{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T04:45:09Z","timestamp":1744173909278},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1991,1,1]],"date-time":"1991-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":662688000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scientometrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf02018146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,12]],"date-time":"2005-08-12T02:27:38Z","timestamp":1123813658000},"page":"79-92","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Publication-rate and size of two prolific research groups in departments of inorganic chemistry at Dacca University (1944\u20131965) and Zoology at Karachi University (1966\u201384)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"M. M.","family":"Qurashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BF02018146_CR1","first-page":"1","volume":"12","author":"M.M. Qurashi","year":"1969","unstructured":"M.M. Qurashi, The optimum size of research groups for maximum effectiveness. Part I- Statistical formulation and analysis of the data for U.K., Canada and Pakistan,Pakistan J. Sci. Ind. Res., 12 (1969) 1\u20137. This shows the presence of two maxima, one at N=28 and the other at N=70 in the size distributions, of applied research groups.","journal-title":"Pakistan J. Sci. Ind. Res."},{"key":"BF02018146_CR2","first-page":"315","volume":"12","author":"M.M. Qurashi","year":"1969\u201370","unstructured":"Ibid.,Pakistan J. Sci. Ind. Res., 12 (1969\u201370) 315\u2013323. This provides a theoretical explanation for the empirical size distributions, using three assumptions viz. (i) the maxima correspond to max. percapita output, i.e. efficiency, (ii) per-capita output of a group of N researchers is proportional to (N)1+m, where 0<m<1 and (iii) the Parkinsonian fall in efficiency in given approximately by 1\/{1+(N\/N0)\u03b1+m}, where was \u03b1 1.8\u2212m\/2 and N0 was estimated from the data.","journal-title":"Pakistan J. Sci. Ind. Res."},{"key":"BF02018146_CR3","first-page":"109","volume":"9","author":"M.M. Qurashi","year":"1972","unstructured":"Ibid.,Proc. Pakistan Acad. Sci., 9 (1972) 109\u2013117. This provides direct evidence for the variation of per-capita output of groups from zero to maxima at N \u223c20 and N\u223c80, followed by a slow fall towards zero with increasing N.","journal-title":"Proc. Pakistan Acad. Sci."},{"key":"BF02018146_CR4","first-page":"1","volume":"12","author":"M.M. Qurashi","year":"1975","unstructured":"Ibid.,Proc. Pakistan Acad. Sci., 12 (1975) 1\u201313. This provides data to show that research groups in university department (and similar units) also show two maxima in the size distributions, but at N=5\u00b11 and N=15\u00b15.","journal-title":"Proc. Pakistan Acad. Sci."},{"key":"BF02018146_CR5","first-page":"499","volume":"12","author":"M.M. Qurashi","year":"1969","unstructured":"M.M. Qurashi, A study of procedures of selecting and channelizing scientists for research and development. Part III-Cyclic variations in output,Pakistan J. Sci. Ind. Res., 12 (1969) 499\u2013504. In the course of a study of the annual per-capita output of several established Pakistan Scientists, a cyclic variation is found: two prolific scientists' groups are also studied, data on one of which (M.H.K.'s group) are now utilized in the present paper.","journal-title":"Pakistan J. Sci. Ind. Res."},{"key":"BF02018146_CR6","first-page":"4","volume-title":"Parkinson's Law and Other Studies in Administration","author":"C.N. Parkinson","year":"1957","unstructured":"C.N. Parkinson,Parkinson's Law and Other Studies in Administration, The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass, U.S.A. 1957, pp. 4\u20136 and 7\u201310. A first approximate mathematical formulation of Parkinson's law has been presented in Ref 2 above."},{"key":"BF02018146_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02017438","volume":"3","author":"J.E. Cohen","year":"1981","unstructured":"J.E. Cohen, Publication rate as a function of laboratory size in three biomedical research institutions,Scientometrics, 3 (1981) 467\u2013487. He concludes that one additional scientist increases the no. of publications of a laboratory by 1.1, regardless of size of laboratory.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"BF02018146_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02020110","volume":"6","author":"M.M. Qurashi","year":"1984","unstructured":"M.M. Qurashi, Publication rate as a function of the laboratory\/group size,Scientometrics, 6 (1984) 19\u201326. Using a finer analysis of the data from Ref. 7J.E. Cohen, Publication rate as a function of laboratory size in three biomedical research institutions,Scientometrics, 3 (1981) 467\u2013487, this paper shows that the per-capita output is, in fact, nearly proportional to N2 for N<5.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"BF02018146_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02020111","volume":"6","author":"J.E. Cohen","year":"1984","unstructured":"J.E. Cohen, Statistical theory aids inference in scientometrics, etc.Scientometrics, 6 (1984) 27\u201332. This is essentially a rejoinder to Ref.8, criticizing the method of analysis, and defending the conclusions in his earlier paper at Ref. 7J.E. Cohen, Publication rate as a function of laboratory size in three biomedical research institutions,Scientometrics, 3 (1981) 467\u2013487.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"BF02018146_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.1973.6448434","volume":"20","author":"J.J. Wallmark","year":"1973","unstructured":"J.J. Wallmark, S. Eckerstein, B. Langered, H.E.S. Holmqvist, The increase in efficiency with size of research teams,IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, EM-20 (3) (1973) 80\u201386. These authors' define \u201cresearch efficiency\u201d as the ratio of [no. of references] to [team size]. On this basis, they find that the group's \u201cresearch efficiency\u201d varies exponentially with the no., N, of scientists in the group.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, EM"},{"key":"#cr-split#-BF02018146_CR11.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pansdoc (Dacca) Bibliography No. 10 (1965);","DOI":"10.1017\/S0020859000002741"},{"key":"#cr-split#-BF02018146_CR11.2","unstructured":"Research Publications of Prof. M.H. Khundkar, Head of Department of Chemistry (and his group). These have been broken down topic-wise into 6 sections, each containing 10 to 20 papers."},{"key":"BF02018146_CR12","unstructured":"Achievements of Department of Zoology- 1952\u201354; Karachi University, published for the 5th Pakistan Zoological Congress, 1985. Also gives lists of teaching staff, projects and degrees awarded."},{"key":"BF02018146_CR13","first-page":"273","volume":"26","author":"M.M. Qurashi","year":"1989","unstructured":"M.M. Qurashi, Per-capita publication rate in relation to optimum size of research groups,Proc. Pak. Acad. Sci., 26 (1989) 273\u2013276. This brings out the factual correspondence between peaks in publication-rate and maxima in frequency-distribution of group sizes.","journal-title":"Proc. Pak. Acad. Sci."}],"container-title":["Scientometrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF02018146.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF02018146\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF02018146","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T04:16:46Z","timestamp":1683173806000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF02018146"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1991,1]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,1]]}},"alternative-id":["BF02018146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02018146","relation":{},"ISSN":["0138-9130","1588-2861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0138-9130","type":"print"},{"value":"1588-2861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1991,1]]}}}