{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T03:19:37Z","timestamp":1774667977375,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,1]],"date-time":"2005-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1107216000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf02345116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,15]],"date-time":"2006-03-15T11:46:23Z","timestamp":1142423183000},"page":"2-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":315,"title":["Robot-aided neurorehabilitation of the upper extremities"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Riener","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"T.","family":"Nef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"G.","family":"Colombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BF02345116_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1997.00550160075019","volume":"54","author":"M. L. Aisen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Aisen, M. L., Krebs, H. I., Hogan, N., McDowell, F., andVolpe, B. T. (1997): \u2018The effect of robot-assisted therapy and rehabilitive training on motor recovery following stroke\u2019,Arch. Neurol.,54, pp. 443\u2013446","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"BF02345116_CR2","first-page":"267","volume":"68","author":"J. V. Basmajian","year":"1987","unstructured":"Basmajian, J. V., Gowland, C. A., andFinlayson, M. A. (1987): \u2018Stroke treatment: comparison of integrated behavioural-physical therapy vs traditional physical therapy programs\u2019,Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.,68, pp. 267\u2013272","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"BF02345116_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1109\/86.867886","volume":"8","author":"G. Burdea","year":"2000","unstructured":"Burdea, G., Popescu, V., Hentz, V., andGolbert, K. (2000): \u2018Virtual reality-based orthopedic telerehabilitation\u2019,IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng.,8, pp. 430\u2013432","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng."},{"key":"BF02345116_CR4","first-page":"127","volume":"170","author":"S. Coote","year":"2002","unstructured":"Coote, S., Stokes, E. K., Amirabdollahian, F., Loureiro, R., andHarwin, W. (2002): \u2018Robot mediated therapy for the upper extremity post stroke\u2019,Irish J. Med. Sci.,170, p. 127","journal-title":"Irish J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"BF02345116_CR5","unstructured":"Coote, S., Stokes, E., Murphy, B., andHarwin, W. (2003): \u2018The effect of GENTLE\/s robot-mediated therapy on upper extremity dysfunction post stroke\u2019. Proc. 8th ICORR 2003, pp. 59\u201363"},{"key":"BF02345116_CR6","unstructured":"Coote, S., andStokes, E. K. (2003): \u2018The GENTLE\/s clinical trial: effect of treatment on maximal voluntary isometric contraction\u2019. Proc. 7th Conf. AAATE Dublin, p. 78"},{"key":"BF02345116_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1109\/86.769416","volume":"7","author":"J. A. Cozens","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cozens, J. A. (1999): \u2018Robotic assistance of an active upper limb exercise in neurologically impaired patients\u2019,IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng.,7, pp. 254\u2013256","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng."},{"key":"BF02345116_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/66.8.1233","volume":"66","author":"R. Dickstein","year":"1986","unstructured":"Dickstein, R., Hocherman, S., Pillar, T., andShaham, R. (1986): \u2018Stroke rehabilitation. Three exercise therapy approaches\u2019,Phys. Ther.,66, pp. 1233\u20131238","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"BF02345116_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2003.50110","volume":"84","author":"S. E. Fasoli","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fasoli, S. E., Krebs, H. I., Stein, J. S., Frontera, W. R., andHogan, N. (2003): \u2018Effects of robotic therapy on motor impairment and recovery in chronic stroke\u2019,Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.,84, pp. 477\u2013482","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"BF02345116_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.29.4.785","volume":"29","author":"H. M. Feys","year":"1998","unstructured":"Feys, H. M., de Weert, W. J., Selz, B. E., Cox Steck, G. A., Spichiger, R., Vereeck, L. E., Putman, K. D., andVan Hoydonck, G. A. (1998): \u2018Effect of a therapeutic intervention for the hemiplegic upper limb in the acute phase after stroke: a single-blind, ramdomized, controlled multicenter trial\u2019,Stroke,29, pp. 785\u2013792","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"BF02345116_CR11","first-page":"36","volume-title":"Assistive technology\u2014added value to the quality of life AAATE'01","author":"W. Harwin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Harwin, W., Loureiro, R., Amirabdollahian, F., Taylor, M., Johnson, G., Stokes, E., Coote, S., Topping, M., Collin, C. et al. (2001): \u2018The Gentle\/s project: a new method for delivering neur-rehabilitation\u2019, in Marincek, C.et al. (Eds.): Assistive technology\u2014added value to the quality of life AAATE'01 (IOS Press, Amsterdam 2001), pp. 36\u201341"},{"key":"BF02345116_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(02)04954-7","volume":"84","author":"S. Hesse","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hesse, S., Schulte-Tigges, G., Konrad, M., Bardeleben, A., andWerner, C. (2003): \u2018Robot-assisted arm trainer for the passive and active practice of bilateral forearm and wrist movements in hemiparetic subjects\u2019,Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.,84, pp. 915\u2013920","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"BF02345116_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3140702","volume":"107","author":"N. Hogan","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hogan, N. (1985): \u2018Impedance control: An approach to manipulation, Parts I, II, and III\u2019,J. Dynam. Syst., Meas. Control, 107, pp. 1\u201323","journal-title":"J. Dynam. Syst., Meas. Control"},{"key":"BF02345116_CR14","unstructured":"Hogan, N., Krebs, H. I., Sharon, A., andCharnnarong, J. (1995): \u2018Interactive robotic therapist\u2019. US Patent 5466213"},{"key":"BF02345116_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1109\/7333.948460","volume":"9","author":"D. Jack","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jack, D., Boian, R., Merians, A. S., Tremaine, M., Burdea, G. C., Adamovich, S. V., Recce, M., andPoizner, H. (2001): \u2018Virtual reality-enhanced stroke rehabilitation\u2019,IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehab. Eng.,9, pp. 308\u2013318","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehab. Eng."},{"key":"BF02345116_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101518","volume":"41","author":"S. Jezernik","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jezernik, S., Sch\u00e4rer, R., Colombo, G., andMorari, M. (2003): \u2018Adaptive robotic rehabilitation of locomotion: a clinical study in spinally injured individuals\u2019,Spinal Cord,41, pp. 657\u2013666","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"BF02345116_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1109\/86.662623","volume":"6","author":"H. I. Krebs","year":"1998","unstructured":"Krebs, H. I., Hogan, N., Aisen, M. L., andVolpe, B. T. (1998): \u2018Robot-aided neurorehabilitation\u2019,IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng.,6, pp. 75\u201387","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng."},{"key":"BF02345116_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.28.8.1550","volume":"28","author":"G. Kwakkel","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kwakkel, G., Wagenaar, R. C., Koelman, T. W., Lankhorst, G. J., andKoetsier, J. C. (1997): \u2018Effects of intensity of rehabilitation after stroke. A research synthesis\u2019,Stroke,28, pp. 1550\u20131556","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"BF02345116_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)09477-X","volume":"35","author":"G. Kwakkel","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kwakkel, G., Wagenaar, R. C., Twisk, J. W. R., Lankhorst, G. J., andKoetsier, J. C. (1999): \u2018Intensity of leg and arm training after primary middle-cerebral-artery stroke: a randomised trial\u2019,Lancet,35, pp. 191\u2013196","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BF02345116_CR20","first-page":"473","volume":"72","author":"G. Kwakkel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kwakkel, G., Kollen, B. J., andWagenaar, R. C. (2002): \u2018Long term effects of upper and lower limb training after stroke: a randomised trial\u2019,J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat.,72, pp. 473\u2013479","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat."},{"key":"BF02345116_CR21","unstructured":"Kwee, H., Duimel, J., Smit, J., De Moed, A. T., Van Woerden, J., andKolk, L. V. D. (1998): \u2018The manus wheelchair-mounted manipulator: developments toward a production model\u2019. Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Assoc. Advancement Rehab. Technol., pp. 460\u2013462"},{"key":"BF02345116_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215500cr338oa","volume":"14","author":"B. Langhammer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Langhammer, B., andStanghelle, J. K. (2000): \u2018Bobarth or motor relearning programme? A comparison of two different approaches of physiotherapy in stroke rehabilitation: a randomised controlled study\u2019,Clin. Rehabil.,14, pp. 361\u2013369","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"BF02345116_CR23","unstructured":"Leifer, L. (1981): \u2018Rehabilitive robotics\u2019,Robot Age, pp. 4\u201311"},{"key":"BF02345116_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9993(86)90108-5","volume":"14","author":"J. P. Lord","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lord, J. P., andHall, K. (1986): \u2018Neuromuscular re-education versus traditional programs for stroke rehabilitation\u2019,Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.,14, pp. 88\u201391","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"BF02345116_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1109\/86.279267","volume":"1","author":"P. S. Lum","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lum, P. S., Reinkensmeyer, D. J., andLehman, S. L. (1993): \u2018Robotic assist devices for bimanual physical therapy: preliminary experiments\u2019,IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng.,1, pp. 185\u2013191","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng."},{"key":"BF02345116_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1109\/86.392371","volume":"3","author":"P. S. Lum","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lum, P. S., Lehman, S. L., andReinkensmeyer, D. J. (1995): \u2018The bimanual lifting rehabilitator: an adaptive machine for therapy of stroke patients\u2019,IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng.,3, pp. 166\u2013174","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng."},{"key":"BF02345116_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.33101","volume":"83","author":"P. S. Lum","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lum, P. S., Burgar, C. G., Shor, P. C., Majmundar, M., andvan der Loos, M. (2002): \u2018Robot-assisted movement training compared with conventional therapy techniques for the rehabilitation of upper-limb motor function after stroke\u2019,Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.,83, pp. 952\u2013959","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"BF02345116_CR28","unstructured":"Nef, T., andRiener, R. (2004): \u2018Design of the arm rehabilitation robot ARMin\u2019. Internal Report, Automatic Control Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland"},{"key":"BF02345116_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-003-1549-7","volume":"74","author":"T. Platz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Platz, T. (2003): \u2018Evidenzbasierte Armrehabilitation: Eine systematische Literatur\u00fcbersicht\u2019,Nervenarzt,74, pp. 841\u2013849","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"key":"BF02345116_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/4233.826858","volume":"4","author":"V. G. Popescu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Popescu, V. G., Burdea, G. C., Bouzit, M., andHentz, V. R. (2000): \u2018A virtual-reality-based telerahabilitation system with force feedback\u2019,IEEE Trans. Inform. Technol. Biomed.,4, pp. 45\u201351","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inform. Technol. Biomed."},{"key":"BF02345116_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/86.750543","volume":"7","author":"D. J. Reinkensmeyer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Reinkensmeyer, D. J., Dewald, J. P., andRymer, W. Z. (1999a): \u2018Guidance-based quantification of arm impairment following brain injury: a pilot study\u2019,IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng.,7, pp. 1\u201311","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng."},{"key":"BF02345116_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-1999-7608","volume":"7","author":"D. J. Reinkensmeyer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Reinkensmeyer, D. J., Schmit, B. D., andRymer, W. Z. (1999b): \u2018Mechatronic assessment of arm impairment after chronic brain injury\u2019,Technol. Health Care,7, pp. 431\u2013435","journal-title":"Technol. Health Care"},{"key":"BF02345116_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1109\/86.681177","volume":"6","author":"R. Riener","year":"1998","unstructured":"Riener, R., andFuhr, T. (1998): \u2018Patient-driven control of FES-supported standing-up: a simulation study\u2019.IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng.,6, pp. 113\u2013124","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"BF02345116_CR34","unstructured":"Seahak, K., Somsak, W., Masahiro, I., Yasuharu, K., andSato, M. (1998): \u2018Personal VR system for rehabilitation to hand movement\u2019. Proc. 7th Int. Conf. on Artificial Reality and Teleexistence, pp. 102\u2013108"},{"key":"BF02345116_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.55.7.530","volume":"55","author":"A. Sunderland","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sunderland, A., Tinson, D. J., Bradley, E. L., Fletcher, D., Langton, H. R., andWade, D. T. (1992): \u2018Enhanced physical therapy improves recovery of arm function after stroke. A randomised controlled trial\u2019,J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat.,55, pp. 530\u2013535","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat."},{"key":"BF02345116_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9993(93)90083-M","volume":"74","author":"R. E. Schleenbaker","year":"1993","unstructured":"Schleenbaker, R. E., andMainous, A. G. (1993): \u2018Electromyographical biofeedback for neuromuscular re-education in the hemiplegic stroke patient: a meta-analysis\u2019,Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.,74, pp. 1301\u20131304","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"BF02345116_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/003655098444192","volume":"30","author":"L. Sonde","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sonde, L., Gip, C., Fernaeus, S. E., Nilsson, C. G., andVitanen, M. (1998): \u2018Stimulation with low frequency (1.7 Hz) transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (low-tens) increases motor function of the post-stroke paretic arm\u2019,Scand. J. Rehabil. Med.,30, pp. 95\u201399","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"BF02345116_CR38","first-page":"347","volume":"74","author":"E. Taub","year":"1993","unstructured":"Taub, E., Miller, N. E., Novack, T. A., Cook, E. W., Fleming, W. C., Nepomuceno, C. S., Connell, J. S., andCrago, J. E. (1993): \u2018Technique to improve chronic motor deficit after stroke\u2019,Arch. Phys. Med. Rehab.,74, pp. 347\u2013354","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehab."},{"key":"BF02345116_CR39","unstructured":"Van der Linde, R. Q., Lammertse, P., Frederiksen, E., andRuiter, B. (2002): \u2018The HapticMaster, a new high-performance haptic interface\u2019. Proc. Eurohaptics, Edinburgh, UK, pp. 1\u20135"},{"key":"BF02345116_CR40","unstructured":"van der Loos, H. F. M., Michalowski, S. J., andLeifer, J. L. (1988): \u2018Development of an omnidirectional mobile vocational assistant robot\u2019. Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Assoc. Advancement Rehab. Technol., pp. 468\u2013469"},{"key":"BF02345116_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.10.1938","volume":"54","author":"B. T. Volpe","year":"2000","unstructured":"Volpe, B. T., Krebs, H. I., Hogan, N., Edelstein, L., Diels, C., andAisen, M. (2000): \u2018A novel approach to stroke rehabilitation\u2019,Neurology,54, pp. 1938\u20131944","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BF02345116_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-002-0005-7","volume":"4","author":"B. T. Volpe","year":"2002","unstructured":"Volpe, B. T., Ferraro, M., Krebs, H. I., andHogan, N. (2002): \u2018Robotics in the rehabilitation treatment of patients with stroke\u2019,Curr. Atherosclerosis Reports,4, pp. 270\u2013276","journal-title":"Curr. Atherosclerosis Reports"},{"key":"BF02345116_CR43","first-page":"1","volume":"22","author":"R. C. Wagenaar","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wagenaar, R. C., Meijer, O. G., van Wieringen, P. C., Kuik, D. J., Hazenberg, G. J., Lindeboom, J., Wichers, F., andRuswijk, H. (1990): \u2018The functional recovery of stroke: a comparison between neuro-developmental treatment and the Brunnstrom method\u2019,Scand. J. Rehabil. Med.,22, pp. 1\u20138","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"BF02345116_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364904042193","volume":"23","author":"M. Zinn","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zinn, M., Roth, B., Khatib, O., andSalisbury, J. K. (2004): \u2018A new actuation approach for human friendly robot design\u2019,Int. J. Robot. Res.,23, pp. 379\u2013398","journal-title":"Int. J. Robot. Res."}],"container-title":["Medical &amp; Biological Engineering &amp; Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF02345116.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF02345116\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF02345116","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,13]],"date-time":"2020-04-13T06:09:10Z","timestamp":1586758150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF02345116"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]}},"alternative-id":["BF02345116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02345116","relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-0118","1741-0444"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-0118","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-0444","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]}}}