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C. 1959, pp. 159\u201367."},{"key":"BF02019958_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1126\/science.129.3364.1653","volume":"129","author":"J. C. Fisher","year":"1959","unstructured":"J. C. FISHER, Basic research in industry,Science, 129 (1959) 1653.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BF02019958_CR40","unstructured":"Publication of Basic Research Findings in Industry, 1957\u20139, National Science Foundation, Washington D. C., 1961."},{"key":"BF02019958_CR41","volume-title":"The Story of Research at Syntex","author":"A Corporation and a Molecule","year":"1966","unstructured":"A Corporation and a Molecule:The Story of Research at Syntex, Syntex Laboratories Inc., Palo Alto (Ca.), 1966."},{"key":"BF02019958_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.2307\/588430","volume":"17","author":"S. Box","year":"1966","unstructured":"S. BOX, S. 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R&D and Patenting Characteristics of Canadian World Product Mandated Subsidiaries: Some Theorical Discussions and Empirical Evidences, Les Cahiers du CETAI; Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales, Montreal, 1984.","journal-title":"Business Ratios"},{"key":"BF02019958_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400886227","volume-title":"The Pharmaceutical Industry and Dependency in the Third World","author":"Gereffi","year":"1983","unstructured":"The 1977 list is given in: GEREFFI (1983),Op. Cit.. These fifty MNCs control nearly two thirds of the international production of drugs:The Pharmaceutical Industry; Trade Related Issues, OECD, Paris, 1985."},{"issue":"4","key":"BF02019958_CR45","first-page":"24","volume":"12","author":"Terpstra","year":"1977","unstructured":"MNCs having a high proportion of foreign sales are more likely to conduct R&D abroad. On this topic, see: TERPSTRA,Op. Cit. \u201c., BEHRMAN and FISHER (1980a),Op. Cit., Science and Technology for Development, Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain Publishers, Cambridge (Mass.), 1980. RONSTADT,Op. Cit. R&D abroad by U.S. multinationals, in: R. STOBAUGH, L. T. WELLS Jr. (Eds),Technology Crossing Borders, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, 1984, pp. 241\u201364.","journal-title":"The Columbia Journal of World Business"},{"key":"BF02019958_CR46","volume-title":"Evaluative Bibliometrics","author":"F. Narin","year":"1976","unstructured":"F. NARIN,Evaluative Bibliometrics, Computer Horizons, Cherry Hill (NJ), 1976. Journals' subfields were obtained from:Index to Scientific Reviews, Institute for Scientific Information, Philadelphia, 1984 (and other years)."},{"key":"BF02019958_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1126\/science.178.4060.471","volume":"178","author":"E. Garfield","year":"1972","unstructured":"E. GARFIELD, Citation analysis as a tool in journal evaluation,Science, 178 (1972) 471.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BF02019958_CR48","unstructured":"Technology Gaps; Pharmaceutical Products, OECD, Paris, 1969."},{"key":"BF02019958_CR49","volume-title":"The Pharmaceutical Industry","author":"B. Teso","year":"1980","unstructured":"B. TESO,The Pharmaceutical Industry, OECD, Paris, 1980."},{"key":"BF02019958_CR50","first-page":"55","volume-title":"The Economics of Drug Innovation","author":"J. J. Burns","year":"1970","unstructured":"J. J. BURNS, Modern drug research, in: J. D. COOPER (Ed.),The Economics of Drug Innovation, Center for the Study of Private Enterprise; The American University, Washington D.C., 1970, pp. 55\u201362."},{"key":"BF02019958_CR51","unstructured":"Eli Lilly, new life in the drug industry,Business Week, (October 29 1979) 134."},{"key":"BF02019958_CR52","unstructured":"G. BARTHOLINI, Organization of industrial drug research, in: F. GROSS (Ed.),Op. Cit."},{"key":"BF02019958_CR53","volume-title":"The Second Pharmacological Revolution","year":"1983","unstructured":"N. WELLS (Ed.),The Second Pharmacological Revolution, Office of Health Economics, London, 1983."},{"key":"BF02019958_CR54","first-page":"135","volume-title":"Pharmacy in the 21st Century","year":"1985","unstructured":"W. A. CHECK, New drug and drug delivery systems in the year 2000, in: C. BEZOLD, J. A. HALPERIN, H. L. BINKLEY, R. R. ASHBAUGH (Eds),Pharmacy in the 21 st Century, Institute for Alternative Futures\/Project Hope, Bethesda (MD), 1985, pp. 135\u201360."},{"key":"BF02019958_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02135122","volume":"4","author":"Koenig","year":"1983","unstructured":"This classification is adapted from that proposed by KOENIG, 1983a,Op. Cit.,.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"BF02019958_CR56","volume-title":"Tropical Diseases: Responses of Pharmaceutical Companies","author":"J. N. 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Research centers in developing nations,Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 26(1) (1968) 22.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists"},{"issue":"4","key":"BF02019958_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1177\/030631277700700414","volume":"7","author":"J. D. Frame","year":"1977","unstructured":"J. D. FRAME, F. NARIN, M. P. CARPENTER, The distribution of world science,Social Studies of Science, 7(4) (1977) 501.","journal-title":"Social Studies of Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"BF02019958_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.2190\/M6YT-72J9-6LVV-FWG9","volume":"4","author":"M. J. Murray","year":"1974","unstructured":"M. J. 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SOISSON, U.S. drug companies stepup R&D overseas,Chemical and Engineering News, (May 29, 1972) 5.","DOI":"10.1021\/cen-v050n022.p005"},{"issue":"4","key":"BF02019958_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.2307\/1885489","volume":"95","author":"Mansfield","year":"1980","unstructured":"For example, it has been shown that the mean R&D cost in Canada was 82% of its equivalent in the U.S. in 1965 and 96% in 1975. On this topic, see: MANSFIELD, TEECE, ROMEO,Op. Cit..","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"BF02019958_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"For instance, see: Canada attracts drug research labs,Chemical and Engineering News, (March 30, 1964) 24.","DOI":"10.1021\/cen-v042n013.p024"},{"key":"BF02019958_CR65","unstructured":"Y. GUAY, A bibliometric study of the Canadian pharmaceutical industry, 1965\u201384, Unpublished work."},{"key":"BF02019958_CR66","unstructured":"See: The Pharmaceutical Industry: Trade Related Issues,Op. Cit."},{"key":"BF02019958_CR67","first-page":"112","volume":"13","author":"J. E. Schnee","year":"1978","unstructured":"SCHNEEOp. Cit., has shown that the proportion of foreign R&D budgets of pharmaceutical U.S. based MNCs has risen from 5.0% in 1961 to an average of 14.9% in the 1973\u20136 period (the figure was 7.5% in 1965). However, since the cost of research seems to have increased more rapidly in Europe, Japan and Canada than in the U.S. (MANSFIELD, TEECE, ROMEO,Op. Cit.), and because firms conducted more fundamental research abroad (an expensive kind of research), the results obtained bySchnee are not so different different from those obtained in the present study. It should be mentioned thatSchnee also gave data related to the foreign R&D personnel. The figures (adapted from SCHNEE,Op. Cit.) are 11.3% of the total staff in 1965, 10.2% in 1971 and 13.3% in 1975; these data are more consistent with the findings of this study.","journal-title":"Columbia Journal of World Business"},{"key":"BF02019958_CR68","volume-title":"Sovereignty at Bay","author":"R. Vernon","year":"1971","unstructured":"R. VERNON,Sovereignty at Bay, Basic Books, New-York, 1971."},{"key":"BF02019958_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0084.1979.mp41004002.x","volume":"41","author":"R. Vernon","year":"1979","unstructured":"R. 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