engineering Systems Through Artificial Neural Networks","author":"S. I. Hruska","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hruska, S. I. and Kuncicky, D. C. (1991), ?Application of Two-Stage Learning to an Expert Network for Control Chart Selection?,Intelligent Engineering Systems Through Artificial Neural Networks (C. Dagli, S. Kumara, and Y. Shin, eds.), ASME Press, New York, pp. 915?920."},{"key":"CR17","volume-title":"Neural Networks and Fuzzy Systems","author":"B. Kosko","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kosko, B. (1992),Neural Networks and Fuzzy Systems, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ."},{"key":"CR18","unstructured":"Kuncicky, D. C. (1990), ?The Transmission of Knowledge between Neural Networks and Expert Systems?,WNN-AIND 91 (Proceedings of the First Workshop on Neural Networks, Auburn University), pp. 311?319."},{"key":"CR19","volume-title":"Isomorphism of Reasoning Systems with Applications to Autonomous Knowledge Acquisition","author":"D. C. Kuncicky","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kuncicky, D. C. (1991),Isomorphism of Reasoning Systems with Applications to Autonomous Knowledge Acquisition. Ph.D. Dissertation (R. C. Lacher, Major Professor), Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL."},{"key":"CR20","unstructured":"Kuncicky, D. C., Hruska, S. I., and Lacher, R. C. (1991), ?Shaping the Behavior of Neural Networks?,WNN-AIND 91 (Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Neural Networks, Auburn University),SPIE Volume 1515, pp. 173?180."},{"key":"CR21","unstructured":"Kuncicky, D. C., Hruska, S. I., and Lacher, R. C. (1992), ?Hybrid Systems: The Equivalence of Expert System and Neural Network Inference?,International Journal of Expert Systems, to appear."},{"key":"CR22","first-page":"12","volume-title":"Expert Networks: a Neural Network Connection to Symbolic Reasoning Systems","author":"R. C. Lacher","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lacher, R. C., Hruska, S. I., and Kuncicky, D. C. (1991), ?Expert Networks: a Neural Network Connection to Symbolic Reasoning Systems?,Proceedings FLAIRS 91 (M. B. Fishman, ed.), Florida AI Research Society, St. Petersburg, FL, pp. 12?16."},{"key":"CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/72.105418","volume":"3","author":"R. C. Lacher","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lacher, R. C., Hruska, S. I., and Kuncicky, D. C. (1992), ?Backpropagation Learning in Expert Networks?,IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 3, pp. 62?72.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks"},{"key":"CR24","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Hybrid Architectures for Intelligent Systems","author":"R. C. Lacher","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lacher, R. C. (1992a), ?Node Error Assignment in Expert Networks?,Hybrid Architectures for Intelligent Systems (A. Kandel and G. Langholz, ed), CRC Press, London, pp. 29?48."},{"key":"CR25","unstructured":"Lacher, R.C. (1992b), ?The Symbolic\/Sub-Symbolic Interface: Hierarchical Network Organizations for Reasoning?,Integrating Neural and Symbolic Processes (AAAI-92 Workshop, R. Sun, ed.), July, 1992."},{"key":"CR26","unstructured":"Nguyen, K. D., Gibbs, K. S., Lacher, R. C., and Hruska S. I. (1992), ?A Connection Machine Based Knowledge Refinement Tool?,FLAIRS 92 (M. B. Fishman, ed.), Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Symposium, St. Petersburg, pp. 283?286."},{"key":"CR27","volume-title":"An Eyent-Driven Approach to Artificial Neural Networks","author":"R. R. Rocker","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rocker, R. R. (1991),An Eyent-Driven Approach to Artificial Neural Networks Masters Thesis (S. I. Hruska, Major Professor), Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL."},{"key":"CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5236.001.0001","volume-title":"Parallel Distributed Processing","author":"D. E. Rumelhart","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rumelhart, D. E. and McClelland, J. L. (1986),Parallel Distributed Processing, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0190-26","volume":"262","author":"J.R. Searle","year":"1990","unstructured":"Searle, J.R. (1990), ?Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program??,Scientific American 262, pp. 26?31.","journal-title":"Scientific American"},{"key":"CR30","volume-title":"Computer-Based Medical Consultations: MYCIN","author":"E. H. Shortliffe","year":"1976","unstructured":"Shortliffe, E. H. (1976),Computer-Based Medical Consultations: MYCIN, Elsevier, New York."},{"key":"CR31","first-page":"233","volume-title":"Rule-Based Expert Systems","author":"E. H. Shortliffe","year":"1985","unstructured":"Shortliffe, E. H. and Buchanan, B. G. (1985), ?A Model of Inexact Reasoning in Medicine?,Rule-Based Expert Systems, Addison-Wesley, New York, pp. 233?262."},{"key":"CR32","first-page":"861","volume-title":"Refinement of Approximate Domain Theories by Knowledge-Based Neural Networks","author":"G. G. Towell","year":"1990","unstructured":"Towell, G. G., Shavlik, J. W., and Noordewier, M. O. (1990), ?Refinement of Approximate Domain Theories by Knowledge-Based Neural Networks?,Proceedings AAAI-90, Morgan Kaufmann, New York, pp. 861?866."},{"key":"CR33","volume-title":"Beyond Regression: New Tools for Prediction and Analysis in the Behavioral Sciences","author":"P. Werbos","year":"1974","unstructured":"Werbos, P. (1974),Beyond Regression: New Tools for Prediction and Analysis in the Behavioral Sciences, Ph.D. Thesis, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA."}],"container-title":["Minds and Machines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00974305.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF00974305\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00974305","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,5]],"date-time":"2020-04-05T09:33:52Z","timestamp":1586079232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF00974305"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,2]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,2]]}},"alternative-id":["BF00974305"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00974305","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-6495","1572-8641"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-6495","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8641","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,2]]}}}