{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:09:53Z","timestamp":1777889393706,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,5,1]],"date-time":"1995-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":799286400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Form. Asp. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>In the physical sciences and engineering, units of measurement provide a valuable aid to both the exposition and comprehension of physical systems. In addition, they provide an error checking facility comparable to static type checking commonly found with programming languages. It is argued that units of measurement can provide similar benefits in the specification and design of software and computer systems.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>To demonstrate this, we present an extension of the Z specification notation with support for the incorporation of units in specifications and demonstrate the feasibility of static dimensional analysis of the resulting language.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01211077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,24]],"date-time":"2005-02-24T15:57:58Z","timestamp":1109260678000},"page":"329-347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Using units of measurement in formal specifications"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ian J.","family":"Hayes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Queensland, 4072, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brendan P.","family":"Mahony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Queensland, 4072, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1_2","unstructured":"Bridgman P.W.: Dimensional Analysis . Yale University Press revised edition 1931."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/52.57890"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_3_2","unstructured":"Ellis B.: Basic Concepts in Measurement . Cambridge University Press 1966."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_4_2","unstructured":"Goguen J. and Winkler T.: Introducing OBJ3. Technical Report SRI-CSL-88-9 SRI International Computer Science Lab August 1988."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes I.J.: A generalisation of bags in Z. In J.E. Nicholls editor Proceedings of the Z User Meeting Workshops in Computing pages 113\u2013127 Springer-Verlag December 1989.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-3877-8_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_6_2","unstructured":"Hayes I.J.: Specifying physical limitations: A case study of an oscilloscope. Technical Report 167 Department of Computer Science University of Queensland July 1990."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_7_2","unstructured":"Hayes I.J. editor: Specification Case Studies . Prentice Hall International second edition 1993."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_8_2","unstructured":"International Organisation for Standardization Geneva. Units of Measurement: handbook on international standards for units of measurement 1979."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_9_2","unstructured":"Jones C.B.: Systematic Software Development Using VDM . Prentice Hall International second edition 1990."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahony B.P. and Hayes I.J.: A case-study in timed refinement: A mine pump. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 18(9) September 1992.","DOI":"10.1109\/32.159841"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_11_2","unstructured":"Mahony B.P. Millerchip C. and Hayes I.J.: A boiler control system: An overview. In International Invitational Workshop \u2014 Design and Review of Software Controlled Safety-Related Systems Ottawa June 1993."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_12_2","unstructured":"Spivey J.M.: Understanding Z: A Specification Language and its Formal Semantics volume 3 of Cambridge Tracts in Theoretical Computer Science . Cambridge University Press 1988."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_13_2","unstructured":"Spivey J.M.: The Z Notation: A Reference Manual . Prentic Hall International second edition 1992."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valentine S.: Putting numbers into the mathematical toolkit. In J.P. Bowen and J.E. Nicholls editors Z User Workshop: Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Z User Meeting London December 1992 Workshops in Computing pages 9\u201336. Springer-Verlag 1993.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-3556-2_2"}],"container-title":["Formal Aspects of Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF01211077.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01211077\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF01211077","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T15:24:15Z","timestamp":1641482655000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1007\/BF01211077"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,5]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1007\/BF01211077"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf01211077","relation":{},"ISSN":["0934-5043","1433-299X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0934-5043","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-299X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,5]]}}}