{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T20:42:40Z","timestamp":1754599360924},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1988,9,1]],"date-time":"1988-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":589075200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scientometrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf02020083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,5]],"date-time":"2005-08-05T14:28:39Z","timestamp":1123252119000},"page":"329-346","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The size and structure of British technology activities: What we do and do not know"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Pavitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BF02020083_CR1","unstructured":"Advisory Committee for Applied Research and Development (ACARD),Software \u2014 A Vital Key to UK Competitiveness, HMSO, 1986."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. ARROW, Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention, in: R. NELSON (Ed.),The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity, Princeton University Press, 1962.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400879762-024"},{"key":"BF02020083_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. BARRAS, Towards a theory of innovation in services,Research Policy, Vol. 15, 1986.","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(86)90012-0"},{"key":"BF02020083_CR4","volume-title":"The Social Function of Science","author":"J. D. Bernal","year":"1939","unstructured":"J. D. BERNAL,The Social Function of Science, Routledge, London, 1939."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. BOSWORTH, Changes in the quality of inventive output and patent-based indices of technological change,Bulletin of Economic Research, Vol. 25, 1973.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8586.1973.tb00329.x"},{"key":"BF02020083_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. BOSWORTH, Recent trends in research and development activity in the United Kingdom,Research Policy, Vol. 8, 1979.","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(79)90021-0"},{"key":"BF02020083_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. BOSWORTH, Foreign patent flows to and from the United Kingdom,Research Policy, Vol. 13, No. 2, 1984.","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(84)90010-6"},{"key":"BF02020083_CR8","unstructured":"D. BOSWORTH,UK Intellectual Property Statistics, ESRC\/Royal Statistical Society, Pergamon Press, 1987."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR9","unstructured":"C. CARTER, B. WILLIAMS,Industry and Technical Progress, Oxford University Press, 1957."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR10","unstructured":"C. CARTER, B. WILLIAMS,Investment in Innovation, Oxford University Press, 1958."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR11","unstructured":"C. CARTER, B. WILLIAMS,Science in Industry, Oxford University Press, 1959."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR12","volume-title":"Computing Services Industry, 1986\u201396 \u2014 A Decade of Opportunity","author":"Coopers","year":"1987","unstructured":"COOPERS & LYBRAND ASSOCIATES,Computing Services Industry, 1986\u201396 \u2014 A Decade of Opportunity, Department of Trade and Industry, London, 1987."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR13","unstructured":"Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR),Estimates of Resources devoted to Scientific and Engineering Research and Development in British Manufacturing, 1955, HMSO, 1958."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR14","unstructured":"DSIR,Industrial Research and Development Expenditure, 1958, HMSO, 1960."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. FAGERBERG, A technology gap approach to why growth rates differ,Research Policy, Vol. 16, Nos 2-4, 1987.","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(87)90025-4"},{"key":"BF02020083_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. FREEMAN, Research and development: A comparison between British and American industry,National Institute Economic Review, No. 20, London, 1962.","DOI":"10.1177\/002795016202000104"},{"key":"BF02020083_CR17","volume-title":"Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys of Research and Development, (The Frascati Manual)","author":"C. Freeman","year":"1963","unstructured":"C. FREEMAN,Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys of Research and Development, (The Frascati Manual), OECD, Paris, 1963."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR18","series-title":"Research Report","volume-title":"The Role of Small Firms in Innovation in the United Kingdom since 1945, Committee of Inquiry on Small Firms","author":"C. Freeman","year":"1971","unstructured":"C. FREEMAN, The Role of Small Firms in Innovation in the United Kingdom since 1945, Committee of Inquiry on Small Firms, Research Report No. 6, HMSO, London, 1971."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR19","unstructured":"C. FREEMAN, Bernal and the \u2018Social Function of Science\u2019, (mimeo), SPRU, University of Sussex, 1985."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR20","volume-title":"Industrial Research in Manufacturing Industry, 1959\u201360","author":"C. Freeman","year":"1961","unstructured":"C. FREEMAN, C. SAUNDERS, R. EVELEY,Industrial Research in Manufacturing Industry, 1959\u201360, Federation of British Industry, London, 1961."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR21","volume-title":"The Research and Development Effort in Western Europe, North America and the Soviet Union","author":"C. Freeman","year":"1965","unstructured":"C. FREEMAN, A. YOUNG,The Research and Development Effort in Western Europe, North America and the Soviet Union, OECD, Paris, 1965."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR22","unstructured":"C. FREEMAN (Ed.), Special issue in honor of Yvan Fabian,Research Policy, Vol. 16, Nos 2-4, 1987."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR23","volume-title":"Indicators of International Trends in Technological Innovation, reported in National Science Board (1975), Science Indicators, 1974","author":"Gellman Research Associates Inc.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Gellman Research Associates Inc.,Indicators of International Trends in Technological Innovation, reported in National Science Board (1975), Science Indicators, 1974, National Science Foundation, Washington, 1975."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-07455-6","volume-title":"Post-Innovation Performance: Technological Development and Competition","author":"L. Georghiou","year":"1986","unstructured":"L. GEORGHIOU, J. METCALFE, M. GIBBONS, T. RAY, J. EVANS,Post-Innovation Performance: Technological Development and Competition, Macmillan, London, 1986."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z. GRILICHES (Ed.), Market value, R&D, and patents, in:R&D, Patents and Productivity, University of Chicago Press, 1984.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226308920.001.0001"},{"key":"BF02020083_CR26","unstructured":"House of Lords Select Comittee on Science and Technology,Engineering Research and Development, HMSO, 1983."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. KAMIN, I. BIJAOUI, R. HORESH, Some determinants of cost distribution in the process of technological innovation,Research Policy, Vol. 11, 1982.","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(82)90036-1"},{"key":"BF02020083_CR28","unstructured":"H. KLEINMAN, Indicators of the Output of New Technological Products from Industry, Report to the National Science Foundation, National Technical Information Service, US Department of Commerce, 1975."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR29","unstructured":"R. LEVIN, A. KLEVORICK, R. NELSON, S. WINTER, Survey research on R&D, appropriability and opportunity. Part 1: Appropriability, (mimeo), Yale University, 1984."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-01639-6","volume-title":"Research and Innovation in the Modern Corporation","author":"E. Mansfield","year":"1971","unstructured":"E. MANSFIELD et al.,Research and Innovation in the Modern Corporation, Norton, New York, 1971."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR31","series-title":"Discussion Paper","volume-title":"Innovation and Technological Change in Five Canadian Industries","author":"D. Melto De","year":"1980","unstructured":"D. DE MELTO, K. MCMULLEN, R. WILLS,Innovation and Technological Change in Five Canadian Industries, Discussion Paper No. 176, Economic Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1980."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. MOWERY, The relationship between the contractual and in-house froms of industrial research in American manufacturing, 1900\u20131940,Explorations in Economic History, 1983.","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4983(83)90024-4"},{"key":"BF02020083_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. MOWERY, Firm structure, government policy, and the organisation of industrial research: Great Britain and the United States, 1900\u20131950,Business History Review, 1984.","DOI":"10.2307\/3114163"},{"key":"BF02020083_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. NARIN, E. NOMA, Is technology becoming science?,Scientometrics, Vol. 7, 1985.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02017155"},{"key":"BF02020083_CR35","unstructured":"F. NARIN, D. OLIVASTRO,Identifying Areas of Strength and Excellence in UK Technology, CHI Research, 1987."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR36","unstructured":"OECD, Preliminary Report of the Results of the Conference on Science and Technology Indicators, Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy, Paris, 1981."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR37","unstructured":"OECD,Software; An Emerging Industry, Paris, 1985."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR38","unstructured":"OECD,R&D, Invention and Competitiveness, Paris, 1986."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR39","unstructured":"Office of Technology Assessment and Forecast, (OTAF), Technology Assessment and Forecast: 7th Report, US Department of Commerce, 1977."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. PATEL, K. PAVITT, Is Western Europe losing the technological race?,Research Policy, Vol. 16, Nos 2-4, 1987.","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(87)90024-2"},{"key":"BF02020083_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. PATEL, K. PAVITT, The elements of British technological competitiveness,National Institute Economic Review, November, 1987.","DOI":"10.1177\/002795018712200107"},{"key":"BF02020083_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. PATEL, K. PAVITT, The technological activities of the UK: fresh look, in: Z. SILBERSTON (Ed.),Technology and Economic Progress, Macmillan, 1988.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-19655-5_6"},{"key":"BF02020083_CR43","unstructured":"P. PATEL, L. SOETE, International comparisons of activity in fast-growing patent fields (in preparation), Science Policy Research Unit, 1988."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR44","volume-title":"Technical Innovation and British Economic Performance","year":"1980","unstructured":"K. PAVITT (Ed.),Technical Innovation and British Economic Performance, Macmillan, London, 1980."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR45","volume-title":"Industrial Policy and Innovation","author":"K. Pavitt","year":"1981","unstructured":"K. PAVITT, Technology in British industry: A suitable case for improvement, in: C. CARTER (Ed.),Industrial Policy and Innovation, Heinemann, London, 1981."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. PAVITT, Characteristics of innovative activities in British industry,Omega, Vol. 11, No. 2, 1983.","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0483(83)90001-4"},{"key":"BF02020083_CR47","unstructured":"K. PAVITT, The objectives of technology policy,Science and Public Policy, Vol. 14, 1987."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. PAVITT, Uses and abuses of patent statistics, in: A. VAN RAAN (Ed.),Elsevier Handbook of Quantitative Studies of Science and Technology, North Holland Elsevier, 1988.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-70537-2.50021-0"},{"key":"BF02020083_CR49","unstructured":"K. PAVITT, L. SOETE, International differences in economic growth and ther international location of innovation, in: H. GIERSCH (Ed.),Emerging Technologies: Consequences for Economic Growth, Structural change, and Employment, JCB Mohr (Tubingen), 1982."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. PAVITT, M. ROBSON, J. TOWNSEND, The size distribution of innovating firms in the UK: 1945\u201383,The Journal of Industrial Economics, Vol. XXXV, No. 3, 1987.","DOI":"10.2307\/2098636"},{"key":"BF02020083_CR51","unstructured":"K. PAVITT, M. ROBSON, J. TOWNSEND, Technological Accumulation, diversification and organisation in UK companies, 1945\u201383, ESRC DRC Discussion Paper Number 50, SPRU, University of Sussex, 1987."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR52","unstructured":"K. PAVITT, M. ROBSON, J. TOWNSEND, A fresh look at the size distribution of innovating firms, in: F. ARCANGELI. P. DAVID, G. DOSI (Eds),The Diffusion of New Technology: Modern Patterns in Introducing and Adopting Innovations, Oxford University Press, 1988."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. ROBSON, J. TOWNSEND, K. PAVITT, Sectoral patterns of production and use of innovations in the UK, 1945\u201383,Research Policy, Vol. 17, 1988.","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(88)90017-0"},{"key":"BF02020083_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. SCHERER, Inter-industry technology flows in the United States,Research Policy, Vol. 11, 1982.","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(82)90011-7"},{"key":"BF02020083_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. SOETE, Firm size and inventive activity: The evidence reconsidered,European Economic Review, Vol. 12, 1979.","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2921(79)90024-2"},{"key":"BF02020083_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. SOETE, A general test of technological gap trade theory,Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, Vol. 117, 1981.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02708115"},{"key":"BF02020083_CR57","unstructured":"L. SOETE, The newly emerging information technology sector, in: C. FREEMAN, L. SOETE (Eds),Technical Change and Full Employment, Blackwell, 1987."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. SOETE, S. WYATT, The use of foreign patenting as an internationally comparable science and technology output indicator,Scientometrics, Vol. 5, 1983.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02097176"},{"key":"BF02020083_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. STEAD, The costs of technological innovation,Research Policy, Vol. 5, 1975.","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(76)90016-0"},{"key":"BF02020083_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. STIGLER, The division of labour is limited by the extent of the market,Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 59, 1951.","DOI":"10.1086\/257075"},{"key":"BF02020083_CR61","unstructured":"J. TOWNSEND, F. HENWOOD, G. THOMAS, K. PAVITT, S. WYATT, Innovations in Britain since 1945, Occasional Paper No. 16, SPRU, University of Sussex, 1981."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR62","unstructured":"UK Cabinet Office,Annual Review of Government Funded R and D, 1983, HMSO, 1984."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR63","unstructured":"UK Department of Education and Science\/Ministry of Technology,Statistics of Science and Technology, HMSO, 1967."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR64","unstructured":"UK Department of Education and Science\/Ministry of Technology,Statistics of Science and Technology, 1968, HMSO, 1968."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR65","unstructured":"UK Department of Education and Science\/Ministry of Technology,Statistics of Science and Technology, 1970, HMSO, 1970."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. VERNON, International investment and international trade in the product cycle,Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 80, 1966.","DOI":"10.2307\/1880689"},{"key":"BF02020083_CR67","volume-title":"Assessing the economics of innovation,Technology, Investment and Growth","author":"B. Williams","year":"1967","unstructured":"B. WILLIAMS, Assessing the economics of innovation,Technology, Investment and Growth, Chapman Hall, London, 1967."},{"key":"BF02020083_CR68","unstructured":"A. YOUNG, Statistics of research and development, draft of Review No. 29. in: W. MAUNDER (Ed.),Reviews of UK Statistical Sources, (mimeo), Science Policy Research Unit, 1982."}],"container-title":["Scientometrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF02020083.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF02020083\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF02020083","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,8]],"date-time":"2020-04-08T18:29:40Z","timestamp":1586370580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF02020083"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1988,9]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,9]]}},"alternative-id":["BF02020083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02020083","relation":{},"ISSN":["0138-9130","1588-2861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0138-9130","type":"print"},{"value":"1588-2861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1988,9]]}}}