{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T12:42:45Z","timestamp":1762864965930},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1989,1,1]],"date-time":"1989-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":599616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI & Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf01892673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,5]],"date-time":"2005-07-05T14:36:45Z","timestamp":1120574205000},"page":"28-38","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Pragmatism and purism in artificial intelligence and legal reasoning"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Susskind","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BF01892673_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.2307\/1340132","volume":"90","author":"L. Thorne McCarty","year":"1977","unstructured":"McCarty, L. Thorne. (1977). Reflections on TAXMAN: An Experiment in Artificial Intelligence and Legal Reasoning.Harvard Law Review. 90. 837.","journal-title":"Harvard Law Review"},{"key":"BF01892673_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1145\/5689.5920","volume":"29","author":"M. Sergot","year":"1986","unstructured":"Sergot, M., Sadri, F., Kowlaski, R., Kriwaczek, F., Hammond, P. and H. Cory. (1986). The British Nationality Act as a Logic Program.Communications of the ACM. 29. 370.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"BF01892673_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1093\/ojls\/7.1.145","volume":"7","author":"R.E. Susskind","year":"1987","unstructured":"For a review of the system in question, see Susskind, R.E. (1987). Expert Systems in Law and the Data Protection Adviser.Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. 7. 145.","journal-title":"Oxford Journal of Legal Studies"},{"key":"BF01892673_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Some of Phillip Leith's early work is described inELI: An Expert Legislative Consultant (Conference Publication No. 212, presented at IEE Conference on Man\/Machine Systems, UMIST, 6\u20139 July, 1982). An example of his later work is The Application of AI to Law, (1988).AI & Society. 2. 31.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01891441"},{"key":"BF01892673_CR5","volume-title":"An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Legal Reasoning","author":"A.v.d.L. Gardner","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gardner, A.v.d.L. (1987).An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Legal Reasoning. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass."},{"key":"BF01892673_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waterman, D., Paul, J. and M. Peterson. (1986). Expert Systems for Legal Decision Making.Expert Systems. s.212.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0394.1986.tb00203.x"},{"key":"BF01892673_CR7","volume-title":"F\u22c6KUS: Knowledge Based Systems for Public Administration","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bing, J. (ed.) (1987).F\u22c6KUS: Knowledge Based Systems for Public Administration. Norwegian University Press, Oslo."},{"key":"BF01892673_CR8","volume-title":"Proceedings of The First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","author":"J.C. Smith","year":"1987","unstructured":"Smith, J.C. and C. Deedman. (1987). The Application of Expert Systems Technology to Case-Based Law, inProceedings of The First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law. ACM Press, New York."},{"key":"BF01892673_CR9","volume-title":"Proceedings of The First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","author":"G. Greenleaf","year":"1987","unstructured":"Greenleaf, G., Mowbray, A. and A.L. Tyree. (1987). Expert Systems in Law: The DataLex Project, inProceedings of The First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law. ACM Press, New York."},{"key":"BF01892673_CR10","volume-title":"The Latent Damage Act 1986: The Impact on the Professions and the Construction Industry","author":"P.N. Capper","year":"1987","unstructured":"For a full exposition of this area of law, see Capper, P.N. (1987).The Latent Damage Act 1986: The Impact on the Professions and the Construction Industry. Legal Studies and Services Ltd., London."},{"key":"BF01892673_CR11","unstructured":"See Gold, D.I. and R.E. Susskind. (1985). Expert Systems in Law: A Jurisprudential and Formal Specification Approach, in Martino and Natali (eds.)Atti Preliminari Del II Convegno Internazionale di studi su Logica, Informatica, Diritto. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per la documentazione giuridica, IBI."},{"key":"BF01892673_CR12","volume-title":"Expert Systems in Law","author":"R.E. Susskind","year":"1987","unstructured":"Susskind, R.E. (1987).Expert Systems in Law. Oxford University Press, Oxford."},{"key":"BF01892673_CR13","volume-title":"Expert Systems in Law","author":"R.E. Susskind","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"BF01892673_CR14","first-page":"237","volume-title":"Expert Systems in Law","author":"R.E. Susskind","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ibid. pp. 237\u2013245."},{"key":"BF01892673_CR15","unstructured":"Dworkin, R.M.Law's Empire. (1986). Collins Fontana, Glasgow. 17."},{"key":"BF01892673_CR16","volume-title":"Expert Systems in Law","author":"R.E. Susskind","year":"1987","unstructured":"See Susskind, R.E. (1987).Expert Systems in Law. Oxford University Press, Oxford."},{"key":"BF01892673_CR17","volume-title":"Latent Damage Law \u2014 The Expert System","author":"P.N. Capper","year":"1988","unstructured":"Capper, P.N. and Susskind, R.E. (1988).Latent Damage Law \u2014 The Expert System. Butterworth, London."},{"key":"BF01892673_CR18","volume-title":"IKBS in Government","author":"R.E. Susskind","year":"1988","unstructured":"Susskind, R.E. (1988). Government Applications of Expert Systems in Law. In Duffin (ed.)IKBS in Government. Ellis Horwood, Chichester."},{"key":"BF01892673_CR19","volume-title":"An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Legal Reasoning","author":"A.v.d.L. Gardner","year":"1987","unstructured":"See Gardner, A.v.d.L. (1987).An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Legal Reasoning. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass."},{"key":"BF01892673_CR20","volume-title":"Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","author":"R.E. Susskind","year":"1987","unstructured":"For further details on the commercial exploitation of expert systems in law, see Susskind, R.E. (1987). Expert Systems in Law: Out of the Research Laboratory and into the Marketplace. InProceedings of 1st International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law. ACM Press, New York."}],"container-title":["AI & Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF01892673.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01892673\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF01892673","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,8]],"date-time":"2020-04-08T04:32:32Z","timestamp":1586320352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF01892673"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,1]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,1]]}},"alternative-id":["BF01892673"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf01892673","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-5666","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-5655","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,1]]}}}