{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T06:51:34Z","timestamp":1648623094751},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1988,4,1]],"date-time":"1988-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":575856000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI & Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf01891375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,5]],"date-time":"2005-07-05T13:22:05Z","timestamp":1120569725000},"page":"113-120","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Artificial intelligence: A contribution to systems theories of sociology"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Achille","family":"Ardigo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BF01891375_CR1","volume-title":"Sociology and Modern Systems Theory","author":"W. Buckley","year":"1967","unstructured":"Buckley, W. (1967).Sociology and Modern Systems Theory, see the Italian translation published asSociologia e teoria dei sistemi. Rosenberg and Sellier, Turin."},{"key":"BF01891375_CR2","volume-title":"Systems Thinking (Penguin Books)translated into Italian (1980) asLa teoria dei sistemi","year":"1969","unstructured":"Emery, F.E. (ed) (1969),Systems Thinking (Penguin Books)translated into Italian (1980) asLa teoria dei sistemi. F. Angeli, Milan."},{"key":"BF01891375_CR3","volume-title":"Soziologische Aufk\u00e4rung 1. (1975),Soziologische Aufk\u00e4rung 2. (1981),Soziologische Aufk\u00e4rung 3","author":"N. Luhmann","year":"1970","unstructured":"Luhmann, N. (1970)..Soziologische Aufk\u00e4rung 1. (1975),Soziologische Aufk\u00e4rung 2. (1981),Soziologische Aufk\u00e4rung 3. Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen. AI is referred to not only as inclusive of expert systems as such, but also of ICAI systems."},{"key":"BF01891375_CR4","volume-title":"User Centered System Design, New Perspectives on Human-Computer Reaction","year":"1986","unstructured":"See, among others, this recent book, Norman, D.A. and S.W. Draper (eds) (1986).User Centered System Design, New Perspectives on Human-Computer Reaction. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale."},{"key":"BF01891375_CR5","unstructured":"Not by accident do corporate management professionals and firms in the USA already refer to a new \u2018sociotechnical paradigm\u2019. See Hoerr, J., M.A. Pollock and D.E. Whiteside (1986). Manager Discovers the Human Side of Automation,Business Week. Sept. 29."},{"key":"BF01891375_CR6","unstructured":"Among recent studies see, in addition to Tonfoni's book mentioned below Norman, D.A. and S.W. Draper (eds) (1986) mentioned above."},{"key":"BF01891375_CR7","unstructured":"Tonfoni, G. (1987).Intelligenza artificiale, comportamento e comunicazione. Armando Editore, Rome. p25 onwards."},{"key":"BF01891375_CR8","unstructured":"See Toennies, F. (1887).Community and Association. vol II, part 1, end of chapter xiii."},{"key":"BF01891375_CR9","volume-title":"The Sciences of the Artificial","author":"H.A. Simon","year":"1984","unstructured":"Simon, H.A. (1984).The Sciences of the Artificial. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. 3rd reprint. According to H.A. Simon, the sciences of the artificial, or \u2018design\u2019 sciences, are non-natural sciences in the sense that they deal with objects which are products of human cognitive synthesis. These products are devoid of that very reality whose appearance they imitate. As products, they can be characterised in terms of their functions, their purposes and their adaptation. Once designed, they can be discussed in both interperative and descriptive terms. See p8 of Simon's book. The use of the computer gives excellent results in simulating these abstract objects. According to H.A. Simon again, this type of simulation could even take the form of a mental experiment, but it would add something new. See p17 onwards."},{"key":"BF01891375_CR10","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Semantic Information Processing","year":"1982","unstructured":"See Minsky, M. (ed.) (1982).Semantic Information Processing. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. 3rd ed. p17.","edition":"3rd ed."},{"issue":"2","key":"BF01891375_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1177\/0022002786030002002","volume":"30","author":"Sanjoy Banerjee","year":"1986","unstructured":"See Banerjee, Sanjoy (1986). Reproduction of Social Structures: An Artificial Intelligence Model,Journal of Conflict Resolution. 30, 2. 221\u2013252.","journal-title":"Journal of Conflict Resolution"},{"issue":"2","key":"BF01891375_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1177\/0022002786030002002","volume":"30","author":"Sanjoy Banerjee","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ibid See","journal-title":"Journal of Conflict Resolution"},{"issue":"2","key":"BF01891375_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1177\/0022002786030002002","volume":"30","author":"Sanjoy Banerjee","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ibid See","journal-title":"Journal of Conflict Resolution"},{"key":"BF01891375_CR14","first-page":"198","volume-title":"L'acteur et le syst\u00e8me","author":"M. Crozier","year":"1977","unstructured":"Crozier, M. and E. Friedberg (1977).L'acteur et le syst\u00e8me. Seuil, Paris. p198."},{"key":"BF01891375_CR15","first-page":"196","volume-title":"L'acteur et le syst\u00e8me","author":"M. Crozier","year":"1977","unstructured":"Ibid p196."},{"key":"BF01891375_CR16","first-page":"209","volume-title":"L'acteur et le syst\u00e8me","author":"M. Crozier","year":"1977","unstructured":"Ibid p209"},{"key":"BF01891375_CR17","first-page":"208","volume-title":"L'acteur et le syst\u00e8me","author":"M. Crozier","year":"1977","unstructured":"Ibid p208"},{"key":"BF01891375_CR18","first-page":"209","volume-title":"L'acteur et le syst\u00e8me","author":"M. Crozier","year":"1977","unstructured":"Ibid p209"},{"key":"BF01891375_CR19","first-page":"210","volume-title":"L'acteur et le syst\u00e8me","author":"M. Crozier","year":"1977","unstructured":"Ibid p210"},{"key":"BF01891375_CR20","first-page":"214","volume-title":"L'acteur et le syst\u00e8me","author":"M. Crozier","year":"1977","unstructured":"Ibid p214"},{"key":"BF01891375_CR21","first-page":"215","volume-title":"L'acteur et le syst\u00e8me","author":"M. Crozier","year":"1977","unstructured":"Ibid pp215\u2013216"},{"key":"BF01891375_CR22","unstructured":"For the prescriptive-generative pair of attributes I have referred to an essay by Giuseppe Sciortino.Modelli di rilevanza sociologica ispirati all'intelligenza artificiale (Sociologically Relevant Models Inspired to Artificial Intelligence). Photocopied at the Department of Sociology of the University of Bologna, 30 April 1987."}],"container-title":["AI & Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF01891375.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01891375\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF01891375","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,10]],"date-time":"2019-05-10T15:30:40Z","timestamp":1557502240000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF01891375"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1988,4]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,4]]}},"alternative-id":["BF01891375"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf01891375","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-5666","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-5655","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1988,4]]}}}